Duzentos e vinte e uma vacas (78 com bezerros entre 40 e 90 dias de idade) mestiças Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) X Charolês (Bos taurus taurus) foram utilizadas para avaliar a reutilização de implantes auriculares de silicone impregnados com progestágenos para controle farmacológico do ciclo estral e ovulação. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram de três protocolos para sincroni zação do cio e inseminação artificial em tempo pré-determinado. No tratamento 1 (T1; n=73) as vacas receberam um implante auricular de Crestar® (3 mg de norgestomet); no tratamento 2 (T2; n= 75) as vacas receberam um implante auricular de Crestar® já utili zado anteriormente em outra sincronização; e no tratamento 3 (T3; n=73) as vacas receberam dois implantes auriculares de Crestar® também já utilizados, os quais foram colocados lado a lado na mesma orelha. Além dos implantes, as vacas receberam aplicação intramuscular (im) de uma associação de 2 mL de progesterona (25mg/mL) + benzoato de estradiol (1mg/mL) no momento da colocação dos implantes (D0). Os implantes foram removidos após 8 dias (D7) junto a uma aplicação (im) de Preloban® (150mg de D-cloprostenol). Após 24h da remoção do implante, foi aplicado uma dose (im) de Estrogin® (1mg de benzoato de estradiol). Todas as vacas foram inseminadas artificialmente 54-56h após a retirada dos implantes. Noventa por cento do sêmen utilizado no experimento foi proveniente de um só touro, os 10% restantes foram distribuídos equitativamente entre os tratamentos. A inseminação artificial foi realizada por um único inseminador. As vacas com bezerro ao pé apresentaram um escore de condição corporal entre 5 e 6, numa escala de 1 a 9, e as vacas sem bezerro entre 6 e 7. A variável estudada foi a taxa de prenhez das vacas. A análise estatística foi realizada com o auxílio do pacote estatístico “Statistical Analysis System 8.0”, utilizando regressão logística. Não houve dife rença na taxa de prenhez das vacas, sendo 39,72%, 34,21% e 36,98% para os tratamentos T1, T2 e T3, respectivamente. A reutilização de implantes com progestágeno não altera a taxa de prenhez de vacas aptas à reprodução. / Two-hundred and twenty-one (78 suckling– 40 to 90 days) Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) X Charolais (Bos taurus taurus) cows were used to evaluate the reutilization of progestagen implants to control pharmacologically the estrus cycle and ovulation. Cows were randomly assigned to one of three protocols for estrous synchronization and artificial insemination in pre-fixed time. In treatment 1 (T1; n=73) cows were implanted with Crestar® (3 mg de norgestomet); in treatment 2 (T2; n= 75) cows were implanted with Crestar®, already used in a previous synchronization; and in treatment 3 (T3; n=73) cows received two Crestar® implants, also previously used, both placed side by side in the same ear. All cows were injected with an intra muscular (i.m.) dose of 2 mL of progesterone (25mg/mL) + estradiol benzoate (1mg/mL) at the time of implants insertion (D0). Implants were removed after 8 days (D7) and an i.m. dose of Preloban® (150mg de D-cloprostenol) was administered. Twenty-four hours after implants removal, cows were i.m. injected with a dose of Estrogin® (1mg of estradiol benzoate). All cows were artificially inseminated at 54-56 h after implants removal. Ninety percent of semen used in the experiment was from only one bull, the remaining 10% were equally distributed among treatments. Artificial insemination was performed by only one technician. Suckling cows had a body condition score of 5–6, in a scale of 1-9, and the non-suckling cows were 6-7. Pregnancy rate was the variable studied. Statistical analysis was accomplished by using "Statistical Analysis System 8.0", and logistic regression. There was no difference (P>0.05) on cow’s pregnancy rate among treatments. Pregnancy rates were 39.72, 34.21 and 36.98% for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Progestagen implants reutilization did not affected pregnancy rate in beef cows ready for reproduction.

A ivermectina é uma lactona macrocíclica usada como agente antiparasitário de amplo espectro de ação contra nematelmintos e artrópodes. É empregada, principalmente, no controle de infecções parasitárias de animais domésticos, e recentemente vem sendo utilizada em seres humanos para o tratamento da oncocercose, escabiose e pediculose. Em mamíferos, diversas evidências indicam que as lactonas macrocíclicas interagem com canais de cloro mediados pelo ácido gama-aminobutírico (GABA). Sabe-se que o sistema GABAérgico está envolvido com a manifestação do comportamento sexual e estudo prévios mostraram que a ivermectina prejudicou o comportamento sexual de ratos machos e fêmeas. Assim, considerando que a ivermectina pode interferir na esfera sexual, este trabalho avaliou os efeitos temporais da exposição à ivermectina (0,2 e 1,0 mg/kg, por via subcutânea) em parâmetros reprodutivos e hormonais de ratos e de coelhos. Em ratos avaliou-se peso relativo dos órgãos de machos e fêmeas, o índice gonadossomático de machos, os achados histopatológicos; o receptor de andrógeno em testículos por imunohistoquímica; concentração sérica de testosterona, FSH e LH; expressão relativa de enzimas da via esteroidogênica por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (PCR-RT); ciclo estral, desempenho reprodutivo e concentração de estradiol nas fezes de ratas. Em coelhos machos avaliou-se a concentração, a motilidade e a morfologia de espermatozoides; a integridade das membranas plasmáticas, acrossomal e mitocondrial de espermatozoides; o peso relativo dos órgãos e o índice gonadossomático; a concentração sérica testosterona; os achados histopatológicos; e a análise hematológica e bioquímica sérica. Os resultados mostraram que a administração de ivermectina em ratos: não alterou o peso relativo dos testículos, epidídimos, próstata e vesícula seminal; não modificou o índice gonadossomático; promoveu prejuízo nas células germinativas do epitélio seminífero dos testículos, achado sugestivo de prejuízo na espermatogênese e na espermiogênese de machos; não interferiu na expressão de receptor andrógeno dos testículos, bem como a expressão relativa de enzimas da via esteroidogênica; não interferiu na concentração sérica de testosterona e FSH, porém diminuiu a concentração sérica de LH; não interferiu no ciclo estral, no desempenho reprodutivo e na concentração de estradiol nas fezes de ratas. Os resultados de ratos e ratas foram discutidos considerando a interferência da ivermectina na neurotransmissão GABAérgica, bem como na via de produção dos hormônios hipofisários-gonadais. Em coelhos, não foram observadas alterações nos parâmetros da fertilidade de machos, avaliada pela concentração, motilidade e morfologia de espermatozoides, e nem no potencial de fertilização, avaliado pela integridade das membranas plasmática, acrossomal e mitocondrial dos espermatozoides; não houve interferência nos níveis séricos de testosterona, na bioquímica sérica e em parâmetros do hemograma. Esses resultados em conjunto são indicativos de que a ivermectina causa poucos efeitos prejudiciais em aspectos reprodutivos de ratos e coelhos. / Ivermectin is a macrocyclic lactone used as a broad spectrum antiparasitic agent against nematelmints and arthropods. It is mainly used in the control of parasitic infections of domestic animals, and recently has been used in humans to treat onchocerciasis, scabies and pediculosis. In mammals, various evidences indicate that macrocyclic lactones interact with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated chloride channels. It is known that the GABAergic system is involved in the manifestation of sexual behavior and previous studies have shown that ivermectin impaired sexual behavior in male and female rats. Thus, considering ivermectin may interfere with the sexual sphere, this study evaluated the temporal effects of exposure to ivermectin (0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg, administered subcutaneously) on reproductive and hormonal parameters of rats and rabbits. In rats it was evaluated organ weights of male and female, the gonadossomatic index of males, histopathological findings; the immunohistochemical of the androgen receptor in the testes; serum LH, FSH and testosterone concentrations; relative expression of steroidogenic pathway enzymes by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); estrous cycle, reproductive performance and estradiol concentration in the feces of female rats. In male rabbits it was evaluated the spermatozoa concentration, motility and morphology; the integrity of the membranes plasmatic, acrosomal and mitochondrial of the spermatozoa; the organ weights, the gonadosomatic index; serum testosterone concentrations; histopathological findings; and hematological and serum biochemical analysis. The results showed that ivermectin administration in rats: not alter the relative weights of the testes, epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicle; not modified gonadosomatic index; caused damage in the germinal cells of the seminiferous epithelium of the testes, finding suggestive of impairment in spermatogenesis and male spermiogenesis; did not interfere with the androgen receptor expression of the testes, as well as the relative expression of enzymes of the steroidogenic pathway; did not interfere in the serum testosterone and FSH concentrations, but it decreased the serum LH concentration; did not interfere in the estrous cycle, reproductive performance and estradiol concentration in the feces of female rats. The results of male and female rats were discussed considering the interference of ivermectin in GABAergic neurotransmission as well as in the production pathway of pituitary-gonadal hormones. In rabbits, no changes were observed in male fertility parameters evaluated by spermatozoa concentration, motility and morphology, nor the potential for fertilization evaluated by the integrity of the membranes plasmatic, acrosomal and mitochondrial of the spermatozoa; there was no interference in serum testosterone concentration, serum biochemistry and hematological parameters. These results together are indicative that ivermectin causes few adverse effects on reproductive aspects of rats and rabbits.

Women are twice as likely to suffer from depression as men, yet stress and depression research has relied primarily on the responses of males. Early life stress is hypothesized to influence the development of vulnerability to depression while adult stress exposure can act as a trigger in those predisposed. This relationship is mediated by other environmental factors. Maternal care and the social environment appear to be particularly important for mammals. The purpose of this thesis was twofold: to develop an animal model of depression for use in female rats based on the chronic mild stress (CMS) model previously validated for use in male rodents, and to apply this model in female offspring of mothers exposed to physical restraint in the second half of gestation representing an early life insult. Results indicate that a modified CMS model was able to alter hedonic and physiological responses not present in the original model. Housing condition interacted with CMS in that effects were evident only in singly housed rats. While gestational stress (GS) altered maternal weight and behavioural profiles related to offspring care and anxiety, little to no behavioural effects were noted in juvenile or adult offspring. Applying the modified CMS model to adult female offspring resulted in an anhedonic-like response that recovered rapidly prior to the third week of CMS. Weight in GS female rats was attenuated throughout life beginning post weaning. When taken together, these results demonstrate that stress-based models, previously established in males, must be altered to accommodate the hormonally intact female rat in two ways: first, to eliminate extraneous variables that may interfere with the estrous cycle and mask possible stress effects, and secondly, to consider the appropriateness of individual stressors to induce a stress response in females. While a general lack of effect was noted in response to CMS, this was interpreted as a strong influence of housing and supportive early life experiences in protecting the female rat from the establishment of stress effects related to depression and anxiety. The housing practices employed here may be considered a model of stress-resilience and represents an encouraging avenue of future research.

Women are twice as likely to suffer from depression as men, yet stress and depression research has relied primarily on the responses of males. Early life stress is hypothesized to influence the development of vulnerability to depression while adult stress exposure can act as a trigger in those predisposed. This relationship is mediated by other environmental factors. Maternal care and the social environment appear to be particularly important for mammals. The purpose of this thesis was twofold: to develop an animal model of depression for use in female rats based on the chronic mild stress (CMS) model previously validated for use in male rodents, and to apply this model in female offspring of mothers exposed to physical restraint in the second half of gestation representing an early life insult. Results indicate that a modified CMS model was able to alter hedonic and physiological responses not present in the original model. Housing condition interacted with CMS in that effects were evident only in singly housed rats. While gestational stress (GS) altered maternal weight and behavioural profiles related to offspring care and anxiety, little to no behavioural effects were noted in juvenile or adult offspring. Applying the modified CMS model to adult female offspring resulted in an anhedonic-like response that recovered rapidly prior to the third week of CMS. Weight in GS female rats was attenuated throughout life beginning post weaning. When taken together, these results demonstrate that stress-based models, previously established in males, must be altered to accommodate the hormonally intact female rat in two ways: first, to eliminate extraneous variables that may interfere with the estrous cycle and mask possible stress effects, and secondly, to consider the appropriateness of individual stressors to induce a stress response in females. While a general lack of effect was noted in response to CMS, this was interpreted as a strong influence of housing and supportive early life experiences in protecting the female rat from the establishment of stress effects related to depression and anxiety. The housing practices employed here may be considered a model of stress-resilience and represents an encouraging avenue of future research.

Women are twice as likely to suffer from depression as men, yet stress and depression research has relied primarily on the responses of males. Early life stress is hypothesized to influence the development of vulnerability to depression while adult stress exposure can act as a trigger in those predisposed. This relationship is mediated by other environmental factors. Maternal care and the social environment appear to be particularly important for mammals. The purpose of this thesis was twofold: to develop an animal model of depression for use in female rats based on the chronic mild stress (CMS) model previously validated for use in male rodents, and to apply this model in female offspring of mothers exposed to physical restraint in the second half of gestation representing an early life insult. Results indicate that a modified CMS model was able to alter hedonic and physiological responses not present in the original model. Housing condition interacted with CMS in that effects were evident only in singly housed rats. While gestational stress (GS) altered maternal weight and behavioural profiles related to offspring care and anxiety, little to no behavioural effects were noted in juvenile or adult offspring. Applying the modified CMS model to adult female offspring resulted in an anhedonic-like response that recovered rapidly prior to the third week of CMS. Weight in GS female rats was attenuated throughout life beginning post weaning. When taken together, these results demonstrate that stress-based models, previously established in males, must be altered to accommodate the hormonally intact female rat in two ways: first, to eliminate extraneous variables that may interfere with the estrous cycle and mask possible stress effects, and secondly, to consider the appropriateness of individual stressors to induce a stress response in females. While a general lack of effect was noted in response to CMS, this was interpreted as a strong influence of housing and supportive early life experiences in protecting the female rat from the establishment of stress effects related to depression and anxiety. The housing practices employed here may be considered a model of stress-resilience and represents an encouraging avenue of future research.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Considerando que nos tempos atuais o hábito de fumar atingiu uma parcela significativa das adolescentes brasileiras e apesar de seus conhecidos efeitos deletérios sobre diversos órgãos, pouco se sabe da sua ação sobre os ovários. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da exposição à fumaça de cigarro sobre o ciclo estral e a morfologia ovariana. Para tal, foram utilizados camundongos da linhagem Swiss, cujo estudo teve início com o estudo do perfil das características da maturação sexual. Após o desmame, aos 21 dias de idade, a partir da abertura vaginal, o 1 estro e o início da ciclicidade foram acompanhados através da citologia vaginal. As características do ciclo estral foram determinadas no decorrer de doze semanas. O efeito da exposição à fumaça de cigarro 3R4F utilizou fêmeas Swiss de 35 dias de idade que foram subdivididos em dois grupos expostos à fumaça de cigarro (grupo 15E) e animais controles livres de fumaça (grupo 15C). A exposição ocorreu por 15 dias e ao final deste período, metade dos animais de cada grupo foi sacrificada e ovários direitos foram coletados. A outra metade permaneceu em observação durante 30 dias, sem exposição à fumaça, originando os grupos 45Ex e 45C. A citologia vaginal foi avaliada durante todo o período experimental. Ao final dos 30 dias, sangue e ovários direitos foram coletados. Estes foram pesados e processados por técnica de rotina histológica para análise morfológica. A caracterização dos eventos da puberdade estabeleceu o tempo de abertura vaginal com média de 33,60,24 de idade, o primeiro estro 39,42,58 dias de idade e o início da ciclicidade, com média de 39,51,19 dias de idade, concomitante com o primeiro estro. Além disso, os ciclos estrais apresentaram períodos de cinco dias com freqüência baixa da fase diestro. Com relação à exposição da fumaça de cigarro ocorreu aumento significativo na extensão dos ciclos estrais e uma forte tendência ao aumento de estros nos animais 45Ex, apesar de não ser significativa. O número e o diâmetro de folículos grandes foram maiores no 15E, enquanto o de corpos lúteos foi menor. Em relação ao grupo 45C, o 45Ex não se alterou, porém, mostrou uma discreta redução da massa ovariana, do número de folículos pequenos, do número e do diâmetro dos folículos médios, dos corpos lúteos e aumento de folículos atrésicos. A comparação entre controles, 15C e 45C e expostos, 15E e 45Ex, mostrou uma redução no diâmetro de folículos médios e grandes. O estudo do perfil das características reprodutivas de fêmeas Swiss é indispensável para modelos experimentais em pesquisa que fazem uso desta linhagem. Permitiu verificar que a exposição à fumaça de cigarro promove alteração do ciclo estral, da massa ovariana e antecipa alterações morfológicas tempo dependente que sinaliza a finalização da vida reprodutiva / Nowadays greater number of Brazilian young women are smokers, and it is troubling because in their reproductive prime are the fastest growing population of smokers. Despite the fact that cigarette smoke is a well established health hazard, and systemic diseases are already well recognized, the potential deleterious effects on ovaries must be more investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to cigarette smoke on the estrous cycle and ovarian morphology. To this end, female Swiss mice were used, whose protocols were previously provided for the timing of three pubertal events and determination of the estrous cycle phases in this strain. Weanlings were examined daily and the date of vaginal opening was recorded. Daily vaginal lavages were begun on the day of vaginal opening and continued for the duration of the study. The onset of first cornification and cyclicity were measured. Animals were then observed for a total of 12 weeks. The ovarian effects of smoke exposure from cigarette 3R4F were studied in female Swiss mice (35 days old) for 15 day - 15E group. The control group (15C) stead in absence of smoke. At the end of this time, part of the animals in each group was sacrificed and right ovaries were collected. The others remained under observation for 30 days without exposure to smoke (45Ex group). The vaginal smear was determined throughout the experimental period. Ovaries were weighed and fixed for standard histology. The protocol provided a vaginal opening at 33,60,24 days old, the onset of first cornification at 39,42,58 days of age and the onset of cyclicity at 39,51,19 days old, concomitant with the appearance of first estrus. Furthermore, the estrous cycles were equal to 5 days in length. The less predominant smear type was diestrus. The length of estrous cycles increased significantly in mice exposed to cigarette smoke and estrus smear was more frequent. The number and diameter of large follicles were higher in 15E, while the corpora lutea was less frequent. The 45Ex group showed a decreasing trend of the ovarian weight, number of small follicles, the number and mean diameter of follicles, corpora lutea and the increase of atretic follicles. Comparison between controls and exposed animals throughout the time, showed a reduction in mean diameter of medium and large follicles. The protocols provided in this unit are indispensable for experimental research involving the reproductive system and the influence of the estrous cycle on non-reproductive functions in Swiss mice. The findings show that exposure to cigarette smoke results in alteration of the estrous cycle, ovarian weight and predict time dependent morphological changes that are signals of the end of reproductive life

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Considerando que nos tempos atuais o hábito de fumar atingiu uma parcela significativa das adolescentes brasileiras e apesar de seus conhecidos efeitos deletérios sobre diversos órgãos, pouco se sabe da sua ação sobre os ovários. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da exposição à fumaça de cigarro sobre o ciclo estral e a morfologia ovariana. Para tal, foram utilizados camundongos da linhagem Swiss, cujo estudo teve início com o estudo do perfil das características da maturação sexual. Após o desmame, aos 21 dias de idade, a partir da abertura vaginal, o 1 estro e o início da ciclicidade foram acompanhados através da citologia vaginal. As características do ciclo estral foram determinadas no decorrer de doze semanas. O efeito da exposição à fumaça de cigarro 3R4F utilizou fêmeas Swiss de 35 dias de idade que foram subdivididos em dois grupos expostos à fumaça de cigarro (grupo 15E) e animais controles livres de fumaça (grupo 15C). A exposição ocorreu por 15 dias e ao final deste período, metade dos animais de cada grupo foi sacrificada e ovários direitos foram coletados. A outra metade permaneceu em observação durante 30 dias, sem exposição à fumaça, originando os grupos 45Ex e 45C. A citologia vaginal foi avaliada durante todo o período experimental. Ao final dos 30 dias, sangue e ovários direitos foram coletados. Estes foram pesados e processados por técnica de rotina histológica para análise morfológica. A caracterização dos eventos da puberdade estabeleceu o tempo de abertura vaginal com média de 33,60,24 de idade, o primeiro estro 39,42,58 dias de idade e o início da ciclicidade, com média de 39,51,19 dias de idade, concomitante com o primeiro estro. Além disso, os ciclos estrais apresentaram períodos de cinco dias com freqüência baixa da fase diestro. Com relação à exposição da fumaça de cigarro ocorreu aumento significativo na extensão dos ciclos estrais e uma forte tendência ao aumento de estros nos animais 45Ex, apesar de não ser significativa. O número e o diâmetro de folículos grandes foram maiores no 15E, enquanto o de corpos lúteos foi menor. Em relação ao grupo 45C, o 45Ex não se alterou, porém, mostrou uma discreta redução da massa ovariana, do número de folículos pequenos, do número e do diâmetro dos folículos médios, dos corpos lúteos e aumento de folículos atrésicos. A comparação entre controles, 15C e 45C e expostos, 15E e 45Ex, mostrou uma redução no diâmetro de folículos médios e grandes. O estudo do perfil das características reprodutivas de fêmeas Swiss é indispensável para modelos experimentais em pesquisa que fazem uso desta linhagem. Permitiu verificar que a exposição à fumaça de cigarro promove alteração do ciclo estral, da massa ovariana e antecipa alterações morfológicas tempo dependente que sinaliza a finalização da vida reprodutiva / Nowadays greater number of Brazilian young women are smokers, and it is troubling because in their reproductive prime are the fastest growing population of smokers. Despite the fact that cigarette smoke is a well established health hazard, and systemic diseases are already well recognized, the potential deleterious effects on ovaries must be more investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of exposure to cigarette smoke on the estrous cycle and ovarian morphology. To this end, female Swiss mice were used, whose protocols were previously provided for the timing of three pubertal events and determination of the estrous cycle phases in this strain. Weanlings were examined daily and the date of vaginal opening was recorded. Daily vaginal lavages were begun on the day of vaginal opening and continued for the duration of the study. The onset of first cornification and cyclicity were measured. Animals were then observed for a total of 12 weeks. The ovarian effects of smoke exposure from cigarette 3R4F were studied in female Swiss mice (35 days old) for 15 day - 15E group. The control group (15C) stead in absence of smoke. At the end of this time, part of the animals in each group was sacrificed and right ovaries were collected. The others remained under observation for 30 days without exposure to smoke (45Ex group). The vaginal smear was determined throughout the experimental period. Ovaries were weighed and fixed for standard histology. The protocol provided a vaginal opening at 33,60,24 days old, the onset of first cornification at 39,42,58 days of age and the onset of cyclicity at 39,51,19 days old, concomitant with the appearance of first estrus. Furthermore, the estrous cycles were equal to 5 days in length. The less predominant smear type was diestrus. The length of estrous cycles increased significantly in mice exposed to cigarette smoke and estrus smear was more frequent. The number and diameter of large follicles were higher in 15E, while the corpora lutea was less frequent. The 45Ex group showed a decreasing trend of the ovarian weight, number of small follicles, the number and mean diameter of follicles, corpora lutea and the increase of atretic follicles. Comparison between controls and exposed animals throughout the time, showed a reduction in mean diameter of medium and large follicles. The protocols provided in this unit are indispensable for experimental research involving the reproductive system and the influence of the estrous cycle on non-reproductive functions in Swiss mice. The findings show that exposure to cigarette smoke results in alteration of the estrous cycle, ovarian weight and predict time dependent morphological changes that are signals of the end of reproductive life

A ketamina, antagonista não competitivo de receptores NMDA, apresenta potentes efeitos psicomiméticos, sendo capaz de acentuar o estado psicótico de pacientes esquizofrênicos. Uma das áreas cerebrais afetadas por seu uso é o córtex pré-frontal, já que o desempenho em tarefas que dependem de sua atividade é profundamente alterado pela administração aguda de ketamina. Assim como na esquizofrenia, estas alterações podem sofrer influência de fatores hormonais, alterações estas que podem ser explicadas pelos efeitos dos hormônios sexuais femininos, como o estrogênio, os quais apresentam um papel regulador sobre os sistemas dopaminérgicos, serotonérgicos, glutamatérgicos e GABAérgicos, todos afetados pelos efeitos agudos e crônicos do uso de ketamina. Este projeto, portanto, teve como meta avaliar os possíveis efeitos da administração crônica e retirada de ketamina sobre a expressão de comportamentos relacionados à ansiedade humana em ratas da linhagem Wistar, assim como a influência dos hormônios estradiol e a progesterona sobre esta variável. As possíveis alterações farmacológicas induzidas pela administração crônica de ketamina sobre os sistemas dopaminérgicos e serotoninérgicos da divisão pré-límbica (PrL) do córtex pré-frontal medial serão avaliadas através da injeção local de antagonista/agonista específicos. Nossos dados reforçam a ideia de que a ketamina demonstra de forma significativa a expressão da resposta aprendida de medo. E também, os dados mostram que a abstinência da droga altera este comportamento, particularmente a capacidade cognitiva relacionada ao encadeamento de estímulos. Da mesma forma que outras drogas de abuso, estas alterações parecem envolver tanto o sistema dopaminérgico quanto serotoninérgico do CPFm. / Ketamine, a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors, has potent psychomimetic effects, being able to accentuate the psychotic state of schizophrenic patients. One of the brain areas affected by its use is the prefrontal cortex, since performance in tasks that depend on its activity is profoundly altered by the acute administration of ketamine. As in schizophrenia, these changes may be influenced by hormonal factors, which can be explained by the effects of female sex hormones, such as estrogen, which play a role in the dopaminergic, serotonergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic systems, all affected acute and chronic effects of ketamine use. This project therefore aimed to evaluate the possible effects of chronic administration and withdrawal of ketamine on the expression of behaviors related to human anxiety in Wistar rats, as well as the influence of the hormones estradiol and progesterone on this variable. The possible pharmacological changes induced by chronic ketamine administration on the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems of the prelambial (PrL) division of the medial prefrontal cortex will be assessed by specific local antagonist / agonist injection. Our data reinforce the idea that ketamine demonstrates significantly the expression of the learned response of fear. Also, the data show that drug abstinence alters this behavior, particularly the cognitive capacity related to the chaining of stimuli. Like other drugs of abuse, these changes appear to involve both the dopaminergic and serotonergic system of CPFm.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:47:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 929339 bytes, checksum: fddfad690cd5f53dd8bcd64c3c0e07a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-20 / In vitro production of pig embryos has yet taken unsatisfactory results due to low production blastocyst, the percentage of embryos produced from oocytes matured in vitro is lower than those matured in vivo. Several factors affect the success of maturation, however, the oocyte competence is one of the most important factors. Only competent oocytes are able to undergo fertilization and have normal embryonic development. The oocyte competence can be evaluated from various parameters such as morphology of the oocyte, follicle size, stained with cresyl brilliant blue (BCB), the time of cleavage and age of the donor. In recent years these parameters have been used for studies of gene expression associated with the task. This study aimed to evaluate differences in gene expression BMP15, RYBP, MATER, ZAR1 and using the constitutive gene GAPDH as endogenous control in immature oocytes of different morphological classes which are: 1, 2, 3 and 4 to elucidate the mechanisms required for oocyte acquires competence and provide important molecular markers linked to the development capability. Oocytes total RNA was extracted and used as a template for synthesis of cDNA first tape. The results of gene expression were analyzed using a mixed model, considering the gene expression data dependent and independent variables oocyte classes. Genes BMP15, RYBP ZAR1 and showed similar expression oocyte in categories 1, 2 and 3, only 4 categories differ in their expression (P <0.05). The MATER gene was expressed similarly in all categories oocyte studied (P> 0.05). The qPCR technique, in this work, was efficient to detect these transcripts in oocytes of different categories. However, to better understand the involvement of these transcripts in the acquisition of oocyte competence are needed most studies evaluating different morphological classes of oocytes at different stages of development and implication of other genes involved in oocyte competence. / A produção in vitro de embriões suínos ainda tem tidos resultados insatisfatórios devido a baixa de produção de blastocisto, a porcentagem de embriões produzidos de ovócitos maturados in vitro é inferior àqueles maturados in vivo. Diversos fatores interferem no sucesso da maturação, entretanto, a competência ovocitária é um dos fatores mais importantes. Somente ovócitos competentes são capazes de sofrer a fecundação e ter desenvolvimento embrionário normal. A competência ovocitária pode ser avaliada a partir de vários parâmetros, tais como morfologia do ovócito, tamanho do folículo, coloração com brilliant cresyl blue (BCB), momento da clivagem e idade da doadora. Nos últimos anos esses parâmetros têm sido utilizados para os estudos da expressão dos genes associados com a competência. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar diferenças na expressão dos genes BMP15, RYBP, MATER, ZAR1 e como controle endógeno o gene constitutivo GAPDH em ovócitos imaturos de diferentes classes morfológicas sendo elas: 1, 2, 3 e 4. Como finalidade elucidar os mecanismos necessários para que o ovócito adquira competência e proporcionar importantes marcadores moleculares relacionados com a capacidade de desenvolvimento. O RNA total ovócitos foi extraído e utilizado como molde para a síntese da primeira fita de cDNA. Os resultados da expressão gênica foram analisados utilizando um modelo misto, considerando os dados de expressão gênica variável dependente e as classes ovocitárias variáveis independentes. Os genes BMP15, ZAR1 e RYBP apresentaram expressão semelhante nas classes ovocitárias 1, 2 e 3, somente a categoria 4 diferiu na expressão desses genes (P<0,05). O gene MATER foi expresso de forma semelhante em todas as classes ovocitárias estudadas (P>0,05). A técnica de qPCR, no presente trabalho, foi eficiente para detecção destes transcritos em ovócitos de diferentes classes. No entanto, para melhor entendimento do envolvimento desses transcritos na aquisição da competência ovocitária são necessários mais estudos avaliando ovócitos de diferentes classes morfológicas, em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento e implicação de outros genes envolvidos com a competência ovocitária.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:37:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EzequielBN_DISSERT.pdf: 1434271 bytes, checksum: ec339b7b0edd61a2480b5454f9c82167 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The exposure to stressors produces physiological changes of the organism in order to adapt the individual to the environment. Depending on the type, intensity and duration, stress can affect some cognitive functions, particularly processes of learning and memory. Several studies have also proposed that some level of anxiety would be necessary for memory formation. In this context, memories of previously aversive experiences may determine the manner and intensity with which are expressed fear responses, which explains the great interest in analyzing both anxiety and memory in animals. In addition, males and females demonstrate different reactions in relation to stressful stimuli, showing different levels of anxiety and differences in processing of the acquisition, retention and recall of information. Based on this information, the present study aimed to verify the effect of stress on learning, memory and anxiety behavioral parameters in rats exposed at different types of stressors of long duration (seven consecutive days): restraint (4h/day), overcrowding (18h/day) and social isolation (18h/day) in the different phases of the estrous cycle. Our results showed that the stress induced by restraint and social isolation did not cause changes in the acquisition process, but impaired the recall of memory in rats. Furthermore, it is suggested a protective effect of sex hormones on retrieval of aversive memory, since female rats in proestrus or estrus phase, characterized by high estrogen concentrations, showed no aversive memory deficits. Furthermore, despite the increased plasma levels of corticosterone observed in female rats subjected to restraint stress and social isolation, anxiety levels were unaltered, compared to those various stress conditions. Animal models based on psychological and social stress have been extensively discussed in the literature. Correlate behavioral responses, physiological and psychological have contributed in increasing the understanding of stress-induced psychophysiological disorders / A exposi??o a fatores estressantes promove mudan?as fisiol?gicas adaptativas do organismo ao meio ambiente. Dependendo do tipo, da intensidade e dura??o, o estresse pode afetar algumas fun??es cognitivas, particularmente o processo de aprendizagem e de mem?ria. Alguns estudos tamb?m t?m proposto que a ansiedade, em certa medida, seria necess?ria para que ocorresse a forma??o da mem?ria. Neste contexto, mem?rias de experi?ncias aversivas anteriores podem determinar a maneira e a intensidade com que s?o expressas as respostas de medo, o que justifica o grande interesse em analisar simultaneamente ansiedade e mem?ria em animais. No mais, machos e f?meas apresentam rea??es distintas em rela??o a est?mulos estressores, mostrando diferentes n?veis de ansiedade e diferen?as no processamento da aquisi??o, reten??o e evoca??o de informa??es mnem?nicas. Frente a essas informa??es, o presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar o efeito do estresse em par?metros comportamentais de aprendizagem, mem?ria e ansiedade de ratas submetidas a diferentes tipos de estressores de longa dura??o, (sete dias consecutivos): conten??o (4h/dia), alta densidade populacional (18h/dia) e isolamento social (18h/dia), nas diferentes fases do ciclo estral. Nossos resultados mostraram que o estresse promovido pela conten??o e pelo isolamento social n?o promoveram altera??es no processo de aquisi??o, mas promoveu preju?zos na evoca??o da mem?ria de ratas. Al?m disso, sugere-se um efeito protetor dos horm?nios sexuais sobre a evoca??o da mem?ria aversiva, uma vez que ratas que estavam nas fases proestro ou estro, fase de altas concentra??es plasm?ticas de estr?genos, n?o apresentaram preju?zos na evoca??o dessa mem?ria. No mais, apesar do aumento dos n?veis plasm?ticos de corticosterona observado nas ratas submetidas ao estresse de conten??o e isolamento social, os n?veis de ansiedade permaneceram inalterados frente a essas diferentes condi??es de estresse. Modelos animais baseados em estresse psicol?gico e social t?m sido bastante abordados na literatura. Correlacionar respostas comportamentais, fisiol?gicas e psicol?gicas t?m contribu?do no aumento da compreens?o dos transtornos psicofisiol?gicos envolvidos na resposta de estresse