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Deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) catalyzes the first step in the hypusination of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A). In human cells, two eIF5A isoforms are present, eIF5A-1 and eIF5A-2, and DHS catalyzes the hypusination of both. Since both eIF5As are substrates for DHS, the biological functions of DHS are likely to be exerted through the various post-translational forms of these two eIF5As. The lysine form of eIF5A-1 has been associated with apoptosis, while the hypusinated form of eIF5A-1 has been associated with cell viability and proliferation. eIF5A-2 has been found to be over-expressed in certain cancers and has been proposed to function as an oncogene. Dhs is also over-expressed in certain human cancers and is a metastatic signature gene. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of DHS in cancer cell invasiveness, cell proliferation, and apoptosis using RNA interference. The main finding of the study is that DHS siRNA treatment decreases invasiveness of PC3 cells in vitro. Both DHS 0 siRNA treatment and DHS 1/b siRNA treatment significantly reduced cell invasiveness of PC3 cells as measured by the Matrigel invasion assay. Potential confounding variables, such as differences in cell proliferation or differences in apoptosis in response to DHS siRNA treatment, were assessed using the XTT cell proliferation assay and the Annexin V/Pi apoptosis assay, and they were found not to have an effect. In the absence of serum, DHS siRNA treatment did not result in significant decrease in cell proliferation compared to the control siRNA treatment. Furthermore, DHS siRNA treatment did not induce apoptosis in PC3 cells under the present experimental conditions. In conclusion, depletion of DHS with RNAi reduces invasiveness, but does not induce apoptosis in PC3 cells. The significance of the research is that the anti-invasiveness effect of DHS depletion in metastatic cancer cells is shown for the first time in the present study. Thus, DHS depletion may be useful to combat cancer in conjunction with L-eIF5A-1 over-expression.

Deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) catalyzes the first step in the hypusination of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A). In human cells, two eIF5A isoforms are present, eIF5A-1 and eIF5A-2, and DHS catalyzes the hypusination of both. Since both eIF5As are substrates for DHS, the biological functions of DHS are likely to be exerted through the various post-translational forms of these two eIF5As. The lysine form of eIF5A-1 has been associated with apoptosis, while the hypusinated form of eIF5A-1 has been associated with cell viability and proliferation. eIF5A-2 has been found to be over-expressed in certain cancers and has been proposed to function as an oncogene. Dhs is also over-expressed in certain human cancers and is a metastatic signature gene. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of DHS in cancer cell invasiveness, cell proliferation, and apoptosis using RNA interference. The main finding of the study is that DHS siRNA treatment decreases invasiveness of PC3 cells in vitro. Both DHS 0 siRNA treatment and DHS 1/b siRNA treatment significantly reduced cell invasiveness of PC3 cells as measured by the Matrigel invasion assay. Potential confounding variables, such as differences in cell proliferation or differences in apoptosis in response to DHS siRNA treatment, were assessed using the XTT cell proliferation assay and the Annexin V/Pi apoptosis assay, and they were found not to have an effect. In the absence of serum, DHS siRNA treatment did not result in significant decrease in cell proliferation compared to the control siRNA treatment. Furthermore, DHS siRNA treatment did not induce apoptosis in PC3 cells under the present experimental conditions. In conclusion, depletion of DHS with RNAi reduces invasiveness, but does not induce apoptosis in PC3 cells. The significance of the research is that the anti-invasiveness effect of DHS depletion in metastatic cancer cells is shown for the first time in the present study. Thus, DHS depletion may be useful to combat cancer in conjunction with L-eIF5A-1 over-expression.

Eukaryotic translation initiation is a complex and highly regulated process involving the ribosome, mRNA and proteins called eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs). The overall aim of translation initiation is to position the ribosome at the initiation codon of the mRNA. eIF2, in its GTP-bound conformation, binds the initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAiMet) and delivers it to the 40S ribosomal subunit. When the anticodon of the tRNA is bound to the initiation codon, the GTP on eIF2 is hydrolysed to GDP. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) eIF2B regenerates eIF2-GTP. eIF2 and eIF2B are multisubunit/multidomain protein complexes. Because information regarding the interface between each complex is limited, particularly the interface on the eIF2γ subunit, which binds the guanine-nucleotides and Met-tRNAiMet, interactions between the minimal GEF domain of eIF2Bε, εGEF, and eIF2 were mapped using mutagenesis and an in vitro cysteine cross-linking approach, with the cross-linker Mts-Atf-Biotin. Site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) was used to mutate five N-terminal and five C-terminal surface-exposed εGEF residues to cysteines. The mutant alleles were analysed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and it was found that the gcd6-R574C allele was lethal and the gcd6-T572C was Gcd-. Further gcd6-R574 mutant alleles were also found to be lethal in yeast but expressed in vivo.εGEF-R574C has dramatically reduced GEF activity in vitro and binding assays showed that this mutant has significantly reduced affinity for eIF2. The εGEF-T572C and εGEF-S576C mutants also have severe and minor eIF2-binding defects respectively, while the C-terminal εGEF-Cys mutants have slightly reduced affinity for eIF2. The N-terminal εGEF-Cys mutants cross-link specifically to eIF2γ, while the C-terminal εGEF-Cys mutants interact predominantly with eIF2β. From the data obtained in this study, we propose a new model for eIF2B-mediated guanine-nucleotide exchange that reduces the importance of eIF2β and suggests εGEF resembles other GEFs in binding primarily to its G protein partner eIF2γ.

Les résistances génétiques permettent une lutte efficace contre les maladies des plantes cultivées mais sont limitées par les capacités d’évolution des bioagresseurs ciblés. Chez le piment, le fonds génétique peut améliorer la durabilité de la résistance au PVY conférée par le gène majeur pvr23. L’objectif de ma thèse était de caractériser les facteurs génétiques de l’hôte conditionnant la durabilité du gène majeur en répondant aux questions suivantes : (i) Quels sont leurs actions sur l’évolution des populations virales ? (ii) Correspondent-ils aux QTL (quantitative trait loci) de résistance partielle ? (iii) Sont-ils répandus au sein des ressources génétiques du piment ? Différentes expérimentations incluant des tests de résistances, d’évolution expérimentale et de compétition entre différents variants viraux, ont montré que les facteurs du fonds génétique augmentant la durabilité de pvr23 agissaient en : (i) diminuant la concentration virale dans la plante, (ii) en réduisant les probabilités de mutations du PVY vers le contournement du gène pvr23 et (iii) en ralentissant la sélection des variants viraux contournants. La détection de QTL et la cartographie des facteurs génétiques affectant la fréquence de contournement de pvr23 (QTL de durabilité) a mis en évidence quatre régions du génome du piment qui, par des effets additifs ou épistatiques, expliquent 70% de la variabilité phénotypique observée. La cartographie comparée montre que trois des quatre QTL de durabilité co-localisent avec des QTL affectant la résistance partielle, suggérant que les QTL de résistance partielle ont un effet pléiotropique sur la durabilité d’un gène majeur de résistance. L’étude d’une collection de 20 accessions de piment, porteuses de pvr23 ou pvr24(allèle très proche de pvr23) dans des fonds génétiques variés, a montré que les fonds génétiques favorables à la durabilité de ces allèles de résistance sont fréquents dans les ressources génétiques du piment. Ces résultats mettent en évidence que la durabilité d’un gène majeur de résistance peut-être fortement augmentée lorsqu’il est associé à des facteurs génétiques réduisant la multiplication du pathogène. De plus, la fréquence de contournement du gène majeur s’est révélée être un caractère très héritable (h²=0.87) et la détection de QTL affectant ce caractère est possible. La sélection directe pour de tels QTL est donc envisageable et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour préserver la durabilité des gènes majeurs de résistance utilisés en sélection variétale. / Genetic resistances provide an efficient control of crop diseases but are limited by pathogen adaptation.In pepper, the durability of the pvr23 allele, conferring resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), was demonstrated todepend on the plant genetic background. The aim of my PhD thesis was to characterize the host genetic factorsaffecting the durability of the major resistance gene pvr23 and to answer to the following question s: (i) What istheir action on the evolution of the viral population? (ii) Is there identity between the QTLs (quantitative traitloci) controlling the partial resistance and the QTLs affecting the durability of pvr23? (iii) Are these genetic factorswidespread among the genetic resources of pepper? Various experiments including resistance testing,experimental evolution and competition between various PVY variants, enabled to show that the genetic factorsaffecting the durability of pvr23 acted in: (i) decreasing the viral accumulation, (ii) decreasing the probability ofacquisition of resistance breaking (RB) mutations by PVY and (iii) slowing down the selection of RB variants. QTLdetection and mapping of genetic factors affecting the frequency of pvr23 RB showed that four loci actingadditively and in epistatic interactions explained together 70% of the variance of pvr23 breakdown frequency.Comparative mapping between these QTLs and QTLs affecting partial resistance showed that three of the fourQTLs controlling the frequency of pvr23 RB are also involved in quantitative resistance, suggesting that QTLs forquantitative resistance have a pleiotropic effect on the durability of the major resistance gene. Analysis of acollection of 20 pepper accessions, carrying pvr23 or pvr24 (allele closely related to pvr23) in various geneticbackgrounds, showed that genetic backgrounds favorable to the durability of the pvr2-mediated resistance arewidespread in the genetic resources of pepper. These results highlight that the durability of a major resistancegene can be strongly increased when associated with genetic factors decreasing the pathogen multiplication.Moreover, the frequency of a major gene RB is a highly heritable trait and QTLs detection for this trait isachievable. The direct selection for such QTLs opens new prospects to preserve the durability of major resistancegenes used by breeders.

[ES] Las poliaminas son metabolitos esenciales para el crecimiento de las células eucariotas y su metabolismo está frecuentemente desregulado en cáncer. Una de las dianas moleculares de las poliaminas es el factor de elongación de la traducción eIF5A, una proteína esencial y conservada evolutivamente. eIF5A es la única proteína conocida que contiene el aminoácido hipusina, que deriva de la poliamina espermidina. En humanos existen dos isoformas, eIF5A1 y eIF5A2. EIF5A2 se encuentra en el cromosoma 3q26, una región frecuentemente amplificada en muchos tumores y que está altamente expresada en varios tipos de cáncer, incluyendo el cáncer de pulmón no microcítico (CPNM). eIF5A2 es esencial para el mantenimiento de la proliferación celular y su inhibición la suprime en algunos tumores. Recientemente se ha correlacionado la sobreexpresión de eIF5A2 con la invasión y como biomarcador de mal pronóstico en algunos cánceres, y se ha observado que eIF5A2 induce la transición epitelio-mesenquimal (EMT) en CPNM. La EMT es un proceso complejo y reversible que induce la diferenciación de las células epiteliales a células mesenquimales migrantes con capacidad de invasión. Numerosos estudios han demostrado que la EMT está relacionada con la progresión del cáncer, metástasis y mal pronóstico en tumores. Por tanto, la determinación de un método eficaz para inhibir la EMT en CPNM podría mejorar significativamente los tratamientos actuales. La naturaleza altamente selectiva de la hipusinación de eIF5A2 y su susceptibilidad a la inhibición farmacológica sugieren que eIF5A2 es una diana terapéutica muy atractiva. Actualmente, se dispone de un análogo de poliamina, GC7, que se utiliza para inhibir la hipusinación y se ha demostrado que frena el crecimiento de células cancerosas. El presente trabajo de tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo caracterizar el papel patológico de eIF5A2 en el desarrollo del CPNM. Para ello, hemos estudiado, mediante modificaciones genéticas por silenciamiento y sobreexpresión, el papel de eIF5A2 en la proliferación, motilidad e invasión celular utilizando líneas celulares de CPNM. Así mismo, se ha estudiado el efecto del inhibidor GC7 en líneas celulares de CPNM y modelos murinos para determinar si previene o revierte la EMT, y reduce la migración y la invasión de células de CPNM. Por último, se ha analizado la correlación entre la expresión de eIF5A2, las variables clínico-patológicas y la supervivencia de los pacientes en una colección de muestras de pacientes con CPNM. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren la existencia de una regulación entre las isoformas eIF5A1 y eIF5A2 para compensar la expresión de ambos homólogos. Además, nuestros datos apuntan a una coordinación temporal y posicional entre las vías de TGFß1 y eIF5A2 para impulsar la traducción de proteínas requerida para el reordenamiento del citoesqueleto y la motilidad de las células cancerosas invasivas. Hemos demostrado con modelos de ratón in vivo, que los tumores generados mediante xenotrasplante de células que sobreexpresan eIF5A2 tienen mayor capacidad invasiva. Finalmente, mostramos la existencia de una correlación positiva entre la expresión de eIF5A2 y el marcador de proliferación Ki67 en tejido de tumores de CPNM, y que la tasa de supervivencia es menor en aquellos pacientes que expresan niveles elevados de eIF5A2. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo confirman que eIF5A2 podría ser empleado como un biomarcador de mal pronóstico en CPNM y su inhibición farmacológica podría emplearse como una posible herramienta terapéutica, sola o en combinación con otros fármacos, en aquellos casos en los que eIF5A2 se encuentre sobreexpresado. / [CA] Les poliamines són metabòlits essencials per al creixement de les cèl·lules eucariotes i el seu metabolisme està frequentment desregulat en càncer. Una de les dianes moleculars de les poliamines és el factor d'elongació de la traducció eIF5A, una proteïna essencial i conservada evolutivament. eIF5A és l'única proteïna cel·lular coneguda que conté l'aminoàcid hipusina, que deriva de la poliamina espermidina. En humans hi ha dues isoformes, eIF5A1 i eIF5A2. EIF5A2 es troba al cromosoma 3q26, una regió freqüentment amplificada en molts tumors, i que està altament expressada en diferent tipus de càncer, incloent el càncer de pulmó no microcític (CPNM). eIF5A2 és essencial per al manteniment de la proliferació cel·lular i la seva inhibició la suprimeix en alguns tumors. Recentment s'ha correlacionat la sobreexpressió d'eIF5A2 amb la invasió i com a biomarcador de mal pronòstic a alguns càncers i s'ha observat que eIF5A2 indueix la transicició epiteli-mesenquima (EMT) en CPNM. L'EMT és un procés complex i reversible que indueix la diferenciació de les cèl·lules epitelials a cèl·lules mesenquimals migrants amb capacitat d'invasió. Nombrosos estudis han demostrat que l'EMT està relacionada amb la progressió del càncer, la metàstasi i el mal pronòstic en molts tumors. Per tant, la determinació d'un mètode eficaç per inhibir l'EMT a CPNM podria millorar significativament els règims dels tractaments actuals. La naturalesa altament selectiva de la hipusinació d'eIF5A2 i la susceptibilitat a la inhibició farmacològica fan d'aquesta proteina una diana terapèutica molt atractiva. Actualment, es disposa d'un anàleg de poliamina, anomenat GC7, que s'utilitza per inactivar la reacció d'hipusinació i s'ha demostrat que inhibeix el creixement de cèl·lules canceroses. Aquest treball de tesi doctoral té com a objectiu caracteritzar el paper patològic d'eIF5A2 en el desenvolupament del CPNM. Per això, hem estudiat, mitjançant modificacions genètiques per silenciament i sobreexpressió, el paper d'eIF5A2 en la proliferació, la motilitat i la invasió cel·lular utilitzant línies cel·lulars de càncer de pulmó. Així mateix, s'ha estudiat l'efecte de l'inhibidor GC7 en línies cel·lulars de CPNM i models murins per determinar si augmenta la quimiosensibilitat de les cèl·lules, prevé o reverteix l'EMT i redueix la migració i la invasió de cèl·lules de CPNM. Finalment, s'ha analitzat la correlació entre l'expressió d'eIF5A2, les variables clinicopatològiques i la supervivència dels pacients en una col·lecció de mostres de pacients amb CPNM. Els resultats obtinguts suggereixen que hi ha una regulació entre les isoformes eIF5A1 i eIF5A2 per compensar l'expressió dels dos homòlegs. A més, les nostres dades apunten a una coordinació temporal i posicional entre les vies de TGFß1 i eIF5A2 per impulsar la traducció requerida de proteïnes per als reordenaments del citosquelet i les característiques de motilitat de les cèl·lules canceroses invasives. Hem demostrat amb models de ratolí in vivo que els tumors generats mitjançant xenotrasplantament de cèl·lules que sobreexpressen eIF5A2 tenen més capacitat invasiva. Finalment, mostrem l'existència una correlació positiva entre l'expressió d'eIF5A2 i el marcador de proliferació Ki67 en teixit de tumors de CPNM, i que la taxa de supervivència és menor en aquells pacients que expressaven alts nivells d'eIF5A2. Els resultats obtinguts en aquest treball confirmen que eIF5A2 podria ser emprat com un biomarcador de mal pronòstic a CPNM i la seva inhibició farmacològica podria utilitzar-se com una possible eina terapèutica, sola o en combinació amb altres fàrmacs, en aquells casos en què eIF5A2 es trobe sobreexpressat. / [EN] Polyamines are essential metabolites for eukaryotic cells growth, and their metabolism is frequently deregulated in cancer. One of the molecular targets of polyamines is the translation elongation factor eIF5A, an essential and evolutionarily conserved protein. eIF5A is the only protein known that contains the amino acid hypusine, which is derived from the polyamine spermidine. In humans there are two isoforms, eIF5A1 and eIF5A2. EIF5A2 is located on chromosome 3q26, a region frequently amplified in different types of cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). eIF5A2 is essential for the maintenance of cell proliferation and its inhibition suppresses it in many tumors. Recently, eIF5A2 overexpression has been correlated with invasion and as a biomarker of poor prognosis in some cancers, and it has been observed that eIF5A2 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in NSCLC. EMT is a complex and reversible process that induces the differentiation of epithelial cells into migrant mesenchymal cells with invasive capacity. Numerous studies have shown that EMT is related to cancer progression, metastasis, and poor prognosis in many tumors. Therefore, the determination of an effective method to inhibit EMT in NSCLC could significantly improve current treatment regimens. The highly selective nature of eIF5A2 hypusination and its susceptibility to pharmacological inhibition make this process a very attractive therapeutic target. Currently, a polyamine analog, called GC7, is available and is used to inactivate the hypusination reaction and has been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth. The objective of this doctoral thesis is to characterize the pathological role of eIF5A2 in the development of NSCLC. For this, we have studied, through genetic alterations by silencing and overexpression, the role of eIF5A2 in cell proliferation, motility and invasion using lung cancer cell lines. Likewise, the effect of the GC7 inhibitor in NSCLC cell lines and murine models has been studied to determine if it increases the chemosensitivity of cells, prevents or reverses EMT, and reduces migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. Finally, the correlation between the expression of eIF5A2, clinicopathological variables and patient survival has been analyzed in a collection of samples from patients with NSCLC. The results obtained suggest the existence of a regulation between the eIF5A1 and eIF5A2 isoforms to compensate the expression of both homologues. Furthermore, our data point to a temporal and positional coordination between the TGFß1 and eIF5A2 pathways to drive the required translation of proteins for cytoskeletal rearrangements and motility characteristics of invasive cancer cells. We have demonstrated with in vivo mouse models that tumors generated by xenotransplantation of cells that overexpress eIF5A2 have a greater invasive capacity. Finally, we show the existence of a positive correlation between the expression of eIF5A2 and the proliferation marker Ki67 in NSCLC tumor tissue, and that the survival rate is lower in those patients who expressed high levels of eIF5A2. The results obtained in this work confirm that eIF5A2 could be used as a biomarker of poor prognosis in NSCLC and its pharmacological inhibition could be used as a possible therapeutic tool, alone or in combination with other drugs, in those cases in which eIF5A2 is found overexpressed. / Martínez Férriz, A. (2023). Funciones del factor de inicio de la traducción eucariota 5A2 en el cáncer de pulmón [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/193293