Zinc, copper and cadmium accumulation was measured in two herbivorous gastropod molluscs Austrocochlea constricta and Bembicium auratum from Lake Macquarie NSW an area with a history of trace metal pollution. The investigation consisted of three main parts. The first part examined the influence of organism mass and location within the Lake on whole body tissue metal concentrations. This part of the study also compared the distributions of tissue metal concentrations of populations from Lake Macquarie, a known polluted environment, with those of populations from Jervis Bay NSW, an unpolluted environment, to establish whether either species is a net accumulator of zinc copper or cadmium. The second part of the investigation examined a range of factors which may influence whole body metal concentrations. One location in Lake Macquarie was sampled monthly from August 1995 to July 1996. The factors examined were temporal variation, gender, breeding cycle, and tissue distribution. The final part of the investigation examined the detoxification and storage of excess metals in the gastropods from Lake Macquarie. The mechanisms studied were metallothioneins and granules. The tissue metal concentrations of both species were found to be independent of mass. Location within Lake Macquarie did not significantly influence tissue metal concentrations. Variation between individuals was the most significant contribution to overall variation, resulting in a positive skewing of sample trace metal distributions. B. auratum populations from Lake Macquarie had significantly higher copper and cadmium tissue concentrations and A. constricta populations had significantly higher zinc, copper and cadmium tissue concentrations than the populations from Jervis Bay. This suggests that regulation of these metals is not occurring. A. constricta may therefore be considered a net accumulator of zinc, copper and cadmium and B. auratum of copper and cadmium. Tissue metal concentrations did not vary significantly over time. It is suggested that the organisms are in equilibrium with their environment. B. auratum has higher natural equilibrium concentrations than A. constricta particularly for copper and cadmium, suggesting different routes of exposure, uptake or accumulation for the two species. Gender and breeding cycle did not significantly influence tissue metal concentrations. Most of the variability in total copper and cadmium concentrations of both species was explained by variability in gonad tissue metal concentration, while variability in the gonad and somatic tissues zinc concentration explained about an equal amount of the variability in total zinc concentration. A. constricta and B. auratum were both found to induce a cadmium binding protein which has some features in common with metallothionein. A protein of around 10 000 Da which binds approximately 60% of the soluble cadmium was isolated using gel filtration. This protein was further separated into two isoforms using anion exchange. The first isoform eluted at the same time as MT I and the second at the same time as MT II rabbit liver standard. Large cells containing granular material which stained positive for calcium were observed interspersed among the connective tissue immediately behind the columnar epithelial cells lining the gut wall in both species under a light microscope. Calcium positive granular particles were also observed within the columnar epithelial cells of B. auratum. These species have been shown to be net accumulators of the trace metals investigated, with the exception of zinc in B. auratum. It has also been established that organism mass, gender and reproductive state, the partitioning of metals between tissues, and temporal effects are not confounding factors for the purposes of comparing trace metal concentrations between populations. They should therefore be effective biomonitors of the trace metals investigated, with the exception of zinc in B. auratum.

A bacia hidrogrÃfica do Rio Jaguaribe, localizada no Estado do CearÃ, ocupa uma Ãrea de em torno de 80.000 km2, a sub-bacia do Baixo Jaguaribe tem Ãrea de drenagem de 6.875 km2, sendo esta correspondente a 4,64% do territÃrio cearense. A regiÃo estuarina do Rio Jaguaribe à dominada por florestas de manguezal que ocupam 215,5 ha, particularmente no canal de marà da Gamboa do Cumbe. Estando na regiÃo Ãrea implantada a maior Ãrea de produÃÃo de camarÃo em cativeiro do estado, ocupando 1.316 ha em viveiros cerca de 50% do total de todo o Estado do CearÃ. A quantificaÃÃo de mercÃrio (Hg), na Ãgua e em sedimento (superficial e testemunhos sedimentares) ao longo de toda a Gamboa do Cumbe mostrou valores variando de 6,3 a 32,1 ng/l (14,4  8,4), 1,1 a 23,5 ng/l (7,0  7,8), 3,2 a 15,0 ng/l (7,4  3,9), para o Hg total, dissolvido e particulado na Ãgua respectivamente. No sedimento as concentraÃÃes variaram de 1,6 a 10,3 ng/g (4,7  2,9) e 1,9 a 16,2 % (6,7  4,9) respectivamente para a concentraÃÃo de Hg e percentual de matÃria orgÃnica. A concentraÃÃo de Hg em peixes coletados na regiÃo variaram de 4,3 â 37,0 ng/g (9,9  9,0) em Sphoeroides testudineos e 9,7 a 66,1 ng/g (31,8  14,4) Cathorops spixii. Com a obtenÃÃo destes dados pÃde-se definir a Ãrea preferencial de deposiÃÃo e acumulaÃÃo de Hg e a forma dissolvida mostrou-se a predominante exportada. Aquacultura promove alteraÃÃes significativas das cargas de Hg nos Ãltimos anos baseado nos valores da concentraÃÃo de Hg nos perfis sedimentares. O Hg proveniente da aquicultura à 156,4 kg.ano-1, na sua maioria associados ao MPS sendo transportado para a regiÃo estuarina adjacente e depositado na Ãrea da Gamboa do Cumbe. / The Jaguaribe River basin, located in State CearÃ, occupies an area of about 80,000 km2, wher as the sub-basin of the Lower Jaguaribe River has a drainage area of 6,875 km2, equivalent to 4.64% of the stateâs area. The estuarine region of the Jaguaribe River is dominated by mangrove forests that occupy 215.5 ha, particularly in the tidal channel of the Gamboa do Cumbe. In this area it is located the largest area of shrimp production in captivity in the state, with 1,316 ha of pond area around 50% of the entire aquaculture area of the state of CearÃ. The quantification of mercury (Hg) in water and sediments (surface and sedimentary profile) along the Gamboa do Cumbe showed values ranging from 6.3 to 32.1 ng / l (14.4  8.4) , 1.1 to 23.5 ng / l (7.0  7.8), 3.2 to 15.0 ng / l (7.4  3.9), or total Hg, dissolved and particulate Hg respectively. In sediments concentrations ranged from 1.6 to 10.3 ng / g (4.7  2.9) and 1.9 to 16.2% (6.7  4.9) for Hg and organic matter respectively. The concentration of Hg in fish collected in the region ranged from 4.3 to 37.0 ng / g (9.9  9.0) in Testudines sphoeroides and from 9.7 to 66.1 ng / g (31.8  14 , 4) in Cathorops spixii. These data made possible to define the area of preferential deposition and accumulation of Hg and that the predominant form of Hg export is dissolved Hg. Aquaculture, seems to have promoted significant changes in Hg loads in recent years based on records of Hg concentration in sedimentary profiles. Hg of burden from aquaculture to the region is about 156.4 kg.ano-1, mostly associated with TSS transported of the adjacent estuarine region and is stored in the sediment of the deposition area of Gamboa do Cumbe.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This work presents the ecological, economic, technological, and social relations and management associated with fishing activities in the municipality of PiÃma, located on the southern coast of EspÃrito Santo. The work was undertaken from January 2012 to April 2015 by means of differing methodologies. The identification of geoecological units and the monitoring of fisheries were necessary. It was also necessary to record the oral history of professionals in the fishing sector of the region, in addition to the collection of specimens, laboratory work, loosely structured questionnaires, environmental education activities, and participatory workshops with fishers and mollusk gatherers for the collection of information related to the traditional ecological knowledge of those involved in the activities. This study was developed with the objective of presenting an integrated analysis of the geoecological units related to fishing activity as developed in the municipality of PiÃma, as well as to promote an analysis of the sustainability of fishing activities by means of a description of the systems of fishing, utilizing the RAPFISH model â a method of evaluation of the sustainability of fisheries through a multivaried ordered analysis of 54 atributes distributed across five dimensions: social, ecological, economic, technological, and handling. A series of variables categorized in numerical scale from 1 to 5 were determined for all of the attributes and the given arithmetic mean of each system was calculated. The identification of units was undertaken with the utilization of cartographic georeferenced images, with descriptive information regarding fishing activities undertaken, the forms of use and occupation, the impacts and the management proposals for each environment. After an integrated analysis was performed, it was revealed that the fishers and mollusk gatherers concentrated in age between 50 and 60 and on average engage in the activity for 27 years. They hold ecological knowledge passed down through generations, both practical and theoretical activities from old, since the indigenous fishing activities, passing through colonization and socioenvirionmental changes, up to current days. Nine geoecological units were identified (fluvial channel, estuarine channel, mangrove, beach strip, rocky shore, coastal reefs, ocean shoreline, coastal islands, and open sea), and 13 fishing systems developed in the municipality according to the type of fleet, fishing gear, target resource, exploited ecosystem, income of fishermen and labor relations. A sustainability analysis showed longline and line are the forms of fishing with the greatest level of sustainability. The other forms of fishing had, on average, lower levels. Currently there are six protected areas in PiÃma, and the proposal to create a federal marine conservation area in the municipality, together with ICMBio, is still in the works, although management and conservation activities are not observed in these areas. In 2015 the Fishing Colony of PiÃma celebrates 50 years since its founding and the fisheries production of the municipality stands out in the state of EspÃrito Santo. However, pollution, aggradation on the beaches and in the river mouth, real estate speculation; dredging, mineral, and petroleum projects in the region are among the changes and problems most perceived by the fishing community. These factors can negatively affect the quality of life, the production of fishing resources, and the sustainability of fisheries in the southern region of EspÃrito Santo. Research activities, teaching, and expansion aimed at undertaking a systematic collection of data, the monitoring and inspection of fishing activities and of environmental degradation practices, as well as an appreciation of the culture and traditions of those directly and indirectly involved in this important profession are suggested as solutions to the above mentioned problems. The data show the importance of government, institutional, business, and civic support for the maintenance and guarantee of sustainability of the exploited environments, of resources, and fisheries. Thus, integrated studies on fishing are necessary to subsidize the formulation of concrete proposals, as well as for the comanagement of fishing activities developed in the region. / Esse trabalho apresenta as relaÃÃes ecolÃgicas, econÃmicas, tecnolÃgicas, sociais e de manejo vinculadas a sustentabilidade das atividades pesqueiras no municÃpio de PiÃma, com Ãrea total de 72 km2, localizado no litoral sul do estado do EspÃrito Santo. O trabalho foi realizado de Janeiro de 2012 a abril de 2015 em uma Ãrea geogrÃfica de 55 km2, abrangendo regiÃes terrestres, estuarinas, costeiras e marinhas de PiÃma. Para isso foi necessÃria a identificaÃÃo dessas unidades geoecolÃgicas relacionadas Ãs atividades de pesca. TambÃm foi necessÃrio o registro da histÃria oral dos profissionais do setor pesqueiro na regiÃo, por meio de questionÃrios semiestruturado e oficinas participativas com pescadores e marisqueiras para o levantamento das informaÃÃes relacionadas ao conhecimento ecolÃgico tradicional dos envolvidos na atividade. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de apresentar uma anÃlise integrada das unidades geoecolÃgicas relacionadas aos sistemas de pesca desenvolvidos no municÃpio de PiÃma e promover uma anÃlise de sustentabilidade dessas pescarias, por meio da descriÃÃo dos sistemas de pesca, utilizando o modelo RAPFISH - um mÃtodo de avaliaÃÃo da sustentabilidade de pescarias, atravÃs de uma anÃlise de ordenaÃÃo multivariada de 54 atributos distribuÃdos em cinco dimensÃes: social, ecolÃgica, econÃmica, tecnolÃgica e de manejo. A identificaÃÃo das unidades realizou-se por meio do sensoriamento remoto com a utilizaÃÃo de imagens cartogrÃficas georreferenciadas e de imagens do Googleearth, sendo descritas informaÃÃes sobre as atividades pesqueiras desenvolvidas, as formas de uso e ocupaÃÃo, os impactos e as propostas de gestÃo para cada ambiente. ApÃs anÃlise integrada desenvolvida, foi revelado que os pescadores e as marisqueiras se concentram em idade de 50 a 60 e desenvolvem suas atividades hà mais de 27 anos em mÃdia. Eles possuem conhecimentos ecolÃgicos adquiridos atravÃs das geraÃÃes. Foram identificadas nove unidades geoecolÃgicas (canal fluvial; canal estuarino; manguezal; faixa de praia; costÃo rochoso; recifes costeiros; mar litorÃneo; ilhÃus/ilhas costeiras e mar pelÃgico) e 13 sistemas de pesca (cano, coleta manual, jererÃ, puÃÃ, tarrafa, rede de espera, rede de arrasto de praia, arrasto rebocado, linha com anol, mergulho, espinhel, corrico e cerco), desenvolvidos no municÃpio de acordo com o tipo de frota, arte de pesca, recurso alvo, ecossistema explorado, renda dos pescadores e relaÃÃes de trabalho. A anÃlise de sustentabilidade mostrou que espinhel e linha sÃo as pescarias com maiores nÃveis de sustentabilidade. Foi observado que todas as pescarias necessitem de investimentos para melhoria continua das cinco dimensÃes analisadas (social, ambiental, econÃmico, tecnolÃgico e de manejo). Atualmente existem seis Parques Naturais em PiÃma e ainda tramita, junto ao ICMBio, a proposta de criaÃÃo de uma unidade de conservaÃÃo federal marinha no municÃpio. Contudo nÃo sÃo observadas aÃÃes de pesquisa, manejo e conservaÃÃo nessas unidades. Em 2015 a ColÃnia de Pesca de PiÃma completa 50 anos de fundaÃÃo e a produÃÃo pesqueira do municÃpio à destaque no estado do EspÃrito Santo. Entretanto, a poluiÃÃo, a falta de fiscalizaÃÃo das prÃticas ilegais de pesca, o assoreamento das praias e na foz do rio, a especulaÃÃo imobiliÃria, projetos de dragagem, de minÃrio e petrolÃferos na regiÃo estÃo entre os problemas que mais foram percebidos pela comunidade pesqueira. Esses fatores podem prejudicar a qualidade de vida, a produÃÃo dos recursos pesqueiros e a sustentabilidade das pescarias da regiÃo sul do EspÃrito Santo. Para resoluÃÃo desses conflitos sÃo sugeridas aÃÃes de pesquisa, ensino e extensÃo voltadas à realizaÃÃo de coletas sistemÃticas de dados, o monitoramento e fiscalizaÃÃo das atividades pesqueiras e das prÃticas de degradaÃÃo ambiental, bem como a valorizaÃÃo da cultura e tradiÃÃes daqueles que estÃo envolvidos direta e indiretamente com essa profissÃo. Os dados mostram a importÃncia do apoio governamental, institucional, empresarial e da sociedade civil para manutenÃÃo e garantia da sustentabilidade dos ambientes explorados, dos recursos e das pescarias. Dessa forma, estudos integrados sobre a pesca tornam-se necessÃrios para subsidiar a formulaÃÃo de propostas concretas, como tambÃm para a co-gestÃo das atividades pesqueiras desenvolvidas em determinadas regiÃes geogrÃficas.

BASILIO, Thiago Holanda; SILVA, Edson Vicente da. Análise integrada e de sustentabilidade da pesca artesanal no município de Piúma, litoral sul do Espírito Santo. Fortaleza-CE. 178 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-05-13T14:04:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_thbasilio.pdf: 7178208 bytes, checksum: 803038ecd2871348ae78b582d503797c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-05-16T12:28:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_thbasilio.pdf: 7178208 bytes, checksum: 803038ecd2871348ae78b582d503797c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-16T12:28:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_thbasilio.pdf: 7178208 bytes, checksum: 803038ecd2871348ae78b582d503797c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / This work presents the ecological, economic, technological, and social relations and management associated with fishing activities in the municipality of Piúma, located on the southern coast of Espírito Santo. The work was undertaken from January 2012 to April 2015 by means of differing methodologies. The identification of geoecological units and the monitoring of fisheries were necessary. It was also necessary to record the oral history of professionals in the fishing sector of the region, in addition to the collection of specimens, laboratory work, loosely structured questionnaires, environmental education activities, and participatory workshops with fishers and mollusk gatherers for the collection of information related to the traditional ecological knowledge of those involved in the activities. This study was developed with the objective of presenting an integrated analysis of the geoecological units related to fishing activity as developed in the municipality of Piúma, as well as to promote an analysis of the sustainability of fishing activities by means of a description of the systems of fishing, utilizing the RAPFISH model — a method of evaluation of the sustainability of fisheries through a multivaried ordered analysis of 54 atributes distributed across five dimensions: social, ecological, economic, technological, and handling. A series of variables categorized in numerical scale from 1 to 5 were determined for all of the attributes and the given arithmetic mean of each system was calculated. The identification of units was undertaken with the utilization of cartographic georeferenced images, with descriptive information regarding fishing activities undertaken, the forms of use and occupation, the impacts and the management proposals for each environment. After an integrated analysis was performed, it was revealed that the fishers and mollusk gatherers concentrated in age between 50 and 60 and on average engage in the activity for 27 years. They hold ecological knowledge passed down through generations, both practical and theoretical activities from old, since the indigenous fishing activities, passing through colonization and socioenvirionmental changes, up to current days. Nine geoecological units were identified (fluvial channel, estuarine channel, mangrove, beach strip, rocky shore, coastal reefs, ocean shoreline, coastal islands, and open sea), and 13 fishing systems developed in the municipality according to the type of fleet, fishing gear, target resource, exploited ecosystem, income of fishermen and labor relations. A sustainability analysis showed longline and line are the forms of fishing with the greatest level of sustainability. The other forms of fishing had, on average, lower levels. Currently there are six protected areas in Piúma, and the proposal to create a federal marine conservation area in the municipality, together with ICMBio, is still in the works, although management and conservation activities are not observed in these areas. In 2015 the Fishing Colony of Piúma celebrates 50 years since its founding and the fisheries production of the municipality stands out in the state of Espírito Santo. However, pollution, aggradation on the beaches and in the river mouth, real estate speculation; dredging, mineral, and petroleum projects in the region are among the changes and problems most perceived by the fishing community. These factors can negatively affect the quality of life, the production of fishing resources, and the sustainability of fisheries in the southern region of Espírito Santo. Research activities, teaching, and expansion aimed at undertaking a systematic collection of data, the monitoring and inspection of fishing activities and of environmental degradation practices, as well as an appreciation of the culture and traditions of those directly and indirectly involved in this important profession are suggested as solutions to the above mentioned problems. The data show the importance of government, institutional, business, and civic support for the maintenance and guarantee of sustainability of the exploited environments, of resources, and fisheries. Thus, integrated studies on fishing are necessary to subsidize the formulation of concrete proposals, as well as for the comanagement of fishing activities developed in the region. / Esse trabalho apresenta as relações ecológicas, econômicas, tecnológicas, sociais e de manejo vinculadas a sustentabilidade das atividades pesqueiras no município de Piúma, com área total de 72 km2, localizado no litoral sul do estado do Espírito Santo. O trabalho foi realizado de Janeiro de 2012 a abril de 2015 em uma área geográfica de 55 km2, abrangendo regiões terrestres, estuarinas, costeiras e marinhas de Piúma. Para isso foi necessária a identificação dessas unidades geoecológicas relacionadas às atividades de pesca. Também foi necessário o registro da história oral dos profissionais do setor pesqueiro na região, por meio de questionários semiestruturado e oficinas participativas com pescadores e marisqueiras para o levantamento das informações relacionadas ao conhecimento ecológico tradicional dos envolvidos na atividade. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de apresentar uma análise integrada das unidades geoecológicas relacionadas aos sistemas de pesca desenvolvidos no município de Piúma e promover uma análise de sustentabilidade dessas pescarias, por meio da descrição dos sistemas de pesca, utilizando o modelo RAPFISH - um método de avaliação da sustentabilidade de pescarias, através de uma análise de ordenação multivariada de 54 atributos distribuídos em cinco dimensões: social, ecológica, econômica, tecnológica e de manejo. A identificação das unidades realizou-se por meio do sensoriamento remoto com a utilização de imagens cartográficas georreferenciadas e de imagens do Googleearth, sendo descritas informações sobre as atividades pesqueiras desenvolvidas, as formas de uso e ocupação, os impactos e as propostas de gestão para cada ambiente. Após análise integrada desenvolvida, foi revelado que os pescadores e as marisqueiras se concentram em idade de 50 a 60 e desenvolvem suas atividades há mais de 27 anos em média. Eles possuem conhecimentos ecológicos adquiridos através das gerações. Foram identificadas nove unidades geoecológicas (canal fluvial; canal estuarino; manguezal; faixa de praia; costão rochoso; recifes costeiros; mar litorâneo; ilhéus/ilhas costeiras e mar pelágico) e 13 sistemas de pesca (cano, coleta manual, jereré, puçá, tarrafa, rede de espera, rede de arrasto de praia, arrasto rebocado, linha com anol, mergulho, espinhel, corrico e cerco), desenvolvidos no município de acordo com o tipo de frota, arte de pesca, recurso alvo, ecossistema explorado, renda dos pescadores e relações de trabalho. A análise de sustentabilidade mostrou que espinhel e linha são as pescarias com maiores níveis de sustentabilidade. Foi observado que todas as pescarias necessitem de investimentos para melhoria continua das cinco dimensões analisadas (social, ambiental, econômico, tecnológico e de manejo). Atualmente existem seis Parques Naturais em Piúma e ainda tramita, junto ao ICMBio, a proposta de criação de uma unidade de conservação federal marinha no município. Contudo não são observadas ações de pesquisa, manejo e conservação nessas unidades. Em 2015 a Colônia de Pesca de Piúma completa 50 anos de fundação e a produção pesqueira do município é destaque no estado do Espírito Santo. Entretanto, a poluição, a falta de fiscalização das práticas ilegais de pesca, o assoreamento das praias e na foz do rio, a especulação imobiliária, projetos de dragagem, de minério e petrolíferos na região estão entre os problemas que mais foram percebidos pela comunidade pesqueira. Esses fatores podem prejudicar a qualidade de vida, a produção dos recursos pesqueiros e a sustentabilidade das pescarias da região sul do Espírito Santo. Para resolução desses conflitos são sugeridas ações de pesquisa, ensino e extensão voltadas à realização de coletas sistemáticas de dados, o monitoramento e fiscalização das atividades pesqueiras e das práticas de degradação ambiental, bem como a valorização da cultura e tradições daqueles que estão envolvidos direta e indiretamente com essa profissão. Os dados mostram a importância do apoio governamental, institucional, empresarial e da sociedade civil para manutenção e garantia da sustentabilidade dos ambientes explorados, dos recursos e das pescarias. Dessa forma, estudos integrados sobre a pesca tornam-se necessários para subsidiar a formulação de propostas concretas, como também para a co-gestão das atividades pesqueiras desenvolvidas em determinadas regiões geográficas.

No description available.