A evapotranspiração (ET) é um fenômeno natural que influencia diretamente mudanças no clima local e global, possuindo grande importância hidrológica e meteorológica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a ET através do método Penman-Monteith, e comparar com os resultados estimados pelo Método da Covariância de Vórtices Turbulentos. Os dados de IAF (Índice de Área Foliar) para descrição da vegetação foram obtidos a partir do sensor MODIS e de medições em campo da Rede SulFlux. A área de estudo desta pesquisa localizou-se no município de Cachoeira do Sul-RS, em uma propriedade de cultivo de arroz irrigado. O período de estudo referiu-se a safra que estendeu-se de outubro de 2010 a março de 2011. Os resultados mostraram que o IAF e as estimativas de ET apresentam um comportamento temporal semelhante. A comparação entre os resultados das estimativas de ET, utilizando dados obtidos em campo e estimados através de sensoriamento remoto, foram satisfatórios. No entanto, o resultado que apresentou os maiores valores para a ET foi proveniente do sensor MODIS. Sendo assim, pode-se concluir que a estimativa da ET, a partir de dados de vegetação, obtidos através de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, constituem-se como uma alternativa para os métodos de ET que utilizam dados de vegetação medidos em campo. / The Evapotranspiration (ET) is a natural phenomenon that directly causes changes in the local and global climate, having a great hydrologic and meteorological importance. This work has as objective to estimate ET through the Penman-Monteith method and compare with the estimated results by the Eddy Covariance Method. The LAI (Leaf Area Index) data for the vegetation description were obtained from the MODIS sensor and from field measurements of the SulFlux network. The field of study of this research had place in the city of Cachoeira do Sul – Rio Grande do Sul state, in a irrigated rice crop property. The study period is referred to the crop that extended from October 2010 to March 2011. The results showed that the LAI and the ET estimates have a similar temporal behavior. The comparison between the results of ET estimates, using data obtained in field and estimated through remote sensing, were satisfactory. However, the result that showed the highest values for ET was from the MODIS sensor. This way, it can be concluded that the ET estimate, through vegetation data, obtained by remote sensing techniques, are an alternative for the ET methods that use vegetation field measured data.

abstract: The history of outdoor water use in the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area has given rise to a general landscape aesthetic and pattern of residential irrigation that seem in discord with the natural desert environment. While xeric landscaping that incorporates native desert ecology has potential for reducing urban irrigation demand, there are societal and environmental factors that make mesic landscaping, including shade trees and grass lawns, a common choice for residential yards. In either case, there is potential for water savings through irrigation schedules based on fluxes affecting soil moisture in the active plant rooting zone. In this thesis, a point-scale model of soil moisture dynamics was applied to two urban sites in the Phoenix area: one with xeric landscaping, and one with mesic. The model was calibrated to observed soil moisture data from irrigated and non-irrigated sensors, with local daily precipitation and potential evapotranspiration records as model forcing. Simulations were then conducted to investigate effects of irrigation scheduling, plant stress parameters, and precipitation variability on soil moisture dynamics, water balance partitioning, and plant water stress. Results indicated a substantial difference in soil water storage capacity at the two sites, which affected sensitivity to irrigation scenarios. Seasonal variation was critical in avoiding unproductive water losses at the xeric site, and allowed for small water savings at the mesic site by maintaining mild levels of plant stress. The model was also used to determine minimum annual irrigation required to achieve specified levels of plant stress at each site using long-term meteorological records. While the xeric site showed greater potential for water savings, a bimodal schedule consisting of low winter and summer irrigation was identified as a means to conserve water at both sites, with moderate levels of plant water stress. For lower stress levels, potential water savings were found by fixing irrigation depth and seasonally varying the irrigation interval, consistent with municipal recommendations in the Phoenix metropolitan area. These results provide a deeper understanding of the ecohydrologic differences between the two types of landscape treatments, and can assist water and landscape managers in identifying opportunities for water savings in desert urban areas. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2013

abstract: Droughts are a common phenomenon of the arid South-west USA climate. Despite water limitations, the region has been substantially transformed by agriculture and urbanization. The water requirements to support these human activities along with the projected increase in droughts intensity and frequency challenge long term sustainability and water security, thus the need to spatially and temporally characterize land use/land cover response to drought and quantify water consumption is crucial. This dissertation evaluates changes in `undisturbed' desert vegetation in response to water availability to characterize climate-driven variability. A new model coupling phenology and spectral unmixing was applied to Landsat time series (1987-2010) in order to derive fractional cover (FC) maps of annuals, perennials, and evergreen vegetation. Results show that annuals FC is controlled by short term water availability and antecedent soil moisture. Perennials FC follow wet-dry multi-year regime shifts, while evergreen is completely decoupled from short term changes in water availability. Trend analysis suggests that different processes operate at the local scale. Regionally, evergreen cover increased while perennials and annuals cover decreased. Subsequently, urban land cover was compared with its surrounding desert. A distinct signal of rain use efficiency and aridity index was documented from remote sensing and a soil-water-balance model. It was estimated that a total of 295 mm of water input is needed to sustain current greenness. Finally, an energy balance model was developed to spatio-temporally estimate evapotranspiration (ET) as a proxy for water consumption, and evaluate land use/land cover types in response to drought. Agricultural fields show an average ET of 9.3 mm/day with no significant difference between drought and wet conditions, implying similar level of water usage regardless of climatic conditions. Xeric neighborhoods show significant variability between dry and wet conditions, while mesic neighborhoods retain high ET of 400-500 mm during drought due to irrigation. Considering the potentially limited water availability, land use/land cover changes due to population increases, and the threat of a warming and drying climate, maintaining large water-consuming, irrigated landscapes challenges sustainable practices of water conservation and the need to provide amenities of this desert area for enhancing quality of life. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Geography 2014

Recent advances in satellite sensor technology and micrometeorological instrumentation for water flux measurement, coupled with the expansion of automatic weather station networks that provide routine measurements of near-surface climate variables, present new opportunities for combining satellite and ground-based instrumentation to obtain distributed estimates of vegetation water use over wide areas in South Africa. In this study, a novel approach is tested, which uses satellite leaf area index (LAI) data retrieved by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to inform the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation for calculating reference evaporation (ET₀) of vegetation phenological activity. The model (ETMODIS) was validated at four sites in three different ecosystems across the country, including semi-arid savanna near Skukuza, mixed community grassland at Bellevue, near Pietermaritzburg, and Groenkop, a mixed evergreen indigenous forest near George, to determine potential for application over wider areas of the South African land surface towards meeting water resource management objectives. At Skukuza, evaluated against 170 days of flux data measured at a permanent eddy covariance (EC) flux tower in 2007, the model (ETMODIS) predicted 194.8 mm evapotranspiration relative to 148.9 mm measured fluxes, an overestimate of 31.7 %, (r² = 0.67). At an adjacent site, evaluated against flux data measured on two discrete periods of seven and eight days in February and May of 2005 using a large aperture scintillometer (SLS), ETMODIS predicted 27.4 mm and 6.7 mm evapotranspiration respectively, relative to measured fluxes of 32.5 and 8.2 mm, underestimates of 15.7 % and 18.3 % in each case (r² = 0.67 and 0.34, respectively). At Bellevue, evaluated against 235 days of evapotranspiration data measured using a surface layer scintillometer (SLS) in 2003, ETMODIS predicted 266.9 mm evapotranspiration relative to 460.2 mm measured fluxes, an underestimate of 42 % (r² = 0.67). At Groenkop, evaluated against data measured using a SLS over three discrete periods of four, seven and seven days in February, June and September/October respectively, ETMODIS predicted 9.7 mm, 10.3 mm and 17.0 mm evapotranspiration, relative to measured fluxes of 10.9 mm, 14.6 mm and 23. 9 mm, underestimates of 22.4 %, 11.2 % and 24.1 % in each case (r² = 0.98, 0.43 and 0.80, respectively). Total measured evapotranspiration exceeded total modelled evapotranspiration in all cases, with the exception of the flux tower site at Skukuza, where evapotranspiration was overestimated by ETMODIS by 31.7 % relative to measured (EC) values for the 170 days in 2007 where corresponding modelled and measured data were available. The most significant differences in measured versus predicted data were recorded at the Skukuza flux tower site in 2007 (31.7 % overestimate), and the Bellevue SLS flux site in 2003 (42 % underestimate); coefficients of determination, a measure of the extent to which modelled data are able to explain observed data at validation periods, with just two exceptions, were within a range of 0.67 – 0.98. Several sources of error and uncertainty were identified, relating predominantly to uncertainties in measured flux data used to evaluate ETMODIS, uncertainties in MODIS LAI submitted to ETMODIS, and uncertainties in ETMODIS itself, including model assumptions, and specific uncertainties relating to various inputs; further application of the model is required to test these uncertainties however, and establish confidence limits in performance. Nevertheless, the results of this study suggest that the technique is generally able to produce estimates of vegetation water use to within reasonably close approximations of measurements acquired using micrometeorological instruments, with r² values within the range of other peer-reviewed satellite remote sensing-based approaches.

Northeastern Brazil is hydrologically characterized by recurrent droughts leading to a highly vulnerable natural water resource system. The region contains the Caatinga biome, a sparsely studied ecosystem, covering an area of approximately 800,000 km2. Reduced wateravailability is projected to take place in large regions of the globe, including Northeastern Brazil. Given the strong interactions between climate and vegetation, research has addressed climate change effects on natural and agricultural ecosystems. In this context, soil hydraulic properties are essential to assess soil water flow, and thus the ability of soil to supply water to plants at potential rates under different ranges of pressure head. Based on that, the aims of this thesis are: to increase insight in water balance components for the Caatinga biome, under current and future climate scenarios; and to assess the ability of soils in supplying water to plants by the further development of an existing matric flux potential approach, followed by its application to a group of soils from two Brazilian climatic zones (semi-arid and subhumid). Both for current and future climate scenarios, hydrological simulations were performed with SWAP model parameterized for a preserved Caatinga basin of 12 km2. The validation of the simulations was performed using a dataset of daily soil-water content measurements taken at 0.2 m depth in the period from 2004 to 2012. The soil water supplying capacity was evaluated through a multilayer matric flux potential approach, coupling the soil hydraulic properties, root length density and plant transpiration. Regarding the current climate conditions, the Caatinga biome returns 75% of the annual precipitation to the atmosphere, whereas the partitioning of total evapotranspiration into its components (transpiration, evaporation and interception) on annual basis accounts for 41%, 40% and 19%, respectively. Evapotranspiration and air temperature are most sensitive to soil moisture during the periods June-September and December-January. Concerning the future climate, transpiration was enhanced by 36%, soil evaporation and interception losses reduced by 16% and 34%, respectively. The amount of precipitation returned to the atmosphere was on average 98%. For both climate scenarios, the soil-plant-atmosphere fluxes seem to be controlled by the surface soil layer (0-0.2 m) which provides, on average, 80% of the total transpiration, suggesting that the Caatinga biome may become completely soil-water pulse dominated under scenarios of reduced water availability. The matric flux potential analysis revealed that soils from the semiarid zone were able to deliver water to plants at potential rates under a wider range of bulk soil pressure head (-36 to -148 m), whereas the soils from the wetter zone showed more hydraulic restriction with limiting soil water potential above -1.5 m. For the analyzed soils, only a negligible increase in available water results from decreasing the root water potential below -150 m, therefore, in order to adapt to water-limited conditions, plant species may invest in other adaptive strategies, rather than spending energy in structures that allow a reduction of the lower suction limit in their tissues. / O Nordeste do Brasil é hidrologicamente caracterizado por secas recorrentes, tornando os recursos hídricos naturais altamente vulneráveis. Nesta região está o bioma Caatinga, ocupando uma área de aproximadamente 800.000 km2. Cenários de déficit hídrico são projetados para grandes regiões do globo, incluindo o Nordeste brasileiro. Devido às interações entre clima e vegetação, várias pesquisas têm abordado os efeitos das mudanças climáticas sobre os ecossistemas naturais e agrícolas. Neste contexto, as propriedades hidráulicas do solo são essenciais para avaliar o movimento de água, e assim a capacidade de fornecimento de água às plantas. Com base nesta contextualização, os objetivos desta tese são: simular os componentes do balanço hídrico do bioma Caatinga para cenários climáticos atuais e futuros; e avaliar a capacidade de alguns solos em fornecer água às plantas a partir de uma abordagem de potencial de fluxo matricial. Para os cenários climáticos atuais e futuros, simulações hidrológicas foram realizadas com o modelo SWAP, parametrizado para uma microbacia de 12 km2, inserida em área de Caatinga preservada. A validação das simulações foi processada a partir de medidas diárias do conteúdo de água do solo na profundidade de 0,2 m no período de 2004 a 2012. A capacidade do solo em fornecer água às plantas foi avaliada através da atualização de uma função de potencial de fluxo matricial, que acopla as propriedades hidráulicas do solo, densidade de comprimento radicular e transpiração das plantas, aplicada a um grupo de solos da zona climática semiárida e sub-úmida. Como resultados principais destacam-se: nas condições climáticas atuais, o bioma Caatinga retorna 75% da precipitação anual para a atmosfera como evapotranspiração, particionada entre seus componentes (transpiração, evaporação e intercepção) em 41%, 40% e 19%, respectivamente. Evapotranspiração e temperatura do ar foram sensíveis à umidade do solo durante os períodos de junho-setembro e dezembro-janeiro. Em relação ao cenário climático futuro, a taxa de transpiração foi acrescida em 36%. A evaporação do solo e a interceptação foram reduzidas em 16% e 34%, respectivamente. A quantidade de precipitação devolvida para a atmosfera foi em média 98%. Para ambos os cenários climáticos, é sugerido que os fluxos de água no sistema solo-planta-atmosfera são controlados pela camada superior do solo (0-0,2 m), fornecendo, em média, 80% do total transpirado, indicando que, caso os cenários de disponibilidade hídrica reduzida se confirmem, o bioma Caatinga pode se tornar completamente dependente dos pulsos de água no solo. A partir do potencial de fluxo matricial limitante revelou-se que os solos da região semiárida são capazes de manter o fluxo de água às plantas em taxas potenciais em condições de solo seco (potencial matricial limitante variando de -36 a -148 m), enquanto que, os solos da região mais úmida indicaram severa restrição hidráulica, com potencial matricial limitante maior do que -1,5 m. Ainda para os solos analisados, a atribuição de potencial na superfície da raiz inferior a -150 m não ocasionou aumento de disponibilidade hídrica, indicando que valores menores que -150 m não implicam em uma estratégia viável para suportar baixa disponibilidade hídrica.

Atualmente o mundo vive uma fase de mudança da matriz energética, onde fontes mais limpas e renováveis de energia estão sendo cada vez mais utilizadas. Considerando o eminente cenário de escassez dos recursos hídricos, além da necessidade de produzir energia mais limpa, existe a necessidade de racionalizar o uso da água e para isso é preciso estudar o consumo hídrico das culturas. Assim, este projeto terá como objetivos calibrar e utilizar medidas de fluxo de seiva obtidas pelo método de dissipação térmica (MDT) para determinar a transpiração do pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.). Para a calibração foram utilizadas plantas de pinhão-manso cultivadas em casa de vegetação dentro de vasos de 250 L. Estes vasos foram acondicionados sobre lisímetros de pesagem e tiveram sua superfície coberta para evitar a evaporação da água do solo. A calibração foi realizada durante 60 dias consecutivos, quando durante os primeiros 15 dias o solo foi mantido com umidade próxima da condição de capacidade de vaso por meio de irrigações frequentes, seguido de 30 dias de redução da umidade do solo devido a supressão da irrigação e de 15 dias finais com o retorno da irrigação para a recuperação da hidratação das plantas. A transpiração foi determinada nos lisímetros e estes dados foram utilizados para calibrar as medidas obtidas por sensores de fluxo de seiva inseridos no tronco das plantas. Após a calibração, os sensores foram instalados em campo para monitorar a transpiração de plantas cultivadas sob irrigação por pivô central, gotejamento e sem irrigação. Aliado a diferentes tipos de poda a que foram submetidas as plantas, avaliou-se a combinação do consumo de água das plantas de pinhão-manso associado a estes tratamentos de podas. Como esperado o método de dissipação térmica apresentou-se como sendo confiável para determinação da transpiração de pinhão-manso, permitindo que a metodologia pudesse ser utilizada em campo. Foi verificado efeito significativo da irrigação, dos tipos de poda e da época de avaliação após a poda para a altura de plantas, diâmetro e volume de copa e IAF. Observou-se valores de ETc de 6,96; 7,54 e 6,57 mm dia-1 para os tratamentos de irrigação localizada, pivô central e sem irrigação, respectivamente. / Today the world is going through a phase of changing the energy matrix, where cleaner and renewable sources of energy are being used more and more. Considering the imminent scenario of scarcity of water resources, in addition to the need to produce cleaner energy, there is a need to rationalize the use of water and for this we must study the water consumption of crops. Thus, this project will aim to calibrate and use sap flow measurements obtained by the thermal dissipation probe to determine Jatropha curcas L. transpiration. For the calibration, jatropha plants grown under greenhouse conditions were used in 250 L vessels. These vessels were placed on weighing lysimeters and had their surface covered to avoid evaporation of soil water. The calibration was carried out during 60 consecutive days, which during the first 15 days the soil was maintained with humidity near the pot capacity by means of frequent irrigations, followed by 30 days of soil moisture reduction due to suppression of irrigation and of 15 days with the return of irrigation to the recovery of plant hydration. The transpiration was determined in the lysimeters and these data were used to calibrate the measurements obtained by sap flow sensors inserted in the trunk of the plants. After the calibration, the sensors were installed in the field to monitor the transpiration of plants cultivated under central pivot irrigation, drip irrigation and without irrigation. Allied to the different types of pruning to which the plants were submitted, the combination of the water consumption of the jatropha plants associated to these pruning treatments was evaluated. As expected, the thermal dissipation method proved to be reliable for the determination of perspiration of Jatropha, allowing the methodology to be used in the field. It was verified a significant effect of irrigation, pruning types and evaluation period after pruning for plant height, canopy diameter and volume and LAI. ETc values of 6.96; 7.54 and 6.57 mm day-1 for the treatments of localized irrigation, central pivot and without irrigation, respectively.

Os biocombustíveis, tais como biodiesel e etanol, vem sendo cada vez mais utilizados como substitutos dos derivados do petróleo. O estudo de culturas bioenergéticas tem se expandido no Brasil, sendo instituido no país um Programa Nacional de Produção e Uso do Biodiesel, visando sua produção a partir de culturas típicas da agricultura familiar brasileira, como, por exemplo, a mamona e a palma de óleo. A cultura da palma de óleo tem maior concentração na região Norte do Brasil, porém, estudos relacionados ao cultivo desta em outras regiões ainda são incipientes. Visando o cultivo desta planta na região sudeste, utilizando a irrigação localizada e disponibilizando nutrientes por meio de um efluente oriundo de outra planta bioenergética, a vinhaça da cana-de-açúcar, este experimento teve como objetivo a determinação da evapotranspiração de cultura da palma de óleo por lisimetria de pesagem, em sua fase jovem e, descrever os efeitos da vinhaça nas características biométricas, clorofila e nos teores de nutrientes foliares desta cultura. O estudo foi realizado em uma área experimental situada na Fazenda Areão da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", USP, em Piracicaba-SP. As mudas foram produzidas em casa de vegetação, sendo transplantadas a campo em outubro de 2015, tendo sido avaliadas de novembro de 2015 a março de 2017. O espaçamento utilizado foi o de 9 x 9 m disposto em triângulo equilátero, totalizando 143 plantas ha-1. Os tratamentos foram dispostos aleatorimente, com três blocos compostos por quatro repetições cada, sendo eles: T1 - irrigação com adubação química; T2 - 50% da dose de potássio (K) via fertirrigação com vinhaça e os outros 50% da dose de K fornecida com a adubação química; T3 - 75% da dose de K via fertirrigação com vinhaça e os outros 25% da dose de K via adubação química; T4 - 100% da dose de K via fertirrigação com vinhaça. O sistema de irrigação utilizado foi o gotejamento. A evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) foi determinada por lisimetria de pesagem. Ao fim do experimento foi realizada a coleta de folhas para a determinação da concentração de nutrentes. A palma de óleo apresentou valores de ETc e Kc entre 2,16-5,00 e 0,71-1,06 respectivamente, no seu primeiro ano de cultivo irrigado. Em sua fase jovem, a cultura respondeu de forma positiva a fertirrigação com vinhaça, sendo o T3 (75% da dose de K disponibilizado via fertirrigação por vinhaça) o que demonstrou melhores resultados quanto ao crescimento da cultura em Piracicaba-SP. As características meteorológicas em Piracicaba-SP são fatores positivos para o cultivo da palma de óleo na região, contudo, a temperaturas mínimas ocorridas no inverno podem afetar o desenvolvimento da planta. / Biofuels, such as biodiesel and ethanol, are increasingly being used as substitutes for petroleum derivatives. The study of bioenergy crops has expanded into Brazil, being instituted in the country a National Program for Production and Use of Biodiesel, for their production from typical crops of the Brazilian small farming, for example, castor bean and oil palm. The oil palm crop has higher concentration in the northern region of Brazil, however, studies related to the cultivation of this crop in other regions are still incipient. Aiming to cultivate this plant in the southeast region using localized irrigation and providing nutrients by effluent from another bioenergetic plant, the sugarcane vinasse, this work had as its main objective the determination of the crop evapotranspiration of oil palm by weighing lisimetry in its young phase and to describe the effects of vinasse on the biometric, chlorophyll and foliar nutrient contents of this crop. The study was carried out in an experimental area located at Areão Farm of the Superior School of Agriculture \"Luiz de Queiroz\", USP, in Piracicaba-SP. The seedlings were grown in a greenhouse and transplanted in the field October 2015, has been evaluated between November 2015 and March 2017. The spacing used was 9 x 9 m arranged in equilateral triangle, a total of 143 plants ha-1. The treatments were arranged randomly, with three blocks composed of four replicates each, being: T1 - irrigation with chemical fertilization; T2 - 50% of the potassium (K) dose supplied via fertigation with vinasse and the other 50% of the K dose supplied with the chemical fertilizer; T3 - 75% of K dose via fertigation with vinasse and the other 25% of K dose via chemical fertilization; T4 - 100% of K dose via fertigation with vinasse. The irrigation system used was the drip irrigation. The crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was determined by weighing lysimetry. At the end of the experiment, leaves were collected to determine the nutrient concentration. The oil palm showed values of ETc and Kc between 2.16-5.00 and 0.71-1.06, respectively, in its first year of irrigated cultivation. In its young stage, the crop responded positively fertigation with vinasse, and T3 demonstrated better results regarding growth crop in Piracicaba. Weather features in Piracicaba-SP were largely a positive factor for the cultivation of oil palm in the region, however, the minimum temperatures occurred in the winter can affect the development of the plant and can have a negative influence on future productions.

O almeirão e produzido no Brasil principalmente por pequenos produtores, que geralmente produzem outras culturas hortícolas. O almeirão e principalmente utilizado na alimentação humana, porem com potencial para produção de inulina e também com potencial para alimentação animal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de porcentagens da evapotranspiração da cultura por irrigação na produção vegetal do almeirão cultivar \"Folha Larga\" cultivado em casa de vegetação. Dois experimentos consecutivos foram executados em delineamento de blocos inteiramente aleatorizados submetidos a cinco porcentagens de evapotranspiração de cultura (ETc): 60, 80, 100, 120 e 140% aplicadas por irrigação via gotejo. A área experimental foi constituída de 45 parcelas de 1,3 m2 cada, sendo que cada parcela possuía uma válvula solenoide para controlar o tempo de funcionamento da irrigação, totalizando nove repetições por tratamento. A umidade do solo foi monitorada por meio de três sondas de TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry), instaladas a 0,05, 0,30 e 0,50 m de profundidade. As condições meteorológicas foram monitoradas utilizando-se uma estação meteorológica, a qual registrava medidas de umidade relativa do ar, temperatura do ar, radiação solar e velocidade do vento, realizando medidas a cada segundo e armazenando os dados a cada 15 minutos. A partir dos dados meteorológicos, estimou-se a evapotranspiração de referencia pelo método de Penman-Monteith FAO-56, e a evapotranspiração da cultura, utilizando-se um coeficiente de cultura médio igual a 0,76. Foram realizados dois experimentos consecutivos, aplicando-se as porcentagens de ETc durante todo o cultivo do almeirão. As variáveis medidas e analisadas foram: altura de plantas (cm), numero de folhas por planta, massa fresca da parte aérea (g), massa fresca por folha (g folha-1), massa seca da parte aérea (g), umidade da parte aérea (%), área foliar (cm2), comprimento foliar (cm) e largura foliar. Utilizou-se os dados de cada tratamento para se realizar a analise de variância conjunta e teste de media ou analise de regressão, sendo que apenas para as variáveis de massa fresca e massa seca da parte aérea foi possível ajustar equações que representassem os dados médios dos dois experimentos. Observou-se que os dados de massa fresca da parte aérea apresentaram-se diretamente proporcionais ao aumento da porcentagem de evapotranspiração, sendo que o tratamento de 140% da ETc foi o que resultou em maior produção de massa fresca da parte aérea, aproximadamente 31,6% superior a produção do tratamento de 60% da ETC. Quanto aos dados de massa seca da parte aérea, observou-se que a porcentagem de 111,1% da evapotranspiração foi a que obteve maior produção de massa seca da parte aérea, sendo 29,3% maior do que a produção em massa seca do tratamento de 60% da evapotranspiração e 9,35% maior do que a obtida no tratamento de 140% da ETc. A partir dos dados de área foliar, comprimento e largura das folhas do primeiro experimento, foi possível ajustar quatro modelos com resíduos tendendo a normalidade e homocedásticos, os quais foram testados pelo método de Bland-Altman com os dados de área, comprimento e largura foliar do segundo experimento. / Chicory is grown in Brazil mainly by small landowners, which usually product other horticultural crops. Chicory is mainly used for human feeding, but it has potential for inuin production and also potential for animal feeding. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of applying percentages of crop evapotranspiration by irrigation over vegetable production of \"Folha Larga\" chicory cultivar grown in greenhouse. Two experiments were performed in the of completely randomized design under five percentages of crop evapotranspiration (ETc): 60, 80, 100, 140% applied by drip irrigation. The experimental area was constituted of 45 plots of 1.3 m2 each, each plot had a solenoid valve to control the duration of the irrigation, totaling nine plots for each treatment. Soil humidity was monitored through three TDR probes (Time Domain Reflectometry), installed at 0.05, 0.30, and 0.50 m depth. The meteorological conditions were monitored using a meteorological station, which recorded measures of relative air humidity, air temperature, solar radiation and wind speed, taking measures at each second and registering the data at each 15 minutes. From meteorologic data, the reference evapotranspiration was estimated by the Penman-Monteith FAO-56 method, and the crop evapotranspiration, using an average crop coefficient equal to 0.76. Two consecutive experiments were performed, applying the percentages of ETc during all the chicory growth period. The measured and analyzed variables were: plant height (cm), number of leaves per plant, plant fresh mass (g), fresh mass by leaf (g leaf-1), plant dry mass (g), plant humidity (%), leaf area (cm2), leaf length (cm) and leaf width (cm). The data of each treatment was used to perform the joint analysis of variation and average test or regression analysis, resulting that only for the variables of leaves fresh and dry weight it was possible to adjust equations to represent the mean values of both experiments. It was observed that the plant fresh weight presented itself directly proportional to increments of percentages of evapotranspiration, being that the treatment of 140% of ETc was the treatment that resulted higher production of plant fresh weight, approximately 31.6% higher than the production obtained from treatment of 60% of evapotranspiration. For the data of plant dry mass, it was observed that the percentage of 111.1% of evapotranspiration was the one that obtained higher values of plant dry weight, being 29.3% higher than the production of plant dry mass obtained with the treatment of 60% of ETc and 9.35% higher than the one obtained with the treatment of 140% of evapotranspiration. From the data of leaf area, length and width of the first experiment, was possible to adjust four models with residuals with normal tendency and homocedastic, which were tested by the Bland- Altman method with the data of leaf area, length and width of the second experiment.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de trÃs doses de nitrogÃnio e de potÃssio aplicadas pelo mÃtodo convencional e por fertirrigaÃÃo e testemunha â sem aplicaÃÃo de N ou K. TambÃm, foi avaliado os efeitos de seis lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo com base na ETo de Penman-Monteith (EToPM), para que se possa definir um manejo adequado para a cultura do girassol, variedade Catissol 01. O experimento foi conduzido na Ãrea experimental da EstaÃÃo MeteorolÃgica da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, localizada no Campus do Pici, no municÃpio de Fortaleza, no perÃodo de marÃo a julho de 2008 para os experimentos de adubaÃÃo nitrogenada e potÃssica, e de agosto a dezembro de 2007 para o experimento de lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com sete tratamentos e quatro repetiÃÃes para adubaÃÃo nitrogenada e potÃssica e de seis tratamentos e quatro repetiÃÃes para lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo. As doses testadas no experimento de nitrogÃnio foram: 0; 30; 60 e 120 kg ha-1 pelo mÃtodo convencional e fertirrigado. Na fertirrigaÃÃo as dosagens de nitrogÃnio foram parceladas em oito aplicaÃÃes, sendo a primeira na semeadura e as demais aplicadas semanalmente, na adubaÃÃo convencional as dosagens foram parceladas em duas aplicaÃÃes, sendo 1/3 da dose no plantio e os outros 2/3 aos 30 dias apÃs a germinaÃÃo. No experimento com potÃssio as doses testadas foram: 0; 25; 50 e 100 kg ha-1 pelo mÃtodo convencional e fertirrigado. Na fertirrigaÃÃo as dosagens de potÃssio foram parceladas com 1/3 no plantio e os outros 2/3 parcelados em cinco vezes durante o ciclo da cultura, na adubaÃÃo convencional o potÃssio foi todo aplicado no plantio. No experimento de lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo foram testadas as lÃminas com 25; 50; 75; 100; 125 e 150% EToPM. Foram analisadas as seguintes variÃveis nos experimentos de adubaÃÃo nitrogenada e potÃssica: produtividade, diÃmetro do capÃtulo, peso do capÃtulo e peso de 100 sementes. No experimento de lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo foram analisadas: a produtividade, o diÃmetro do capÃtulo e o peso do capÃtulo. A aplicaÃÃo de nitrogÃnio pelo mÃtodo convencional e por fertirrigaÃÃo apresentaram respostas significativas para: produtividade, diÃmetro do capÃtulo e peso do capÃtulo. A mÃxima produtividade (3.429 kg ha-1) foi obtida com adubaÃÃo convencional, com uma dose Ãtima estimada em 80,97 kg ha-1 de N. A adubaÃÃo potÃssica, aplicada pelo mÃtodo convencional e fertirrigada, apresentou respostas significativas para todas as variÃveis analisadas, sendo a maior produtividade (3.312,09 kg ha-1) conseguida pelo mÃtodo convencional, com uma dose estimada em 61,24 kg ha-1 de K2O. No experimento de lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo, foram obtidas diferenÃas significativas para as variÃveis: produtividade e peso do capÃtulo, obtendo-se uma produtividade mÃxima de 3.357,18 kg ha-1 com uma lÃmina de irrigaÃÃo estimada em 91,06 % EToPM / The study aimed to evaluate the effects of three doses of nitrogen and potassium applied by the conventional method and by fertigation and witness - without application of N or K. We also evaluated the effects of six irrigation levels based on the Penman-Monteith ETo (EToPM), so that we can define an appropriate management for sunflower crop, variety Catissol 01. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Meteorological Station of the Federal University of CearÃ, located at the Campus do Pici, in the city of Fortaleza, from March to July 2008 for the experiments of nitrogen and potassium fertilization, and from August to December 2007 for the irrigation bladesâ experiment. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with seven treatments and four replications for nitrogen and potassium fertilization and six treatments and four replications for irrigation blades. The doses tested in the nitrogen experiment were 0, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1 by conventional and fertigation method. In fertigation the nitrogen dosages were split into eight applications, the first of which was at sowing and the remaining were applied weekly. In conventional fertilization the dosages were split in two applications, being one third of the dose at planting and the other 2/3 at 30 days after germination. In the experiment with potassium the tested doses were 0, 25, 50 and 100 kg ha-1 and fertilized by conventional and fertigation methods. In fertigation dosages of potassium were split with 1/3 at planting and the remaining 2/3 split in five times during the crop cycle. In the conventional method potash fertilizer was all applied at planting. In the experiment of irrigation blades were tested blades with 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% EToPM. We analyzed the following variables in the experiments of nitrogen and potassium fertilization: yield, capitulum diameter and weight as well as 100 seed weight. In the experiment of irrigation blades, the following were analyzed: productivity, inflorescence capitulum diameter and weight. The application of nitrogen by conventional method and fertigation showed significant responses to capitulum diameter and weight. The highest yield (3429 kg ha-1) was obtained with conventional fertilization, with a great dose estimated at 80,97 kg ha-1 of N. Potassium fertilizer applied by conventional method and fertigated showed significant responses for all analyzed variables, being the highest yield (3.312,09 kg ha-1) achieved by the conventional method, with a dose estimated at 61,24 kg ha-1 of K2O. In the irrigation blades experiment, significant differences were obtained for the following variables: productivity and weight of the chapter, obtaining a maximum yield of 3.357,18 kg ha-1 with an irrigation blade estimated in 91,06 % EToPM

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / In the Northeastern Brazil, particularly in the Cearà state, irrigated agriculture contributes significantly to agricultural production: fruit, vegetable and grain crops. The Maize (corn) culture, traditional in the Region, has great socio-economic importance, being the most cultivated by small, medium and large farmers, contributing to the generation of employment and income, keeping workers from migrating. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the EstaÃÃo AgrometeorolÃgica (agrometeorological station) of the Universidade Federal do CearÃ. The soil of the region is sandy red yellow podzolic. The experiment was carried out with AG-1051 hybrid maize. Localized drip irrigation was used in the experiment. The said experiment was performed through 2011 and 2012. The total acreage in each year was 602 m2, divided into three parts for installing each of the three (sub) experiments. The first (sub) experiment consisted in applying several irrigation levels based on Penman-Monteith EvapoTranspiration parametrized by FAO, corresponding to treatments: Li30, or 30% PMETo; Li60, or 60% PMETo; Li90, or 90% PMETo; Li120, or 120% PMETo; Li150, or 150% PMETo and Li180, or 180% PMETo. The experimental design was that of randomized blocks, with six treatments and five blocks (replicates). The second experiment consisted of evaluating the effects of different N doses, conventionally applied and applied by fertigation. The treatments were divided into F0 and C0 = 0.0 kg ha-1 (control); F45 = 45 kg ha-1 (fert); C45 = 45 kg ha-1 (conv); F90 = 90 kg ha-1 (fert); C90 = 90 kg ha-1 (conv); F180 = 180 kg ha-1 (fert); C180 = 180 kg ha-1 (conv). The third experiment consisted of evaluating the effects of different doses of K, conventionally applied and applied by fertigation. The treatments were divided into F0 and C0 = 0.0 kg ha-1 (control); F15 = 15 kg ha-1 (fert); C15 = 15 kg ha-1 (conv); F30 = 30 kg ha-1 (fert); C30 = 30 kg ha-1 (conv); F60 = 60 kg ha-1 (fert); C60 = 60 kg ha-1 (conv). The experimental design in the second and third (sub) experiments was that of randomized blocks in a 2x4 factorial arrangement with eight treatments and four replicates. Irrigation levels showed significant effects on the following variables: Corn cob with and without husks, thousand grain weight and productivity in both years, all adjusting to the second degree polynomial model. The irrigation level that maximized the yield of corn (maize) was estimated to be 124.2% of PMETo, for the climatic conditions of 2012. Regarding the nitrogen dose and its form of application, it was observed that fertigation was superior to conventional fertilization, and the variables Corn cob with and without husks and productivity showed significant effects for the application form and Nitrogen dose. The dose of nitrogen fertilizer that maximized the Maize (or corn) productivity was estimated at 123.2 kg ha-1. However, relatively to the K dose and its form of application, it was observed that the conventional fertilization did not differ from fertigation, in the two years evaluated. However, the K doses were statistically different for following the variables: Corn cob with and without husks and productivity. Conventionally applied, the K dose which maximized the crop yield was 82.0 kg ha-1 for the cultivation conditions of 2011. / Na regiÃo Nordeste, particularmente no CearÃ, a agricultura irrigada contribui bastante com a produÃÃo agrÃcola: frutas, hortaliÃas, olerÃcolas e grÃos. A cultura do milho, muito tradicional na RegiÃo, apresenta grande importÃncia socioeconÃmica, sendo a mais cultivada por pequenos, mÃdios e grandes agricultores, contribuindo para a geraÃÃo de emprego e renda e para fixaÃÃo do homem no campo. O experimento foi conduzido na Ãrea experimental da EstaÃÃo AgrometeorolÃgica da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. O solo da regiÃo à um argissolo vermelho amarelo de textura areia franca. O experimento foi com o milho hÃbrido AG-1051. O sistema de irrigaÃÃo utilizado nos experimentos foi do tipo localizado por gotejamento. Os trabalhos foram conduzidos em dois anos agrÃcolas (2011 e 2012). A Ãrea total cultivada em cada ano foi de 602 m2, dividida em trÃs subÃreas, para instalaÃÃo de cada um dos trÃs experimentos. O primeiro experimento consistiu na aplicaÃÃo de lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo com base na ETo de Penman-Monteith (EToPM) parametrizada pela FAO, correspondendo aos tratamentos: Li30 â 30% EToPM; Li60 â 60% EToPM; Li90 â 90% EToPM; Li120 â 120% EToPM; Li150 â 150% EToPM e Li180 â 180% EToPM. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, composto de seis tratamentos e cinco blocos (repetiÃÃes). O segundo experimento consistiu em avaliar diferentes doses de N aplicadas de forma convencional e por fertirrigaÃÃo. Os tratamentos foram divididos em: F0 e C0 â 0,0 kg ha-1 (controle); F45 â 45 kg ha-1 (fert); C45 â 45 kg ha-1 (conv); F90 â 90 kg ha-1 (fert); C90 â 90 kg ha-1 (conv); F180 â 180 kg ha-1 (fert); C180 â 180 kg ha-1 (conv). O terceiro experimento consistiu em avaliar diferentes doses de K aplicadas de maneira convencional e por fertirrigaÃÃo. Os tratamentos foram divididos em: F0 e C0 â 0,0 kg ha-1 (controle); F15 â 15 kg ha-1 (fert); C15â 15 kg ha-1 (conv); F30 â 30 kg ha-1 (fert); C30 â 30 kg ha-1 (conv); F60 â 60 kg ha-1 (fert); C60 â 60 kg ha-1 (conv). O delineamento experimental utilizado no segundo e terceiro experimentos foi em blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2x4 com oito tratamentos e quatro repetiÃÃes. As lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo apresentaram efeito significativo para as variÃveis: massa da espiga com e sem palha, massa de mil grÃos e produtividade nos dois anos agrÃcolas, ajustando-se ao modelo polinomial do segundo grau. A lÃmina de irrigaÃÃo que maximizou a produtividade do milho foi estimada em 124,2% da EToPM, para as condiÃÃes climÃticas do cultivo realizado em 2012. Em relaÃÃo à dose de N e sua forma de aplicaÃÃo, observou-se que a fertirrigaÃÃo foi superior à adubaÃÃo convencional, e que as variÃveis: massa da espiga com e sem palha e produtividade apresentaram efeitos significativos para a forma de aplicaÃÃo e dose de N. A dose do adubo nitrogenado que maximizou a produtividade do milho foi estimada em 123,2 kg ha-1. JÃ, para a dose de K e sua forma de aplicaÃÃo, observou-se que a adubaÃÃo convencional nÃo diferiu da fertirrigaÃÃo, nos dois anos avaliados. Entretanto, as doses de K foram estatisticamente diferentes para as variÃveis: massa da espiga com e sem palha e produtividade. Na forma convencional, a dose de potÃssio que maximizou a produtividade da cultura foi de 82,0 kg ha-1, para as condiÃÃes de cultivo em 2011.