Thèse (M.A.) -- Université Laval, 2002. / Bibliogr.: f. 118-129. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Le recours aux données géographiques issues des macro-observatoires s’impose comme la solution incontournable pour les agences de développement et bailleurs de fonds internationaux en quête de données structurées et facilement accessibles. Ces données sont pourtant conçues selon une vision globalisante qui ne reflète pas ou pas suffisamment les contextes spécifiques locaux sur lesquels ces acteurs doivent intervenir. Dans les pays du Sud en particulier, les savoirs géographiques locaux constituent le plus souvent la seule source de données terrain disponible. Mais leur fiabilité et leur utilité sont souvent questionnées, en comparaison des données statistiques ou cartographiques des macro-observatoires. En effet, ils ne sont que peu ou pas formalisés. Ils nécessitent des processus de collecte de terrain complexes à mettre en œuvre. Leur interprétation est souvent difficile, en particulier pour les acteurs occidentaux. Ce travail de recherche a pour objectif la conception d’un cadre d’intégration des savoirs géographiques locaux dans les macro-observatoires. Il repose concrètement sur l’observation, l’analyse et la mise en relief des points communs et des différences des deux types de savoirs géographiques, à partir du cas de la région de DIANA à Madagascar; et plus précisément des savoirs locaux issues d’une démarche de Zonage À Dire d’Acteurs (ZADA) et des données globales de l’observatoire « Harvest Choice » de l’International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Mots-clés : Macro-observatoires, données locales, données globales, infrastructure de données spatiales, intégration des données, connaissances locales, connaissances experts, SIG.

Submitted by Ana Luiza Azank Veltri null (anaveltri@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-30T23:04:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_AnaVeltri_final.pdf: 3049259 bytes, checksum: 9daf03e3f66bf72133c07a9b3442b12d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-31T13:21:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 veltri_ala_me_bot.pdf: 3049259 bytes, checksum: 9daf03e3f66bf72133c07a9b3442b12d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-31T13:21:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 veltri_ala_me_bot.pdf: 3049259 bytes, checksum: 9daf03e3f66bf72133c07a9b3442b12d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-03 / O uso das plantas medicinais, aromáticas e condimentares pela humanidade desde os tempos mais remotos revela também a associação existente entre conhecimento empírico e conhecimento científico, bem como sua importância para diferentes setores da sociedade. Devido à crescente abrangência e demanda do mercado em relação a este grupo de plantas, tornam-se maiores as necessidades de investimentos para a produção contínua da matéria-prima, a fim de atender às diferentes áreas de interesse. Detentores de conhecimentos vivenciados na prática, os agricultores representam um elo essencial desta complexa cadeia produtiva. Sendo assim, a presente pesquisa buscou nas Etnociências, métodos para desenvolver um registro agronômico acerca das Boas Práticas Agrícolas de plantas medicinais, aromáticas e condimentares no município de Botucatu, SP, a partir do conhecimento empírico de oito famílias de agricultores produtores destas plantas. Pela importância deste grupo, um levantamento socioeconômico foi realizado para caracterizar os atores sociais envolvidos nesta produção agronômica e compreender o contexto em que estão inseridos. Os processos metodológicos realizados partem de pesquisas quantitativas e qualitativas. Para a investigação do tema, foi feita análise documental, complementada pelas entrevistas semiestruturadas para a coleta de informações, registradas em caderno de campo e recursos audiovisuais, via gravações de voz e fotografias. A observação participante possibilitou a compreensão mais profunda do contexto do grupo humano estudado. Durante o levantamento de dados, dois experimentos foram conduzidos em laboratório a partir das necessidades encontradas pelos agricultores em relação às Boas Práticas Agrícolas estudadas aqui. A análise quantitativa, por sua vez, foi realizada por métodos de estatística descritiva, com sínteses apresentadas em forma de gráficos e tabelas. Diante da ocorrência da espécie medicinal Passiflora incarnata L. na produção agronômica de todos os participantes, seu sistema de cultivo é analisado e discutido. Os dados analisados revelam não só o potencial produtivo dos agricultores, mas também as fragilidades encontradas por eles, no campo, e também, nos âmbitos socioeconômicos. A complexidade das relações humanas entre diferentes atores sociais que surge nos relatos reflete na cadeia produtiva do grupo de plantas estudado. A integração entre os conhecimentos, empírico e científico, que sustenta esta pesquisa, busca validá-los e reconhecê-los em diversos setores da sociedade envolvidos no complexo agroindustrial de plantas medicinais, aromáticas e condimentares. / The use of medicinal plants by humanity reveals the association between empirical and scientific knowledge, and also their significance for different sectors of society. Given the increasing demand for medicinal plants, additional investment in its production is needed in order to meet this demand. The small family farmers represent an essential bond in this production chain due to their experience and local knowledge. In order to validate their empirical knowledge of good agricultural practices, this study is supported by an Ethnosciences review. The sample group of this research is comprised by eight family farmers that produce medicinal plants in the city of Botucatu, SP. A socioeconomic data survey was also performed in order to characterize them and understand their social context. Methodological processes of this study are based in both quantitative and qualitative researches. A literature review and semi structured interviews were also conducted to collect information, which were recorded in a field journal and audio-visual resources. Participant observations enabled a deeper understanding of the family farmers’ social context. During the data survey, two Laboratory experiments were conducted in the University with the intention to meet some family farmers’ needs from agronomic production. The quantitative analyses are supported by statistical data. All participants mentioned the agronomic production of Passiflora incarnata L. at least once in their production processes. Consequently, the good agricultural practices of this medicinal species are analysed and discussed. As a result, this study shows the productive potential of the family farmers and the issues faced by them in the field and in the socioeconomic environment. The integration between empirical and scientific knowledge that consolidate this research, aims to validate them in the different social sectors involved in the medicinal plant production chain.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / A efetividade das polÃticas de combate à desertificaÃÃo e de convivÃncia com o semiÃrido requer a constante participaÃÃo dos atores sociais envolvidos com a temÃtica (PAE-CE, 2010). Sem a participaÃÃo dos atores sociais afetados direta ou indiretamente pelos efeitos da seca, nÃo hà possibilidade de sucesso das medidas de combate à desertificaÃÃo. Esta participaÃÃo deve se dar em vÃrias esferas, desde a formulaÃÃo das polÃticas atà sua implementaÃÃo. Os projetos construÃdos de modo participativo podem se dar em diversas frentes. O presente trabalho enfatiza o potencial da Etnopedologia como metodologia participativa de levantamento dos solos. Este campo interdisciplinar oferece uma metodologia adequada para mapeamentos dos solos em Ãreas ocupadas por comunidades rurais, ressaltando o refinado conhecimento que os camponeses tÃm sobre as terras das quais dependem para seu sustento. Este trabalho realiza levantamento de solos que parte do diÃlogo entre os saberes cientificamente consolidados pela ciÃncia do solo e aqueles pertencentes aos membros do Assentamento Angicos. Para tanto, recorreu-se- a levantamentos etnogrÃficos, que, atravÃs de entrevistas, observaÃÃo participante, expediÃÃes Ãs Ãreas cultivadas, permitiu a elaboraÃÃo de mapas com a visualizaÃÃo dos solos do Assentamento. O agricultores de Angicos possuem seu prÃprio sistema de classificaÃÃo de terras, que sÃo classificadas da seguinte forma: â Barro Vermelho/CrÃa â Barro branco â Terra Arisca/Areiusco â Massapà Dentre os tipos de terras citados, os mais importantes do ponto de vista agrÃcola sÃo o Areiusco e o barro Vermelho, onde sÃo produzidos, respectivamente, feijÃo e milho. O conhecimento dos solos do Assentamento Angicos pelos agricultores que ali vivem està intimamente ligado à estruturaÃÃo econÃmica desta comunidade, havendo assim, uma co-evoluÃÃo entre os seres humanos e a paisagem, condicionando as formas de organizaÃÃo sÃcio-espaciais, tema central deste relato. / The effectiveness of policies to combat desertification and coexistence with the semiarid requires constant participation of social actors involved in the issue (PAE-CE, 2010). Without the participation of the social actors directly or indirectly affected by the effects of drought, there is no possibility of success of measures to combat desertification. This participation should occur at various levels, from policy formulation to implementation. Projects constructed in a participatory manner can give on several fronts. This study emphasizes the potential of participatory methodology ethnopedology as lifting soil. This interdisciplinary field provides an appropriate methodology for mapping of soils in areas occupied by rural communities, highlighting the refined knowledge that farmers have on the land on which they depend for their livelihood. This paper conducts soil surveys that part of the dialogue between the scientific knowledge consolidated by soil science and those belonging to members of the Settlement Angicos. Therefore, we used it to ethnographic surveys, which, through interviews, participant observation, expeditions to cultivated areas, allowed the elaboration of maps with visualization of soil settlement. The farmers Angicos have their own system of land classification, which are classified as follows: â Barro vermelho / Croa â Barro Branco â Areiusco â Massapà Among the types of land mentioned, the most important agricultural point of view are Areiusco and red clay, where they are produced, respectively, beans and corn. Knowledge of soils Angicos settlement by farmers who live there are closely linked to economic structuring this community, so there is a co-evolution between humans and the landscape, affecting forms of socio-spatial organization, the central theme of this report.

Notre étude a porté sur les utilisations socioculturelles de la faune et de la flore chez les Mitsogho du Gabon. Autrement dit, elle met l'homme en relation avec son environnement. Il s'est agi de la mise en évidence de la façon dont les Mitsogho du Gabon conçoivent, conceptualisent et activent leur relation avec le monde non humain visible et invisible, notamment végétal et animal. Nous avons ainsi vu apparaître deux approches contrastées par rapport à une hypothétique relation homme/nature : la première, celle des Sociétés dites « traditionnelles », considère, conformément aux « théories indigènes » (Claude Lévi-Strauss) et à la démonstration d'un Philippe Descola, que l'ensemble des créateurs font partie d'un continuum dont les éléments différenciés se doivent d'entretenir des relations de conciliation et d'échange équitable, où l'être humain particulièrement est défini comme partie intégrante des biotopes et des écosystèmes, la seconde, celle des sociétés industrialisées, repose sur un antagonisme explicite dans les textes fondateurs (la Genèse dans la tradition chrétienne), des religions dites « révélées » qui positionnent les êtres humains comme « maîtres » et « régisseurs » de la création. Une telle attitude est le moteur de toutes politiques dites « de développement » durable ou non. La perspective est diachronique et elle vise à montrer ce qui se passe lorsque deux modes d'être, de penser et d'agir (MEPA) contraires entrent en collision, dans un contexte que nous définissons globalement comme « colonial ». / Our study focused on the sociocultural use of fauna and flora amongst the Mitsogho of Gabon. In other terms, it puts the man in relationship with his environment. It was about demonstrating the way of which the Mitsogho of Gabon conceive, conceptualize and activate their relationship with the visible and invisible world, notably plant and animal. The study showed the emerging of two approaches contrasted in relation to an hypothetical relationship between man and nature : the first approach being the so call "traditional", consider according to the "indigenous" theories (Claude Lévi-Strauss) and to the demonstration of Philippe Descola, that all creatures are part of a continuum of which the differentiated elements must maintain relations of conciliation and equitable exchange, where the human being is particularly defined as integral part of the biotopes and the ecosystems ; the second, the one of the industrialized societies, based on an explicit antagonism in the founding texts (the Genesis in the Christian tradition), of the so call "revealed" religion that positions the human beings as "masters" and "managers" of the creation. Such an attitude is the motor of all policies so call "sustainable development" or not. The perspective is diachronic and it aims to show what happens when two opposite ways of being, of thinking and of acting (MEPA) come into collision, in a context that we define globally as "colonial".

La présente recherche porte sur l'étude des dynamiques de l'innovation et de la transmission intergénérationnelle des savoirs professionnels au sein des entreprises artisanales tunisiennes de métiers ancestraux. À travers l'étude de ces deux dynamiques dans quatre entreprises appartenant à deux métiers hérités du passé et représentant deux générations différentes d'entreprises artisanales, cette thèse a pour but de comprendre la particularité de ces deux dynamiques qui sont considérées comme indispensables à la survie de cette catégorie spécifique de métiers dans le contexte de la globalisation. En outre, cette étude a pour objectif d'apporter un éclairage sociologique sur les logiques de fonctionnement, les structures et les dynamiques internes de ce type d'entreprise qui est rarement abordé par les recherches sociologiques jusqu'à maintenant. L'étude montre les liens de dépendance entre, d'une part, l'innovation et la transmission des savoirs et, d'autre part, entre ces deux dynamiques et les différentes structures et les autres dynamiques de l'entreprise, notamment l'organisation du travail, la gestion des ressources humaines et les facteurs socioculturels. De plus, elle montre que la promotion et la conciliation de l'innovation et de la transmission intergénérationnelle des savoirs professionnels permettent à l'entreprise artisanale de métier ancestral de s'adapter aux exigences du contexte de la concurrence accrue par la globalisation tout en conservant les caractéristiques identitaires de ce genre de métier qui constitue une partie intégrante du patrimoine culturel de la société locale. Ceci passe inévitablement par l'adaptation des pratiques organisationnelles, des pratiques managériales et des dynamiques socioculturelles de l'entreprise aux exigences des dynamiques de l'innovation et de la transmission intergénérationnelle des savoirs professionnels. De même, il est fondamental que les champs couverts par ces deux dynamiques favorisent à la fois le changement et la reproduction. Par ailleurs, il est important d'adapter les objectifs de chacune des deux dynamiques aux objectifs de l'autre. Tout cela devient sans effet si la culture du métier ne valorise pas les deux dynamiques en question : l'innovation et la transmission intergénérationnelle des savoirs professionnels.

Au Gabon comme dans la plupart des pays africains, le curriculum officiel des écoles hérité de la colonisation marginalise les savoirs endogènes produits dans ces cultures. Toutefois, au cours des dernières décennies, dans la foulée de la promotion du développement durable à l'échelle internationale et dans celle des postcolonial studies, on a assisté à une revalorisation pratique et épistémologique des savoirs endogènes. Il ne semble cependant pas que cela ait influencé, sauf exception, l'enseignement traditionnel des sciences qui fait l'impasse sur les savoirs endogènes, ce qui dans nombre de cas constitue une source potentielle de conflits sociocognitifs pour les élèves issus d'une variété de milieux culturels (autochtones africains, amérindiens, etc.) et qui ne se reconnaissent pas dans cette sous-culture particulière. C'est dans cette perspective que j'ai convié deux groupes d'enseignants et d'enseignantes en formation à participer à des entretiens collectifs, en vue de connaître leurs points de vue sur des savoirs endogènes et leur possible intégration à l'enseignement des sciences. L'analyse de leurs discours a montré d'une part, que ces derniers tout en considérant que bon nombre de savoirs endogènes constituent des savoirs avérés sur le plan empirique, estiment qu'il faut être critiques au regard des pratiques auréolées de mysticisme et des croyances justifiant certains interdits qui leur paraissent arbitraires et, d'autre part, que s'ils pensent cette intégration comme un devoir, que cela ne peut se faire sans qu'un nombre de conditions soient respectées : des savoirs avérés, intégrés au curriculum officiel et consignés par écrit. Bref, ces enseignants et enseignantes ont réflexivement discuté, en tant qu'acteurs compétents, des enjeux de la problématique qui leur était soumise, en soulignant qu'ils doivent demeurer les maîtres d'oeuvre du processus.

Recent decades have marked growing academic and scientific attention to the role of indigenous knowledge in climate change adaptation, mitigation, and detection strategies. However, how indigenous knowledge is incorporated is a point of contention between self-identifying indigenous groups and existing institutions which combat climate change. In this thesis, I argue that the full inclusion of indigenous knowledge is deterred by certain aspects of modernity. In order to overcome the problems of modernity, I argue that a recognition theory of justice is needed as it regards to indigenous knowledge. Recognition justice calls for indigenous groups to retain meaningful control over how and when their indigenous knowledge is shared. To supplement this, I use the Marshall Islands as a case study. The Marshall Islands afford a nice particular case because of their longstanding colonial relationship with the United States and the impending danger they face of rising sea levels. Despite this danger, the Republic of the Marshall Islands calls for increased recognition as leaders in addressing climate change.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-20T17:55:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Karla Beatriz Lopes Baldini.pdf: 4482039 bytes, checksum: 3a833b93cc4e0a2001a7bd921ece950e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T17:55:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Karla Beatriz Lopes Baldini.pdf: 4482039 bytes, checksum: 3a833b93cc4e0a2001a7bd921ece950e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-16 / CAPES / The relationship man-nature is a complex subject, with many points to be discussed, particularly in relation to the conservation and protection of the natural resources used by society. Many authors state that this relationship is always disharmonious, while others claim it is the only possible way to save not only biodiversity, but the culture to which it belongs. Biological diversity and its resources are of fundamental importance for the economic and cultural development of different social groups, whether traditional or not. One way to understand man's relationship with nature is to study the vegetal world, the primary source of energy that has always been present in our daily lives. In order to understand this relationship, a discipline has been developed over the years, ethnobotany, which deals with studying this interaction with plants. This work?s main objective is to identify how the man - nature relationship occurs, based on the knowledge and use of plant resources, analyzing the influence on the conservation of local biodiversity, particularly in regions that have Protected Areas Units, in the Atlantic Forest, considering the historical, cultural and socio-economic reality of rural groups living in a town in the southern state of Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Region. Divided into three chapters, the first one consists of a literature review on rural southeastern Brazil in a 10-year period (2004-2014). In the second and third chapters, four rural localities within the same municipality, which have occupancy stories and different lifestyles, being located close to protected areas, were studied, in the period between August / 2012 and August / 2014. Secondary and primary data were used in data collection. Interviews were conducted with 180 residents, mostly over 40, women, married, proprietors and over 30 years of residence. Non-agricultural employment increased, compared to the past, almost entirely devoted to agriculture and / or livestock. Customs and landscape have changed in the last 30 years with the abandonment of certain economic activities and increased public services. 294 plants, of which residents had some kind of knowledge and use, were identified. In what has been observed and analyzed, environmental planning should consider the local culture of those who know and / or use local vegetation, because they interfere with the diversity of plants and help control local environments conservation. Alternatives to reconcile the use of resources with actions of environmental bodies should include the participation of localresidents in plans and actions of Protected Areas, analyzing what is actually used and also assisting in the creation of living and working alternatives. / A rela??o homem-natureza ? um tema complexo e com muitos pontos que devem ser discutidos, principalmente em rela??o ? conserva??o e prote??o de recursos naturais usados pela sociedade. Muitos autores afirmam que essa rela??o ? sempre desarm?nica, j? outros afirmam que ? a ?nica forma poss?vel de conservar n?o s? a biodiversidade, mas a cultura de que ela faz parte. A diversidade biol?gica e seus recursos s?o de fundamental import?ncia para o desenvolvimento econ?mico e cultural dos diferentes grupos sociais, sejam estes tradicionais ou n?o. Uma forma de compreender a rela??o do homem com a natureza ? estudar o mundo vegetal, fonte prim?ria de energia, que sempre esteve presente no seu dia a dia. Com a finalidade de entender essa rela??o, desenvolveu-se ao longo dos anos uma disciplina denominada etnobot?nica, que se ocupa de estudar essa intera??o com as plantas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral identificar como ? a rela??o homem ? natureza, tendo como base o conhecimento e uso dos recursos vegetais, analisando a influ?ncia na conserva??o da diversidade biol?gica local, em especial em ?reas com presen?a de Unidades de Conserva??o, na Mata Atl?ntica, considerando a realidade hist?rica, cultural e socioecon?mica de grupos rurais que vivem num munic?pio no sul do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Regi?o Sudeste. Dividido em tr?s cap?tulos, no primeiro foi realizada uma revis?o de bibliografia sobre a quest?o do rural no sudeste do Brasil no per?odo de 10 anos (2004-2014). J? no segundo e terceiro cap?tulos, foram estudadas quatro localidades rurais, dentro de um mesmo munic?pio, que possuem hist?rias de ocupa??o e estilo de vidas diferenciados, localizadas pr?ximas ? Unidades de Conserva??o, no per?odo entre agosto/2012 e agosto/2014. Usaram-se dados secund?rios e prim?rios para a coleta de dados. Foram entrevistados 180 residentes, em sua maioria acima de 40 anos, mulheres, casadas, propriet?rias e com mais de 30 anos de resid?ncia. A ocupa??o n?o-agr?cola aumentou, relativamente ao passado quase totalmente dedicado ? agricultura e/ou pecu?ria. Os costumes e a paisagem se modificaram nos ?ltimos 30 anos, com o abandono de algumas atividades econ?micas e aumento dos servi?os p?blicos. Foram identificadas 294 plantas com algum tipo de conhecimento e uso pelos residentes. Em tudo que foi observado e analisado, o planejamento ambiental deveria considerar a cultura local daqueles que conhecem e/ou usam a vegeta??o local, pois eles interferem na diversidade de plantas e auxiliam no controle da conserva??o dos ambientes locais. Alternativas visando a conciliar o uso dos recursos e a??es dos org?os ambientais devem incluir a participa??o dos grupos locais em planos e a??es das Unidades de Conserva??o, analisando o que ? realmente usado, auxiliando tamb?m na cria??o de alternativas de vida e trabalho.

Thèse (de maîtrise)--Université Laval, 2005. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 28 septembre 2005). Bibliogr.