<p>n this dissertation a comparison of two evolutionary methods for evolving ANNs for robot control is made. The methods compared are SANE with enforced sub-population and delta-coding, and marker-based encoding. In an attempt to speed up evolution, marker-based encoding is extended with delta-coding. The task selected for comparison is the hunter-prey task. This task requires the robot controller to posess some form of memory as the prey can move out of sensor range. Incremental evolution is used to evolve the complex behaviour that is required to successfully handle this task. The comparison is based on computational power needed for evolution, and complexity, robustness, and generalisation of the resulting ANNs. The results show that marker-based encoding is the most efficient method tested and does not need delta-coding to increase the speed of evolution process. Additionally the results indicate that delta-coding does not increase the speed of evolution with marker-based encoding.</p>

Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-17T14:25:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Jollan Cardim Rocha.pdf: 10417144 bytes, checksum: eb23a35f55f00c56af4a72793fa141e6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-18T11:44:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Jollan Cardim Rocha.pdf: 10417144 bytes, checksum: eb23a35f55f00c56af4a72793fa141e6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-18T11:44:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Jollan Cardim Rocha.pdf: 10417144 bytes, checksum: eb23a35f55f00c56af4a72793fa141e6 (MD5) / CAPES / No distrito mineiro de Huanuni se encontra a mais importante mina de estanho do país, com aproximadamente 4500 trabalhadores mineiros. Esse estudo buscou analisar a relação dos trabalhadores mineiros de Huanuni com o governo Evo Morales entre os anos 2006 e 2014, com o objetivo de investigar as contradições, conflitos, tensões, dilemas, acordos, negociações, integração e enfrentamentos que envolveram esta complexa relação. Os mineiros de Huanuni, a partir de uma acumulação histórica prévia, recriadas através de uma memória coletiva, presenciaram na última década uma recuperação paulatina do seu protagonismo capaz de projetar-se novamente na vida política nacional. Este processo de recuperação ou revitalização coincide com a chegada à presidência do país, em janeiro de 2006, do dirigente sindical camponês, Evo Morales. A revitalização política e sindical dos trabalhadores mineiros de Huanuni se articulou com a retomada das lutas sociais e populares na Bolívia, a partir dos anos 2000. Estas rebeliões populares se deram em torno à distintas demandas, como a nacionalização dos recursos naturais, a luta contra a privatização da água e a nacionalização das minas. Os conflitos protagonizados pelos trabalhadores mineiros de Huanuni foram uma fonte permanente de instabilidade política e social durante o governo Evo Morales. A partir de 2006, os mineiros de Huanuni e o sindicato se tornaram uma importante referência política e sindical para o conjunto do movimento operário boliviano. Para realizar a pesquisa nos apoiamos em um conjunto de técnicas e métodos, como a análise documental, revisão bibliográfica, observação direta, entrevistas semiestruturadas e a utilização de material iconográfico e áudio visual. Nossa hipótese é de que a experiência dos trabalhadores mineiros com o estado e os governos ao longo do século XX, expressadas em uma memória histórica e coletiva incide diretamente na relação entre os trabalhadores mineiros de Huanuni e o governo Evo Morales. A memória, a história e as tradições, reforçaram entre os mineiros de Huanuni, velhas identidades, crenças, costumes e práticas políticas e sindicais que pareciam ter desaparecido. Essas “tensões dialéticas” explicam em grande medida, a conflituosa relação dos mineiros de Huanuni com o Governo Evo Morales, que se caracterizou, em alguns momentos, por uma aproximação e integração, em outros, pelo afastamento e a resistência a incorporar-se ao governo e ao Processo de Cambio. In the mining district of Huanuni is located the most important tin mine in the country with approximately 4,500 miners. This study investigated the relationship of the Huanuni miners with Evo Morales' government between 2006 and 2014. It analyzed contradictions, conflicts, tensions, dilemmas, agreements, negotiations, co-optation and confrontations involving this complex relation. The Huanuni miners witnessed a gradual recuperation of their lidership in the last decade that was able to protude them again in the national political scene. From a previous historical accumulation, they recreated these rememberance through a collective memory. This process of recovery or revival coincides with the arrival of a peasant union leader, Evo Morales, to the presidency of the country in January 2006. The political and trade union revitalization of Huanuni miners has been linked to the resurrection of social and popular struggles in Bolivia, from the 2000s, around of the different popular demands as the nationalization of natural resources, the struggle against water privatization and the nationalization of mines. The conflicts leaderd by the Huanuni miners were a permanent source of political instability during the Evo Morales' government. Since 2006, the Huanuni miners workers and the trade union have become an important political reference for the whole Bolivian labor's movement. Therefore, this research is supported of a set of techniques and methods, such as documental analysis, literature review, direct observation, semi-structured interviews and the use of iconographic and audio visual material. The hypothesis of this study is that the experience of the miners workers with State and governments through the twentieth century directly affects the relationship between Huanuni miners workers and Evo Morales' government that is expressed in a historical and collective memory of the miners. Memory, history and traditions, reinforced between Huanuni miners old identities, beliefs, customs and political and union trade practices that seemed to have disappeared. These "dialectical tensions" largely explain the tense and conflictual relationship between the miners workers and Evo Morales' government. Sometimes this relationship had been characterized by an approach and integration, sometimes for distance and resistance to be incorporated into the government.

Submitted by Mendes Eduardo (dasilva@ufba.br) on 2013-07-18T09:49:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Wellington.pdf: 3714522 bytes, checksum: 840c610f1ad6fef2f736981fb10b926a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vilma Conceição (vilmagc@ufba.br) on 2014-02-06T14:15:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Wellington.pdf: 3714522 bytes, checksum: 840c610f1ad6fef2f736981fb10b926a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-06T14:15:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Wellington.pdf: 3714522 bytes, checksum: 840c610f1ad6fef2f736981fb10b926a (MD5) / Fapesb / Este artigo relata os resultados de uma análise de conteúdo comparativa de três livros didáticos de biologia evolutiva e três livros didáticos de zoologia de vertebrados, muitos adotados em ementas de cursos de formação superior de biologia de diversas universidades de países de línguas latinas e anglo-saxônicas. Através de uma análise documental quali-quantitativa dos livros didáticos, realizada através de metodologia de análise de conteúdo, empreendemos uma investigação sobre a abordagem e recontextualização de conteúdos relativos à biologia evolutiva do desenvolvimento (evo-devo) e ao pluralismo de processos presentes nos livros selecionados. Com base nesta investigação, buscamos responder à seguinte pergunta: em que medida e de que maneira os referidos conteúdos, relacionados a avanços importantes que tiveram lugar na biologia evolutiva das últimas duas décadas, estão sendo recontextualizados em livros didáticos de evolução e nas discussões sobre evolução presentes em livros didáticos de zoologia de vertebrados? Os achados deste estudo indicam que os livros de evolução se encontram ainda em uma fase inicial de recontextualização dos conteúdos relativos ao pluralismo de processos e, assim, ao que tem sido denominada a síntese estendida no campo da biologia evolutiva. Contudo, eles se encontram em um estágio mais avançado de recontextualização que os livros de zoologia de vertebrados analisados, nos quais foi observada uma diversidade substancialmente menor de mecanismos evolutivos, com uma grande ênfase apenas sobre a seleção natural. Estes achados não são surpreendentes, uma vez que a idéia de uma síntese estendida ainda não está bem estabelecida na própria biologia evolutiva. No que diz respeito aos conteúdos relativos à evo-devo, foi constatado um nível mais significativo de recontextualização nos livros didáticos de ambos os campos de estudo, o que mostra que ao menos parte do conteúdo da chamada síntese estendida já alcançou o ensino superior de biologia. / Salvador

Esta pesquisa trata da política externa da Bolívia, no período de 2006 a 2014, e de suas consequências para o apoio dos grupos de interesse do país ao partido governista nas eleições presidenciais de 2009 e de 2014. O texto aborda três temas da política externa boliviana: as nacionalizações de recursos naturais e serviços, a defesa do uso tradicional da folha de coca e a reivindicação marítima. Quanto aos grupos de interesse, o estudo versa sobre os trabalhadores mineiros, os campesinos indígenas e os cocaleiros. Analisa-se como o governo tratou os três temas de política externa para responder à seguinte questão: em que medida os interesses e preferências dos cocaleiros, dos campesinos indígenas e dos trabalhadores mineiros afetaram as ações do governo de Evo Morales nas nacionalizações dos recursos naturais e serviços, na defesa do direito ao cultivo da folha de coca e na reivindicação de um acesso soberano para o Oceano Pacífico no período de 2006 a 2014? A hipótese é de que as ações foram afetadas na medida em que o governo procurou alinhar tais ações com as preferências dos grupos de interesse como forma de atender seus próprios propósitos eleitorais, pois almejava os votos dos grupos de interesse nas eleições. Utiliza-se a teoria de Helen Milner, que trata das relações entre grupos de interesse e agentes políticos – executivo e legislativo – nas questões de política externa, bem como da relação entre as arenas da política exterior e da política interna. Utiliza-se a metodologia qualitativa e o método de estudo de caso. Concluiu-se que a influência variou de acordo com o tema tratado e com o grupo de interesse, alterando-se também entre uma eleição e outra. / This thesis deals with Bolivia's foreign policy from 2006 to 2014 and about the consequences for the support of interest groups to the ruling party in the presidential elections of 2009 and 2014. The text addresses three themes of Bolivia's foreign policy: nationalization of natural resources and services, protection of the traditional use of the coca leaf and the maritime claim. As for interest groups, the study deals with the miners, indigenous peasants and coca producers. It analyzes how the government treated the three foreign policy themes to answer: to what extent the interests and preferences of coca producers, indigenous and peasant miners affected the actions of the Evo Morales government in the nationalization of natural resources and services, in defense of the right to the cultivation of coca leaf and claim a sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean, from 2006 to 2014? The hypothesis is that the actions were affected in the extent that the government sought to align these actions to the preferences of interest groups in order to meet their own electoral purposes because craved the votes of the interest groups in elections. It uses the theory of Helen Milner, which deals with relations between interest groups and political agents - executive and legislative - on foreign policy issues as well as the relationship between the arenas of foreign policy and domestic policy. It uses a qualitative methodology and the case study method. It was concluded that the influence varied with the treaty issue and the interest group, also altering between one election and another.

Esta pesquisa trata da política externa da Bolívia, no período de 2006 a 2014, e de suas consequências para o apoio dos grupos de interesse do país ao partido governista nas eleições presidenciais de 2009 e de 2014. O texto aborda três temas da política externa boliviana: as nacionalizações de recursos naturais e serviços, a defesa do uso tradicional da folha de coca e a reivindicação marítima. Quanto aos grupos de interesse, o estudo versa sobre os trabalhadores mineiros, os campesinos indígenas e os cocaleiros. Analisa-se como o governo tratou os três temas de política externa para responder à seguinte questão: em que medida os interesses e preferências dos cocaleiros, dos campesinos indígenas e dos trabalhadores mineiros afetaram as ações do governo de Evo Morales nas nacionalizações dos recursos naturais e serviços, na defesa do direito ao cultivo da folha de coca e na reivindicação de um acesso soberano para o Oceano Pacífico no período de 2006 a 2014? A hipótese é de que as ações foram afetadas na medida em que o governo procurou alinhar tais ações com as preferências dos grupos de interesse como forma de atender seus próprios propósitos eleitorais, pois almejava os votos dos grupos de interesse nas eleições. Utiliza-se a teoria de Helen Milner, que trata das relações entre grupos de interesse e agentes políticos – executivo e legislativo – nas questões de política externa, bem como da relação entre as arenas da política exterior e da política interna. Utiliza-se a metodologia qualitativa e o método de estudo de caso. Concluiu-se que a influência variou de acordo com o tema tratado e com o grupo de interesse, alterando-se também entre uma eleição e outra. / This thesis deals with Bolivia's foreign policy from 2006 to 2014 and about the consequences for the support of interest groups to the ruling party in the presidential elections of 2009 and 2014. The text addresses three themes of Bolivia's foreign policy: nationalization of natural resources and services, protection of the traditional use of the coca leaf and the maritime claim. As for interest groups, the study deals with the miners, indigenous peasants and coca producers. It analyzes how the government treated the three foreign policy themes to answer: to what extent the interests and preferences of coca producers, indigenous and peasant miners affected the actions of the Evo Morales government in the nationalization of natural resources and services, in defense of the right to the cultivation of coca leaf and claim a sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean, from 2006 to 2014? The hypothesis is that the actions were affected in the extent that the government sought to align these actions to the preferences of interest groups in order to meet their own electoral purposes because craved the votes of the interest groups in elections. It uses the theory of Helen Milner, which deals with relations between interest groups and political agents - executive and legislative - on foreign policy issues as well as the relationship between the arenas of foreign policy and domestic policy. It uses a qualitative methodology and the case study method. It was concluded that the influence varied with the treaty issue and the interest group, also altering between one election and another.

n this dissertation a comparison of two evolutionary methods for evolving ANNs for robot control is made. The methods compared are SANE with enforced sub-population and delta-coding, and marker-based encoding. In an attempt to speed up evolution, marker-based encoding is extended with delta-coding. The task selected for comparison is the hunter-prey task. This task requires the robot controller to posess some form of memory as the prey can move out of sensor range. Incremental evolution is used to evolve the complex behaviour that is required to successfully handle this task. The comparison is based on computational power needed for evolution, and complexity, robustness, and generalisation of the resulting ANNs. The results show that marker-based encoding is the most efficient method tested and does not need delta-coding to increase the speed of evolution process. Additionally the results indicate that delta-coding does not increase the speed of evolution with marker-based encoding.

Esta pesquisa trata da política externa da Bolívia, no período de 2006 a 2014, e de suas consequências para o apoio dos grupos de interesse do país ao partido governista nas eleições presidenciais de 2009 e de 2014. O texto aborda três temas da política externa boliviana: as nacionalizações de recursos naturais e serviços, a defesa do uso tradicional da folha de coca e a reivindicação marítima. Quanto aos grupos de interesse, o estudo versa sobre os trabalhadores mineiros, os campesinos indígenas e os cocaleiros. Analisa-se como o governo tratou os três temas de política externa para responder à seguinte questão: em que medida os interesses e preferências dos cocaleiros, dos campesinos indígenas e dos trabalhadores mineiros afetaram as ações do governo de Evo Morales nas nacionalizações dos recursos naturais e serviços, na defesa do direito ao cultivo da folha de coca e na reivindicação de um acesso soberano para o Oceano Pacífico no período de 2006 a 2014? A hipótese é de que as ações foram afetadas na medida em que o governo procurou alinhar tais ações com as preferências dos grupos de interesse como forma de atender seus próprios propósitos eleitorais, pois almejava os votos dos grupos de interesse nas eleições. Utiliza-se a teoria de Helen Milner, que trata das relações entre grupos de interesse e agentes políticos – executivo e legislativo – nas questões de política externa, bem como da relação entre as arenas da política exterior e da política interna. Utiliza-se a metodologia qualitativa e o método de estudo de caso. Concluiu-se que a influência variou de acordo com o tema tratado e com o grupo de interesse, alterando-se também entre uma eleição e outra. / This thesis deals with Bolivia's foreign policy from 2006 to 2014 and about the consequences for the support of interest groups to the ruling party in the presidential elections of 2009 and 2014. The text addresses three themes of Bolivia's foreign policy: nationalization of natural resources and services, protection of the traditional use of the coca leaf and the maritime claim. As for interest groups, the study deals with the miners, indigenous peasants and coca producers. It analyzes how the government treated the three foreign policy themes to answer: to what extent the interests and preferences of coca producers, indigenous and peasant miners affected the actions of the Evo Morales government in the nationalization of natural resources and services, in defense of the right to the cultivation of coca leaf and claim a sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean, from 2006 to 2014? The hypothesis is that the actions were affected in the extent that the government sought to align these actions to the preferences of interest groups in order to meet their own electoral purposes because craved the votes of the interest groups in elections. It uses the theory of Helen Milner, which deals with relations between interest groups and political agents - executive and legislative - on foreign policy issues as well as the relationship between the arenas of foreign policy and domestic policy. It uses a qualitative methodology and the case study method. It was concluded that the influence varied with the treaty issue and the interest group, also altering between one election and another.

Multiple rounds of whole genome duplication (WGD) have played a pivotal role in the expansion, elaboration, and evolutionary diversification of vertebrate genomes. In addition to sharing two rounds of whole genome duplication with all other vertebrates, a teleost-specific genome duplication (TGD) occurred in the stem of the teleost lineage ~350 million years ago (MYA) and is thus a genomic synapomorphy shared by all ~26,000 extant species. The TGD has variously been implicated in accelerated speciation, evolution of morphological complexity, increased rates of molecular evolution, and the evolution of novelty, and therefore is therefore of significant interest for its impact on teleost evolution and also as a model for understanding the evolutionary patterns and processes which accompany WGDs more generally. Investigation of the TGD has contributed extensively to the general understanding of WGDs however, until the present work, a relatively narrow taxonomic sampling of species within a single teleost subdivision, Clupeocephala, have been investigated. This taxonomic bias has left potentially relevant evolutionary changes to the teleost genome in the immediate wake of the TGD obscured. Due to their deeply branching ancestry, species belonging to the two other major teleost subdivisions, Osteoglossomorpha and Elopomorpha, are well positioned for deeper comparative genomic analyses of the TGD and the accompanying phenomenon of diploidization. The focus of the present work has been to develop the first genomic resources specifically for osteoglossomorphs and to investigate the evolutionary patterns and processes which accompanied diploidization prior the deep divergence of the three extant teleost subdivisions. To this end, I have generated de novo genome and transcriptome data from four osteoglossomorph taxa (Pantodon buchholzi, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum, Chitala ornata, and Gnathonemus petersii) and conducted comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis with other teleosts and pre-TGD vertebrates including the gar Lepisosteus oculeatus. With a focus on Hox and other ANTP class homeobox-containing transcription factor families I provide evidence that speciation of the major teleost subdivisions occurred prior to the termination of the diploidization process following TGD and discuss the evolutionary implications of this model. Beginning with an analysis of the Hox clusters in P. buchholzi I show that divergent resolution of TGD-generated Hox duplicates occurred both at the individual gene level as well as at the level of whole cluster losses. Detailed phylogenetic analyses of the P. buchholzi Hox clusters further revealed that the transition from polyploid alleles to full paralogs during the diploidization process can occur independently in different lineages when speciation rapidly follows WGDs, causing duplicated genes to exhibit a special case of four-way gene homology which I have termed 'tetralogy'. A genome-wide survey of ANTP class homeobox genes in a de novo assembly of the P. buchholzi genome revealed that ancient TGD duplicates of at least 14 subfamilies were preserved uniquely in the P. buchholzi genome and lost from clupeocephalan teleosts. Finally, by comparing the Hox complements in gar and P. buchholzi with three additional osteoglossomorphs I show that the diversity in potential duplicate resolution patterns is also highly variable between osteoglossomorph families. Overall, this work highlights the importance of considering not only the relative timing of gene duplication and speciation in comparative genomic analyses but also their timing relative to diploidization. Going forward, the research community will need to carefully evaluate the effects differences in diploidization rate and pattern, both between lineages and across the genome, have had in influencing the fate of individual gene duplicates as well as upon the macroevolutionary phenomena frequently correlated with WGDs more generally.

Evolution shapes ecosystems but the processes by which this occurs are not well understood. Adaptive change in resource expensive traits may underlie one such process, as evolution altering a species’ resource needs may effect how that species interacts with ecosystem resources. For this, Ecological Stoichiometry (ES) may be a tractable framework, as it simplifies organisms into elemental ratios and then applies mass-balance to predict changes in diet and waste interactions. ES detects variation in resource expensive traits as variation in elemental ratios, and predicts compensation via parallel changes in diet (e.g. high phosphorous individuals consume high phosphorus diets) and/or offsetting changes in waste (e.g. high phosphorous individuals release low phosphorus waste). To test the utility of this framework and improve our understanding of eco-evolutionary dynamics, I studied variation in phenotypic traits, genetics, elemental content and resource interactions within and across natural populations of highly regarded eco-evolutionary model species threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). First, I related heritable variation in phosphorus rich bony traits and genetics commonly under natural selection with variation in elemental content (N:P) to determine the magnitude and basis of intraspecific variation in N:P. Second, I investigated the ecosystem consequences of variation in elemental content by determining whether stickleback compensate through changes in diet choice and excretion rates. I found stickleback vary widely in elemental composition (3.0 – 9.4:1 N:P) which models explained well with four bone related traits: bone mineralization, body size, lateral plating and pelvis size (R2 > 0.52). Additional genetic models linked variation in Eda alleles (which underlie lateral plating) with a 12% shift in stickleback N:P. Stickleback compensated for this variation in N:P demand by altering diet choice rather than excretion rates, and by maximizing dietary inputs through changes in gut morphology. Within and across populations, high phosphorus stickleback consumed a larger proportion of high phosphorus prey and contained longer gastrointestinal tracts that more efficiency process diet resources. These results demonstrate that heritable variation in elemental composition is ecologically relevant with individual traits and genetics having large effects. As individuals compensated by altering resource acquisition rather than release, the direct ecological consequences of evolutionary change in these resource expensive traits is likely larger for food web structure and abundance than nutrient dynamics. / Graduate / 2018-12-19

The diploma thesis is focused on the changes in the political system of Bolivia .after Evo Morales` accession to the power. The aim of this thesis is to investigte the changes of the Bolivian political system and the changes of its character under Morales` rule. The main attention is focused on the changes of the institutional base of the political system, the forms of governance and the character of the Bolivian political representation. The issue is discussed in the frame of the current Latin American left governments.