京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13363号 / 論医博第2205号 / 新制||医||1045(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 妹尾 浩, 教授 今中 雄一, 教授 川上 浩司 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Colorectal rectal cancer (CRC) is the 3rd most common cancer in men, the 2nd most common cancer in women, and the 4th leading cause of cancer death. Lack of screening or delayed screening for CRC is the major cause of undiagnosed cancers that become malignant and eventually become fatal. Nurses at the project site are not in compliance with CRC screening guidelines due to inadequate knowledge of the screening guidelines recommended by the American Cancer Society, which creates a gap in practice. The purpose of this project was to develop staff education on CRC screening guidelines. The practice focused question addressed if evidence-based education regarding CRC screening could be an effective means for nurse education, according to a panel of local experts. A pre-test evaluation of knowledge regarding CRC screening was administered to nursing staff from the site. The John Hopkins evidence-based practice model guided the development of the staff education program, using the results of the pre-test, evidence-based practice literature and guidelines. The project team, consisting of a physician and medical support staff, evaluated the education program, plan for delivery, and plan for evaluation of learning through an anonymous Likert-style evaluation survey. The 3 team members also completed program evaluation surveys, and 100% agreed or strongly agreed that the program objectives were met. The project was limited to planning only and the education program materials, along with plans for later implementation and evaluation of learning through pre- and post-tests, were handed over to the project site for delivery at a later date. The CRC screening education will become part of the yearly staff competencies, leading to appropriate screening of the site’s patient population. This education project has the potential to promote positive social change by saving lives and improving the quality of those lives.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6806.pdf: 1028620 bytes, checksum: 41bb5ec0a2835381dc30bf0108926d15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Virtual reality (VR) has been considered an important tool for rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy (CP). Nevertheless, although there is some evidence about its positive effects in rehabilitation by means of existent systematic reviews, its important to investigate the methodological quality of these reviews, providing an update and also enabling practice based on evidence. Thus we developed the Study 1, with the objective of synthetize in a descriptive way the results of the existent studies and evaluate the methodological quality of the existent systematic reviews which employed VR as a tool in the rehabilitation of children with CP. The results of this first study allow us to identify the lack of primary studies in the evaluated reviews presenting a good level of evidence as well as an adequate methodological design. Moreover, the use of reliable outcome measures such as the quantitative measure of postural oscillation by means of force plate and validated scales and questionnaires might help in a reliable investigation of the effects of VR in rehabilitation of CP children. Thus, taking into account the lack of studies with good levels of evidence about the effects of the use of VR in rehabilitation, we developed the Study 2 with the aim of evaluate the effects of an intervention using VR in children with CP on their levels of postural oscillation, gross motor function and assiduousness to the therapy. Methods: In the Study 1 we searched the databases PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs, Scielo, PEDro and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews using the following keywords: child, children, virtual reality , videogame system and cerebral palsy . We selected 5 studies which meet the inclusion criteria and evaluated it using the Overview Quality Assessment Questionnaire. Study 2 was a randomized controlled trial with longitudinal design and clinical purposes. Fifteen children with CP (10±3 years) with levels I and II of Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), regularly inserted in physical therapy programs participated in the study. We did not include children with deficits that could compromise their performance in the proposed activities in virtual environment. The sample was shared in two groups by chance: Intervention Group (IG=7) and Control Group (CG=8). GI was submitted to a VR intervention protocol using an active videogame (Xbox 360º Kinect) which lasted 8 weeks with 45 sessions twice a week. CG was instructed to keep their traditional rehabilitation activities. We used four games with demands of balance, motor coordination, jumps, squats and latero-lateral weight shifts. All the children were evaluated in the beginning and after the end of the intervention protocol using the force platform and the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) in the dimensions D and E. The analyzed variables in force platform were total oscillation of the center of pressure (TO of CoP), medio-lateral and antero-posterior amplitude of CoP displacement (ML and AP Amp of CoP), area and velocity of CoP oscillation (Vel of CoP). We calculated the clinically significant changes in GMFM (> 1%) and assiduousness to the therapy. Statistical analysis was conducted using MANOVA with repeated measures to verify differences between the groups before and after the intervention protocol to postural oscillation and Wilcoxon test to verify differences between before and after the intervention to variables of GMFM. Results: Study 1: Primary studies of the reviews were published between 1995 and 2011. The most used databases were CINAHL, EMBASE e PEDro. The most used instrument to evaluate quality of the reviews was American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine. The main used equipment was Mandala Gesture XTreme e Rehabilitation Exercise System. The quality assessment of the reviews have showed one study with minimums methodological failures, three studies with small ones and one paper presented small defects. Study 2: We observed a significant difference pre and post intervention. We only verified clinically significant changes in the dimensions D and E of GMFM for the IG. All participants in GI completed the eight weeks of intervention with an assiduousness of 85,1% ±8,7%. We did not find significant differences for the force platform variables related to postural oscillation. Conclusions: Study 1: VR has been widely employed in the rehabilitation of children with CP. We identified a growing trend in the interest for this issue in literature. Although we have found systematic reviews with good methodological quality, the level of evidence of the primary studies was low. Study 2: Rehabilitation using VR by means of videogame was able to improve gross motor function in children with CP levels I and II of GMFCS and also keep high levels of assiduousness to therapy. However, we could not find similar results in the patterns of postural oscillation. These results enable us to use VR as an adjuvant therapy in physical rehabilitation of children with CP. / A realidade virtual (RV) tem se destacado como ferramenta de reabilitação para crianças com Paralisia Cerebral (PC). Entretanto, embora haja evidências sobre o seu efeito, é importante investigar a qualidade das revisões sistemáticas produzidas, atualizando o conhecimento e viabilizando a prática baseada em evidência. A partir dessa necessidade foi desenvolvido o Estudo I com objetivo de sintetizar os resultados dos estudos de forma descritiva e avaliar a qualidade metodológica das revisões sistemáticas que utilizaram a RV como ferramenta na reabilitação para crianças com PC. A partir desse estudo foi identificado que uma das lacunas sobre os efeitos da terapia baseada em RV relaciona-se ao baixo nível de evidencia dos estudos primários e a necessidade de um forte delineamento metodológico. Ainda, medidas de desfecho confiáveis, como a avaliação das oscilações corporais em plataforma de força e escalas funcionais de avaliação, podem auxiliar na busca por efeitos da reabilitação por RV. Em vista do exposto, foi desenvolvido o Estudo II com objetivo de avaliar o efeito da intervenção com RV na oscilação corporal e função motora grossa de crianças com PC. Métodos: No Estudo I, as bases de dados pesquisadas foram PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs, Scielo, PEDro e Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews com os seguintes termos: child, children, virtual reality , videogame system e cerebral palsy . Cinco artigos foram selecionados e avaliados segundo o Overview Quality Assessment Questionnaire. O Estudo II foi um ensaio clinico randomizado e controlado, com avaliador cego, de caráter longitudinal e com objetivos clínicos. Quinze crianças com PC (10±3 anos) níveis I e II de Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), frequentando regularmente reabilitação fisioterapêutica participaram deste estudo. Não foram incluídas crianças com quaisquer déficits potencialmente limitantes ao desempenho das atividades propostas em ambiente virtual. A amostra foi estabelecida ao acaso em grupo intervenção (GI: n = 7) e grupo controle (GC: n = 8). As crianças do GI passaram por intervenção com RV utilizando um videogame ativo (Xbox 360º Kinect), por um período de oito semanas, duas vezes por semana durante 45 minutos. As crianças do GC foram instruídas a continuar em suas atividades de reabilitação convencionais. Foram utilizados quatro jogos com demandas de equilíbrio, coordenação motora, saltos, agachamentos e deslocamento lateral do corpo. Todas as crianças foram avaliadas em plataforma de força (Bertec portátil FP4060-05) para aquisição das variáveis: Oscilação Total, Amplitude de Deslocamento, Área de Oscilação e Velocidade Média de Oscilação do centro de pressão (CoP) e por meio da Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) nas dimensões D (em pé) e E (andar, correr e pular) no início e após o término da intervenção. Foram calculadas as alterações clinicamente significativas da GMFM (> 1%) e a frequência à terapia durante a intervenção. Para o cálculo estatístico foi utilizada a MANOVA com medidas repetidas para verificar as diferenças entre os grupos antes e após o período de intervenção para as oscilações corporais e o teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon para verificar a diferença entre Pré e Pós intervenção nas dimensões do GMFM. Resultados: Estudo I: O período de publicação dos estudos primários foi de 1995 a 2011. As bases mais utilizadas foram CINAHL, EMBASE e PEDro. O instrumento mais utilizado para avaliação da qualidade foi American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine. Os principais equipamentos utilizados foram Mandala Gesture XTreme e Rehabilitation Exercise System. Quanto à avaliação da qualidade, um artigo demonstrou mínimas falhas. Pequenas falhas são apontadas em três artigos e pequenos defeitos em um artigo. Estudo II: Para o GMFM houve diferença significativa na análise intragrupo considerando Pré e Pós intervenção nas dimensões D e E. Foram identificadas alterações clinicamente significativas para ambas as dimensões do GMFM somente no GI. Todos os participantes GI completaram as oito semanas de reabilitação com uma frequência à terapia de 85,1% ±8,7%. Não foram identificadas diferenças significativas para as variáveis referentes à oscilação corporal. Conclusões: Estudo I: A realidade virtual é utilizada na reabilitação de crianças com paralisia cerebral e uma tendência crescente no interesse em estudar tal ferramenta foi identificada. Os estudos primários possuem baixo nível de evidencia, no entanto, nas revisões sistemáticas foram identificadas mínimas falhas, sugerindo a boa qualidade de seu delineamento. Estudo II: A intervenção baseada em RV por meio de um videogame ativo é capaz de melhorar a função motora grossa de crianças com PC, níveis de GMFCS I e II. Entretanto, não foi capaz de melhorar as variáveis relativas à oscilação corporal nessa população. A partir de tais conhecimentos, é possível viabilizar a utilização clínica da RV como coadjuvante na reabilitação de crianças com PC, preenchendo lacunas da literatura a respeito da qualidade das evidencias, do efeito da intervenção na oscilação corporal e na função motora grossa.

Purpose. The purpose of this dissertation is to understand the state of recommended practice for sedation interruptions (SI) and to discover factors that hinder or facilitate critical care nurses’ use in practice. To garner insight about why this evidence-informed intervention is not being used as recommended to improve mechanically ventilated patient outcomes. Methods. A series of studies using a multi-methods design and guided by the Knowledge to Action Framework: study 1) a systematic review and critical appraisal examined the quality and reporting of all available guidelines and care bundles with recommendations related to SI for mechanically ventilated adults in critical care; study 2) a needs assessment included an environmental scan of the study site and gap-analysis using a retrospective chart audit to measure the nature and magnitude of the evidence-practice gap; study 3) a descriptive qualitative study used semi-structured theory-based interviews to deepen our understanding of the determinants that influence SI use in preparation for a future implementation study. Findings. Study 1 included 11 guidelines and care bundles with 15 recommendations about SI. Deficiencies in the methodological quality of the current guidelines and care bundles may impact overall credibility and applicability of the recommendations, though SI is currently recommended best-practice. Study 2 confirmed the existence of an evidence-practice gap related to SI and affirmed the need to discover barriers and drivers to best practice implementation (study 3). We identified nine facilitators and 20 barriers to SI use by nurses. Facilitators were associated with the innovation (e.g., the importance of protocols) and the potential adopters (e.g., SI are specific to the nurse's role). The barriers were associated with the potential adopters (e.g., nurses’ knowledge gaps and variable goals of SI) and the practice environment (e.g., lack of availability of extra staff and multidisciplinary rounds). Conclusion. Before adequately implementing SI and evaluating uptake by nurses, we need to address modifications to existing guidelines and recommendations, even though SI is considered best practice. A theory-informed implementation study can further activate the use of SI for mechanically ventilated adults in critical care.

Les troubles douloureux de l’épaule (TDE) affectent jusqu’à 55% de la population générale et sont souvent difficiles à traiter. L’objectif de cette thèse était de développer une intervention de mobilisation des connaissances permettant d’implanter les recommandations de guides de pratique clinique (GPC) couvrant la prise en charge des TDE. Pour ce faire, un processus basé sur le cadre conceptuel Knowledge-to-Action a été utilisé. D’abord, une revue systématique des recommandations des GPC à implanter pour améliorer la prise en charge des TDE a été effectuée. Puis, les écarts dans la pratique des cliniciens ont été identifiés à l’aide d’un sondage documentant la prise en charge des TDE ainsi qu’une étude évaluant la concordance entre les physiothérapeutes et les orthopédistes au niveau du diagnostic et de la prise en charge des TDE. Ensuite, les déterminants à l’implantation des recommandations des GPC ont été identifiés en procédant à deux études qualitatives ciblant les expériences et les attentes des patients vivant avec un TDE, puis les barrières et facilitateurs à l’implantation des recommandations des GPC identifiés par les cliniciens. Enfin, l’utilisation du Behaviour Change Wheel et des déterminants ont permis d’identifier des stratégies visant à implanter les recommandations de GPC sur la prise en charge des TDE en première ligne de soins. La revue systématique des GPC a permis de déterminer qu’initialement, les TDE ne requièrent généralement pas d’imagerie médicale et de référence à un médecin spécialiste, mais qu’un programme de réadaptation actif est requis. Selon les résultats du sondage, les médecins de famille (n=76) ont recommandé plus d’imagerie que les physiothérapeutes (n=175). Jusqu’à deux physiothérapeutes sur trois ont sélectionné des traitements non recommandés par les GPC. Les résultats de l’étude de concordance démontrent que l’accord entre physiothérapeutes et orthopédistes était bon au niveau du diagnostic et modéré au niveau du triage des candidats chirurgicaux. Les patients souffrant de TDE interrogés (n=13) ont mentionné, dans la première étude qualitative, avoir attendu que leur douleur soit incapacitante avant de consulter un professionnel. Ces participants s’attendaient alors à recevoir un diagnostic clair et à être référés pour des tests d’imagerie. Finalement, ils espéraient recevoir des explications complètes et se voir proposer des options pertinentes de traitements. Les 19 physiothérapeutes et 16 médecins de famille interrogés dans la deuxième étude qualitative ont indiqué comme barrières à l’utilisation des recommandations des GPC : le manque de connaissances, le manque d’habileté à réaliser une évaluation clinique de l’épaule et la crainte de ne pas détecter une pathologie grave, si présente, sans un test d’imagerie. Le temps insuffisant de consultation avec les patients, leurs attentes et le manque d’accès à certains soins ont aussi été indiqués comme des barrières. Les principales stratégies identifiées suivant ces études incluent donc des interventions éducatives, la préparation de champions cliniques et la création d’équipes cliniques interdisciplinaires. À l’aide de ces stratégies, l’implantation pilote de l’intervention sera réalisée dans des groupes de médecine familiale. L’impact potentiellement bénéfique de cette implantation pourrait, à terme, améliorer la prise en charge des patients atteints de TDE. / Shoulder pain is a common and difficult to manage condition that can affect up to 55% of the general population. To optimize shoulder pain management in primary care, the main objective of this thesis was to develop a knowledge mobilization intervention to implement the recommendations from clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) covering the management of different shoulder disorders. A knowledge mobilization process based on four steps of the Knowledge-to-Action framework was used in this thesis. First, a systematic review of CPGs was performed to identify recommendations to be implemented for improving shoulder pain management in primary care. Then, the evidence-practice gaps were assessed using a survey documenting family physicians and physiotherapists shoulder pain management as well as in a study evaluating the concordance between physiotherapists and orthopedists for shoulder pain diagnosis and management. The determinants influencing CPGs recommendations’ implementation were identified by conducting two qualitative studies. The first study explored the experiences and expectations of patients living with shoulder pain and the second aimed to interview clinicians for identifying barriers and facilitators to the implementation of CPGs recommendations. Finally, based on the identified determinants and using the Behaviour Change Wheel method, we identified strategies for implementing CPGs recommendations covering the management of shoulder pain in primary care. Based on the systematic review of shoulder CPGs, we identified that shoulder pain generally does not initially require diagnostic imaging and referral to a medical musculoskeletal specialist, but that an active rehabilitation program is required. According to the survey results, family physicians (n=76) recommended more imaging than physiotherapists (n=175) for rotator cuff tendinopathy and adhesive capsulitis, although this is not indicated. Up to two out of three physiotherapists selected treatments not recommended by CPGs in the management of shoulder pain. The results of the concordance study showed that the agreement between physiotherapists and orthopedists was good in terms of diagnosis and moderate in terms of triage of surgical candidates. Patients (n=13) interviewed in the first qualitative study reported waiting until their shoulder pain was disabling before seeing a family physician or a physiotherapist. Participants expected a clear diagnosis and imaging tests to explain their shoulder pain. They also wished to receive clear and thorough explanations and relevant treatment options. The 19 physiotherapists and 16 family physicians that participated in focus groups indicated as barriers to the use of CPGs recommendations: lack of knowledge, poor skills in performing a clinical evaluation and fear of not identifying a serious pathology without medical imaging. Patients’ expectations, insufficient consultation time with patients and lack of patients’ access to certain care, such as rehabilitation treatments were also identified as barriers. The main strategies identified following these studies therefore include educational interventions, the preparation of clinical champions and the creation of interdisciplinary clinical teams. Using these strategies, pilot implementation of the intervention will be carried out in family medicine groups. The potentially beneficial impact of this implantation could ultimately improve the management of patients with shoulder pain in primary care.