Presented dissertation is compilation of seven articles complemented by introductory summary. First part of the dissertation contains the theoretical and methodological summary of the research topic, which include our theoretical discussion resulting from our concrete research. In the second part is presented selection of our articles, which were published or accepted to the press. The topic of the dissertation are migrants, who set up their business and their business activities. Specific attention is paid to migrants economic activities in space, concretely the types of economic concentration. The summary part of the dissertation introduces three theoretical and methodological approaches to the research to this topic, which have been in the research interest since the 70s till now. They were cultural, structural and individual approaches. The aim of this summary is linking these approaches with our research and answering the question, whether it is possible to use these approaches and theories and models resulted from these three approaches in the environment of the Czech Republic. If yes than the question is with what problems and results. In our research published in articles we have used all three theoretical and methodological approaches. In the cultural approach we were inspired by concepts...

This paper discusses the changes of economic activities of ethnic Chinese in Ho Chi Minh City under different political regimes with different institutions. The thesis applied qualitative research methods with in-depth interviews, collected and analysed data from documents. The research result shows that under different social and political institutions, which are changed from French colonial period to the two different political systems during Vietnam War with the Communism in the North and the Capitalism in the South, and the socialist system carried out in the whole country after 1975, to the Doi Moi period after 1986, the Vietnamese Chinese conduct different economic activities in terms of business and trust in social relations. Before 1975, the Vietnamese Chinese traded heavily with the same ethnic group. The in-group business practices were changed after the institutional change after 1975, which pushed them to work more closely with other ethnic groups. The concept toward ¡§trust¡¨ (Xinyong) in Vietnamese Chinese community is gradually changed in accordance with the changes of social and political institutions.

The thesis deals with the phenomenon, sometimes called "Russian infrastructure", which is created by Russian small and middle entrepreneurs. They are presented here as economic actors in search for business opportunities who make plans and strategies to achieve them. Their economic activities are conceptualized through the immigrant economy concept, which refers to the phenomena of entrepreneurship and employment of ethnic minorities and migrants within networks created by themselves (Nekorjak 2009). Both the hypothesis and the subject is the existence of an immigrant economy defined as a space of social and economic relations based on language and cultural affinity in which Russian immigrant entrepreneurs operate, and on which they depend in their economic activities. The aim is to identify the main characteristics and functioning mechanisms of this immigrant economy. The key questions revolves around the importance of ethnic networks from which migrants receive capital resources, the role of language and sociocultural affinity in economic relations, and finally the effect of structural factors on entrepreneurial strategies, especially the role of growing importance of migration flows from Russia, tourism, international trade and global real estate market. In conclusion, the thesis proposes...

The history of the ethnic borderlands of Hungary and Romania in the years 1867–1944 were marked by changing national borders, ethnic conflicts and economic problems. Using a local case study of the city and county of Szatmár/Satu-Mare, this thesis investigates the practice and social mechanisms of economic nationalizing. It explores the interplay between ethno-national and economic factors, and furthermore analyses what social mechanisms lead to and explain inclusion, exclusion and annihilation. The underlying principle of economic nationalizing in both countries was the separation of citizens into ethnic categories and the establishment of a dominant core nation entitled to political and economic privileges from the state. National leaders implemented a policy of economic nationalizing that exploited and redistributed resources taken from the minorities. To pursue this end, leaders instrumentalized ethnicity, which institutionalized inequality and ethnic exclusion. This process of ethnic, and finally racial, exclusion marked the whole period and reached its culmination in the annihilation of the Jews throughout most of Hungary in 1944. For nearly a century, ethnic exclusion undermined the various nationalizing projects in the two countries: the Magyarization of the minorities in dualist Hungary (1867–1918); the Romanianization of the economy of the ethnic borderland in interwar Romania (1918–1940); and finally the re-Hungarianization of the economy in Second World War Hungary (1940–1944). The extreme case of exclusion, namely the Holocaust, revealed that the path of exclusion brought nothing but destruction for everyone. This reinforces the thesis that economic nationalizing through the exclusion of minorities induces a vicious circle of ethnic bifurcation, political instability and unfavorable conditions for achieving economic prosperity. Exclusion served the short-term elite’s interest but undermined the long-term nation’s ability to prosper.

本文以馬來西亞近代發展沿革為經，華人族裔金融機構的組織變貌為緯，同時援引社會學族裔經濟（ethnic economy）之理論及概念，作為歷史詮釋的張本，嘗試勾稽華人族裔金融機構的發展梗概，論析砂拉越華資銀行在此脈絡下的發展與侷限。進而回答何以全馬僅大眾、豐隆等少數繼續茁壯，更大多數的華人金融機構卻陸續退出市場？及其所蘊寓的華人族裔經濟意涵為何？ 本文指出，在英人殖民時期，華人移民因創業謀生之所需，同族互助而有華資銀行等族裔金融機構的誕生，隨著華人逐漸融入當地生活而在戰後初年達到發展高峰。嗣後馬來西亞聯邦成立，華資銀行則在國家大力扶持土著資本的影響下趨向邊緣化；1997年東南亞金融風暴後，馬國政府力促銀行整併以回應全球化競爭，過程中華人資本被迫淡出，多數的華資銀行也因而走入歷史。總體而言，華資銀行歷經「在地化」及「土著化」進程，反映出馬來西亞華人經濟的質量變化，就社會學的領域，即是華人在馬國金融業的參與，已由早期族裔擁有的經濟（ethnic ownership economy），朝族裔控制的經濟（ethnic control economy）方向演化。 在企業史的層次，個案研究顯示：馬國絕大多數的華資銀行屬中小型規模，發展深受在地政商脈絡及華人族裔特性之影響。砂拉越的華資銀行脫胎於傳統的族裔金融機構，專注於當地業務及同族市場，有著穩健成長的特色，雖對華人經濟作出貢獻，卻難以應付一再增加的族群政策鉗制及市場競爭壓力。本文也發現，隨著時間過去，華資銀行的族裔色彩逐漸淡化，幫權結構也不斷崩解，惟有家族經營始終強韌，顯示族裔特性依然存在，但其內涵早已今非昔比；而主導銀行的家族不願向外發展，擴大規模，以免流失控制權的保守心態，亦侷限其進一步發展的可能性。 / This paper studies the history of Chinese ethnic financial institutions in Malaysia, and explores its implications of the “ethnic economy” theory. Following this context, this article aims to explore the societal changes resulting from the adaptation of Chinese communities to the local host population, and gradual transformation of family-controlled Malaysian Chinese banks and ethnic financial institutions. Meanwhile, I also uses case study to discuss the development and limitation of a Sarawak bank. In this paper, I try to answer the reasons why a few Chinese banks in Malaysia thrived while other ethnic financial institutions eventually went out of business. And how do the evolution of ethnic financial institutions and the related turning point reflect the meaning of the ethnic economy? I pointed out that ethnic financial institutions were created under a particular time period and background, ethnic entrepreneurs fined-tuned their resources for applicable business strategy, and their strategy allowed Chinese communities to expand in every aspect of the economy at the early colonial era. Banking systems in Singapore, Malaya and Sarawak were originally introduced by the British; later Chinese communities became involved and the financial industry reached its peak in the first few years after the World War II. The Chinese banks played a great role in the local financial industries/enterprises at the time were owned by single or multiple families. The industry then underwent a series of events, such as the sovereign separation of Singapore and Malaysia, implementation of New Economic Policy(NEP), and ongoing mergers since the millennium, resulting in only two Chinese banks, Public Bank and Hong Leong Bank, remaining in the industry with a continued decline in the proportion of their stockholding. Malaysian Chinese with significant amounts of capital were once highly involved in the banking and financial industry, but with the passage of time, the development of Chinese financial institutions was subject to the phenomenon of “indigenization” and “bumiputraization”, which both hindered their ongoing development and later drove them out of business. In the light of the ethnic economy theory, Participation of Chinese financial institutions in Malaysia were moving from an "ethnic ownership economy" towards an "ethnic controlled economy". The analysis of the Sarawak case indicates the development of Chinese banks was subject to the influence of political and local business relationships, and the distinctive ethnic features of the Chinese communities. The majority of the Chinese banks in Sarawak evolved from ethnic financial institutions, small and medium-sized business within the family control, they focused on local businesses and markets of the same ethnicity. Even though these banks contributed to the ethnic economy and saw constant growth, they were swept aside by the tide of history once the political and economic environment began to change. This article also discovered that as time went by, Chinese bank gradually changed their image as ethnic banks. The structure of “dialect groups” began to collapse as well; this was a distinctly ethnic concept whereby only family management could maintain the existence of a corporation. The major limitations which restricted the development of ethnic financial institutions were conservative family management and a reluctance to expand outward in the hope of preventing the dispersion of power.