Deafferented cortical visual areas exhibit topographical plasticity such that their constituent neural populations adapt to the loss of sensory input through the expansion and eventual remapping of receptive fields to new regions of space. Such representational plasticity is most compelling in the long-term (months or years) but begins within seconds of retinal deafferentation (short-term plasticity). The neural mechanism proposed to underlie topographical plasticity is one of disinhibition whereby long-range horizontal inputs are "unmasked" by a reduction in local inhibitory drive. In this dissertation, four experiments investigated the neural mechanisms of short-term visual plasticity and disinhibition in humans using a combination of psychophysics and event-related potentials (ERPs). Short-term visual plasticity was induced using a stimulus-induced analog of retinal deafferentation known as an artifical scotoma. Artificial scotomas provide a useful paradigm for the study of short-term plasticity as they induce disinhibition but are temporary and reversible. Experiment 1 measured contrast response functions from within the boundaries of an artificial scotoma and evaluated them relative to a sham control condition. Changes in the contrast response function suggest that disinhibition can be conceived of in terms of two dependent but separable processes: receptive field expansion and unrestricted neural gain. A two-process model of disinhibition is proposed. A complementary ERP study (Experiment 2) recorded visual evoked potentials elicited by probes appearing within the boundaries of an artificial scotoma. Results revealed a neural correlate of disinhibition consistent with origins in striate and extrastriate visual areas. Experiment 3 and 4 were exploratory examinations of the representation of space surrounding an artificial scotoma and revealed a neural correlate of invading activity from normal cortex. Together, the results of these four studies strengthen the understanding of the neural mechanisms that underlie short-term plasticity and provide a conceptual framework for their evaluation.

Cette thèse explore l'analyse de l'activité électrique du cerveau. Un défi important de ces signaux est leur grande variabilité à travers différents essais et/ou différents sujets. Nous proposons une nouvelle méthode appelée "adaptive waveform learning" (AWL). Cette méthode est suffisamment générale pour permettre la prise en compte de la variabilité empiriquement rencontrée dans les signaux neuroélectriques, mais peut être spécialisée afin de prévenir l'overfitting du bruit. La première partie de ce travail donne une introduction sur l'électrophysiologie du cerveau, présente les modalités d'enregistrement fréquemment utilisées et décrit l'état de l'art du traitement de signal neuroélectrique. La principale contribution de cette thèse consiste en 3 chapitres introduisant et évaluant la méthode AWL. Nous proposons d'abord un modèle de décomposition de signal général qui inclut explicitement différentes formes de variabilité entre les composantes de signal. Ce modèle est ensuite spécialisé pour deux applications concrètes: le traitement d'une série d'essais expérimentaux segmentés et l'apprentissage de structures répétées dans un seul signal. Deux algorithmes sont développés pour résoudre ces problèmes de décomposition. Leur implémentation efficace basée sur des techniques de minimisation alternée et de codage parcimonieux permet le traitement de grands jeux de données.Les algorithmes proposés sont évalués sur des données synthétiques et réelles contenant des pointes épileptiformes. Leurs performances sont comparées à celles de la PCA, l'ICA, et du template-matching pour la détection de pointe. / This thesis investigates the analysis of brain electrical activity. An important challenge is the presence of large variability in neuroelectrical recordings, both across different subjects and within a single subject, for example, across experimental trials. We propose a new method called adaptive waveform learning (AWL). It is general enough to include all types of relevant variability empirically found in neuroelectric recordings, but can be specialized for different concrete settings to prevent from overfitting irrelevant structures in the data. The first part of this work gives an introduction into the electrophysiology of the brain, presents frequently used recording modalities, and describes state-of-the-art methods for neuroelectrical signal processing. The main contribution of this thesis consists in three chapters introducing and evaluating the AWL method. We first provide a general signal decomposition model that explicitly includes different forms of variability across signal components. This model is then specialized for two concrete applications: processing a set of segmented experimental trials and learning repeating structures across a single recorded signal. Two algorithms are developed to solve these models. Their efficient implementation based on alternate minimization and sparse coding techniques allows the processing of large datasets. The proposed algorithms are evaluated on both synthetic data and real data containing epileptiform spikes. Their performances are compared to those of PCA, ICA, and template matching for spike detection.

Objective: Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) aimed at restoring communication to people with severe neuromuscular disabilities often use event-related potentials (ERPs) in scalp-recorded EEG activity. Up to the present, most research and development in this area has been done in the laboratory with young healthy control subjects. In order to facilitate the development of BCI most useful to people with disabilities, the present study set out to: (1) determine whether people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and healthy, age-matched volunteers (HVs) differ in the speed and accuracy of their ERP-based BCI use; (2) compare the ERP characteristics of these two groups; and (3) identify ERP-related factors that might enable improvement in BCI performance for people with disabilities. Methods: Sixteen EEG channels were recorded while people with ALS or healthy age-matched volunteers (HVs) used a P300-based BCI. The subjects with ALS had little or no remaining useful motor control (mean ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised 9.4 (±9.5SD) (range 0-25)). Each subject attended to a target item as the items in a 6. ×. 6 visual matrix flashed. The BCI used a stepwise linear discriminant function (SWLDA) to determine the item the user wished to select (i.e., the target item). Offline analyses assessed the latencies, amplitudes, and locations of ERPs to the target and non-target items for people with ALS and age-matched control subjects. Results: BCI accuracy and communication rate did not differ significantly between ALS users and HVs. Although ERP morphology was similar for the two groups, their target ERPs differed significantly in the location and amplitude of the late positivity (P300), the amplitude of the early negativity (N200), and the latency of the late negativity (LN). Conclusions: The differences in target ERP components between people with ALS and age-matched HVs are consistent with the growing recognition that ALS may affect cortical function. The development of BCIs for use by this population may begin with studies in HVs but also needs to include studies in people with ALS. Their differences in ERP components may affect the selection of electrode montages, and might also affect the selection of presentation parameters (e.g., matrix design, stimulation rate). Significance: P300-based BCI performance in people severely disabled by ALS is similar to that of age-matched control subjects. At the same time, their ERP components differ to some degree from those of controls. Attention to these differences could contribute to the development of BCIs useful to those with ALS and possibly to others with severe neuromuscular disabilities.

Le traitement des émotions joue un rôle essentiel dans les relations interpersonnelles. Des déficits dans la reconnaissance des émotions évoquées par les expressions faciales et vocales ont été démontrés à la suite d’un traumatisme craniocérébral (TCC). Toutefois, la majorité des études n’ont pas différencié les participants selon le niveau de gravité du TCC et n’ont pas évalué certains préalables essentiels au traitement émotionnel, tels que la capacité à percevoir les caractéristiques faciales et vocales, et par le fait même, la capacité à y porter attention. Aucune étude ne s’est intéressée au traitement des émotions évoquées par les expressions musicales, alors que la musique est utilisée comme méthode d’intervention afin de répondre à des besoins de prise en charge comportementale, cognitive ou affective chez des personnes présentant des atteintes neurologiques. Ainsi, on ignore si les effets positifs de l’intervention musicale sont basés sur la préservation de la reconnaissance de certaines catégories d’émotions évoquées par les expressions musicales à la suite d’un TCC. La première étude de cette thèse a évalué la reconnaissance des émotions de base (joie, tristesse, peur) évoquées par les expressions faciales, vocales et musicales chez quarante et un adultes (10 TCC modéré-sévère, 9 TCC léger complexe, 11 TCC léger simple et 11 témoins), à partir de tâches expérimentales et de tâches perceptuelles contrôles. Les résultats suggèrent un déficit de la reconnaissance de la peur évoquée par les expressions faciales à la suite d’un TCC modéré-sévère et d’un TCC léger complexe, comparativement aux personnes avec un TCC léger simple et sans TCC. Le déficit n’est pas expliqué par un trouble perceptuel sous-jacent. Les résultats montrent de plus une préservation de la reconnaissance des émotions évoquées par les expressions vocales et musicales à la suite d’un TCC, indépendamment du niveau de gravité. Enfin, malgré une dissociation observée entre les performances aux tâches de reconnaissance des émotions évoquées par les modalités visuelle et auditive, aucune corrélation n’a été trouvée entre les expressions vocales et musicales. La deuxième étude a mesuré les ondes cérébrales précoces (N1, N170) et plus tardives (N2) de vingt-cinq adultes (10 TCC léger simple, 1 TCC léger complexe, 3 TCC modéré-sévère et 11 témoins), pendant la présentation d’expressions faciales évoquant la peur, la neutralité et la joie. Les résultats suggèrent des altérations dans le traitement attentionnel précoce à la suite d’un TCC, qui amenuisent le traitement ultérieur de la peur évoquée par les expressions faciales. En somme, les conclusions de cette thèse affinent notre compréhension du traitement des émotions évoquées par les expressions faciales, vocales et musicales à la suite d’un TCC selon le niveau de gravité. Les résultats permettent également de mieux saisir les origines des déficits du traitement des émotions évoquées par les expressions faciales à la suite d’un TCC, lesquels semblent secondaires à des altérations attentionnelles précoces. Cette thèse pourrait contribuer au développement éventuel d’interventions axées sur les émotions à la suite d’un TCC. / Emotional processing plays a crucial role in social interactions. Deficits in recognizing emotions from facial and vocal expressions have been established following a traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, most studies did not look at the effect of TBI severity and did not evaluate essential prerequisites to efficiently recognize emotions, such as the ability to perceive facial and vocal features, and thereby, the ability to pay attention to them. No study has looked at emotional recognition from musical expressions following TBI, whereas musical intervention can be used to address behavioral, cognitive and affective issues in neurological populations. Thus, it is unknown whether therapeutic effects could be based on the preservation of emotional recognition from musical expressions following TBI. The first study assessed recognition of basic emotions (happiness, sadness, fear) from dynamic facial, vocal and musical expressions in forty-one adults (10 moderate-severe TBI 9 complicated mild TBI, 11 uncomplicated mild TBI and 11 healthy controls), who were administered experimental and perceptual control tasks. Findings indicate impairment in fearful facial expressions recognition following moderate-severe TBI and complicated mild TBI, as compared to adults having sustained an uncomplicated mild TBI and healthy controls. Impairment is not explained by a perceptual disorder. Results also show that emotional recognition from vocal and musical expressions is preserved following TBI, irrespective of severity. Despite a dissociation observed between performance of emotional recognition tasks from visual and auditory modalities, no relationship was found between vocal and musical expressions. The second study measured early (N1, N170) and later (N2) neural information processing underlying emotional recognition from facial expressions in twenty-five adults (10 uncomplicated mild TBI, 1 complicated mild TBI, 3 moderate-severe TBI and 11 healthy controls) during presentation of fearful, neutral and happy facial expressions. Findings indicate reduced early attentional processing following TBI, which impede higher-level cognitive stage enabling discrimination of fearful facial expressions. In sum, this thesis contributes to further improve our comprehension of emotional recognition from facial, vocal and musical expressions following TBI, according to injury severity. It also contributes to understand mechanisms underlying affected emotional recognition from facial expressions, which seem to arise as a consequence of reduced early attentional processing following TBI. This thesis could help to eventually refine interventions for emotional processing following a TBI.

Personen mit Morbus Parkinson (MP) erleben Herausforderungen beim Erinnern, Planen und Ausführen täglicher Abläufe, die über motorische Symptome hinausgehen. Störungen in der Verarbeitung von Alltagsereignissen könnten eine zentrale Rolle spielen, jedoch sind potentielle Defizite und neuronale Mechanismen unzureichend untersucht. In Studie 1 untersuchten wir das Segmentierungsverhalten während der Betrachtung von naturalistischen Filmen und dessen Beziehung zum Ereignisgedächtnis. Die Ergebnisse zeigten Abweichungen im Segmentierungsverhalten bei MP, wobei größere Abweichungen mit mehr Fehlern im Gedächtnisabruf der zeitlichen Ereignisabfolge einhergingen. Darüber hinaus weisen wenige Verhaltensstudien auf eine gestörte zeitliche Ereignisverarbeitung bei MP hin, aber zugrundeliegende Mechanismen wurden selten untersucht. Resultate zur Struktur und zum Abruf von Ereigniswissen im Langzeitgedächtnis sind uneindeutig. In Studie 2 analysierten wir daher Verhaltensleistungen und ereigniskorrelierte Potenziale (ERPs) als Reaktion auf zeitliche und inhaltliche Verletzungen in Ereignissequenzen. Personen mit MP zeigten höhere Fehlerraten und verlangsamte Reaktionszeiten in Antwort auf zeitliche Ereignisfehler im Vergleich zu Kontrollprobanden. Neurophysiologisch deutete ein vorzeitiger Latenzbeginn der „late posivitive component“ (LPC) in Reaktion auf die zeitlichen Ereignisfehler bei MP darauf hin, dass diese unerwartet waren und hohe neuronale Ressourcen zur Verarbeitung erforderten. Bei inhaltlichen Verletzungen zeigten Kontrollprobanden einen N400-Effekt, der auf eine semantische Mismatch-Reaktion zwischen dem fehlerhaften Ereignis und Ereignismodell hinwies. Dieser Effekt fehlte bei der MP-Gruppe, was auf Beeinträchtigungen beim Abruf strukturierter Ereignisrepräsentationen hindeutet. Kombiniert belegen die Ergebnisse eine beeinträchtigte Alltagsereignisverarbeitung bei MP mit möglichen Auswirkungen auf Verhaltensdefizite in alltäglichen Routinen. / Persons with Parkinson’s disease (PD) encounter challenges in remembering, planning, and executing daily routines. Beyond the typical motor symptoms, impairments in processing everyday events could play an essential role in this context. However, deficits and associated underlying neuronal mechanisms of event processing in PD have hardly been investigated. In Study 1, we examined the segmentation behavior during naturalistic movie viewing (i.e., event segmentation) and its relation to event memory in PD, as respective impairments can be expected due to dysfunctions in dopaminergic striatal-cortical networks. Results showed that persons with PD deviated from healthy controls' segmentation patterns and that the more the segmentation differed from the normative pattern, the more errors persons with PD made in recalling the temporal order of the perceived events. Further, some behavioral studies suggest impaired temporal event processing in PD, but underlying mechanisms are rarely examined. Findings on long-term event knowledge are so far inconclusive. Thus, in Study 2, we analyzed behavioral performance and event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to temporally and content-related violated event sequences. Persons with PD exhibited less accurate performance and slowed reaction times to temporal violations compared to controls. On the neurophysiological level, persons with PD expressed a premature latency onset of the late positive component (LPC) upon temporal violations compared to controls suggesting that temporal errors were highly unexpected, demanding high neuronal resources to process in PD. In response to content violations, controls expressed a N400 indicating a semantic mismatch reaction between the erroneous event and the event model, which was absent in the PD group, suggesting impaired retrieval and disorganized event representations. Combined findings highlight impaired event processing in PD, shedding light on behavioral deficits in daily routines.