京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(理学) / 乙第13597号 / 論理博第1582号 / 新制||理||1722(附属図書館) / 東京都立大学理学研究科化学科 / (主査)准教授 Michael Alan Huffman, 教授 松田 一希, 教授 明里 宏文 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

To compare the effect of a standard commercial trace mineral dietary program to low levels of organic minerals on turkey performance, mineral excretion, bone strength, and carcass yield, day-old Hybrid poults (n=1,224) were randomly distributed to one of four treatments with 9 replicates. Experimental treatments consisted of: standard inorganic (SI) with a commercial supplementation program (Mn, Zn, Cu, Se), reduced inorganic (RI) with 10% level of SI, and two organic regimens of Bioplex®/Sel-Plex® (at the same level of RI during period 1 and 2 and at 2/3 of RI for period 3, 4, 5, and 6, or at the same level of RI for entire trial). Body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feed intake (FI) were evaluated and fresh excreta were collected at d 28, 49, 70, 84, 105 and 133. Tibias and femurs were collected at d 49, 84 and 133. Trace mineral concentration in litter and carcass yield were determined at d 133. Overall, there was no significant effect on BW, cumulative BWG, FCR, or FI due to treatments (P < 0.05). The contents of Mn and Zn in excreta and litter were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in Bioplex®/Sel-Plex® or RI diet compared to SI during the study. Cu excretion was significantly reduced at d 84 and 133. Tibias from the SI treatment had increased bone strength at d 49. Carcass yield at processing was significantly improved (P < 0.05) by feeding Bioplex®/Sel-Plex® treatments compared to the SI diet. To investigate the effect of organic or inorganic Zn combined with other trace minerals on turkey performance, immune response, and intestinal development, a 2 by 4 factorial design was utilized with coccidia vaccinated and non-vaccinated and 4 dietary treatments varying in level and source of Zn with Mn, Cu, and Se. A total of 2,376 day-old Hybrid turkeys were assigned to one of the combinations with 9 replicates of each. Dietary treatments consisted of: 1) standard inorganic (SI), Zn (150 ppm) with Mn (165 ppm), Cu (10 ppm), and Se (0.2 ppm); 2) reduced inorganic (RI), Zn, Mn, and Cu at 10% of SI, and Se at 0.2ppm; 3) organic 1 (O1), at the same level of RI; 4) organic 2 (O2), Zn (30 ppm) with the same level of Mn, Cu, and Se as O1. Body weight, BWG, FI and FCR were determined weekly. Bursa, thymus, and spleen were weighed, and duodenum and jejunum were collected at d 7, 14, 28, and 42. Peripheral blood was collected for T-lymphocyte populations on d 21, 28, and 42. Cumulative FI was influenced by vaccination (P=0.003). Cumulative BWG and BW were significantly decreased by vaccination except on d 14. Cumulative BWG increased in poults fed RI compared with those fed O2 (P=0.03). Poults fed O2 had significantly decreased BW when compared with RI after d 28. Cumulative FCR was not affected by diet and vaccination. Vaccination increased spleen weight on d 7 and thymus weight on d 42 (P < 0.05). The birds fed O2 had increased thymus weight when compared with those fed SI at d 7 (P < 0.05). The vaccinated poults had higher numbers of CD4+ T-cells than non-vaccinated birds on d 28 and d 42 (P < 0.05), and an interaction between diet and vaccination was observed (P < 0.05). Compared to non-vaccinated poults, CD4+/CD8+ ratio was significantly increased in vaccinated poults on d 42 (P = 0.0475). The villus height in vaccinated birds was significantly increased in the jejunum (P = 0.0012), but diets did not affect intestinal morphology. In summary, using low levels of organic or inorganic trace minerals is adequate to maintain turkey performance and immune response and decreased trace minerals excretion. / Ph. D.

Introdução: Nas últimas décadas, as infeções fúngicas invasivas por leveduras tornou-se um importante problema de saúde pública, dado sua incidência crescente relacionada ao aumento da população suscetível. O reconhecimento destes patógenos em aspectos como, distribuicão ambiental e caraterísticas fenotípicas, são pilares essenciais para sua vigilância e controle. Objetivo: Descrever a frequência dos agentes de criptococose e outras leveduras com potencial patogênico e comparar essa frequência em excretas de aves silvestres em três municípios do estado de São Paulo, com vistas a melhor conhecimento da distribuição desses agentes no ambiente, além de determinar o perfil de suscetibilidade in vitro a antifúngicos de uso clínico. Método: No período de 2 anos, aves silvestres foram identificadas em áreas de circulação de 3 municípios de São Paulo (Praia Grande, Santos e Rio Claro) e submetidas à coleta de excretas para isolamento de leveduras com potencial patogênico. Análise microscópica e macroscópica para classificação presuntiva de gênero foram realizados em todas as colônias de leveduras obtidas das amostras de excretas. A suscetibilidade dos isolados de leveduras aos antífúngicos: fluconazol, voriconazol e anfotericina B foi determinada segundo método de referência europeu (AFST-EUCAST). Análise de dados: Foi utilizada a regressão de Poisson com a opção robusta para estimar razões de prevalência e identificar variáveis associadas com os principais isolados identificados, com opção de cluster para agrupar os isolados por excreta. Foi avaliado o nível de concordância entre os dois métodos de identificação (fenotípico e MALDI-TOF), utilizando o coeficiente Kappa. Adicionalmente, foi estimada a correlação entre os MIC´s dos fármacos estudados no total de espécies identificadas, utilizando o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Das 294 excretas coletadas, 42,2 por cento continham leveduras, incluindo espécies de Candida 62 por cento , seguido por Rhodotorula 16,4 por cento , Cryptococcus 10,4 por cento , Trichosporon 6,6 por cento e Pichia 2,7 por cento . Muitas espécies, verificadas em alta frequência, tem forte potêncial de causar infecção invasiva, como: C. parapsilosis stricto sensu, C. tropicalis, Clavispora lusitaniae, C. krusei, C. orthopsilosis, C. glabrata, C. laurenti, C. albicans, C. metapsilosis, C. nivariensis e Meyerozyma guilliermondii. A resistência ao fluconazol, voriconazol e anfotericina B ocorreu nesses isolados, sendo documentada uma forte correlação entre a susceptibilidade, principalmente entre os azois (fluconazol e voriconazol), no entanto, a correlação mesmo sendo menor também foi significativa entre esses fármacos e a anfotericina. De 13 espécies de aves silvestres dispersoras de leveduras, as de maior frequência foram: Sula leucogaster 26,2 por cento , Turdus leucomelas 17 por cento , Larus dominicanus 15 por cento , Thalasseus maximus 11,2 por cento , Thalasseus acuflavidus 5,4 por cento , Tangara sayaca 4,4 por cento , Turdus amaurochalinus 3,7 por cento , Sterna hirundinacea e Pitangus sulphuratus 2,7 por cento . Os gêneros identificados apresentaram associações entre local, estação do ano e espécies de aves. Conclusões: Dentre as principais espécies de aves estudadas, 3 eram de hábitos migratórios (Thalasseus maximus, Thalasseus acuflavidus e Sterna hirundinacea) o que permite inferir dispersão interamericana de leveduras patogênicas. Diversas espécies resistentes a antifúngicos foram descritas, pela primeira vez, em excretas de aves silvestres conferindo a este estudo o valor de contribuir para o conhecimento da epidemiologia das infecções fúngicas por leveduras. / Background: In recent decades, invasive yeast fungal infections have become an important public health problem, due to their increasing incidence related to the increase in the susceptible population. The recognition of these pathogens in aspects such as environmental distribution and phenotypic characteristics are essential pillars for their surveillance and control. Objective: To describe the frequency of cryptococcosis agents and other yeasts with pathogenic potential and to compare this frequency in excreta of wild birds in three municipalities of the state of São Paulo, with a view to a better knowledge of the distribution of these agents in the environment, in addition to determining the profile of in vitro susceptibility to antifungals for clinical use. Method: During two years, wild birds were identified in circulation areas of three municipalities of São Paulo (Praia Grande, Santos and Rio Claro) and were screened for yeasts with pathogenic potential. Microscopic and macroscopic analysis for presumptive genus classification were performed in all yeast colonies obtained from excreta samples. Susceptibility of yeast isolates to antifungals: fluconazole, amphotericin B and voriconazole was determined according to the European reference method (AFST-EUCAST). Data analysis: Poisson regression was used with the robust option to estimate prevalence ratios and to identify variables associated with the main isolates identified, with option of cluster to group the isolates by excreta. The level of agreement between the two identification methods (phenotype and MALDI-TOF) was evaluated using the Kappa coefficient. Additionally, the correlation was estimated between MICs of the drugs studied in total of species identified, using Spearman\'s correlation coefficients. Results: Of the 294 excreta collected, half contained yeasts, including Candida species (62 per cent ), followed by Rhodotorula (16.4 per cent ), Cryptococcus (10.4 per cent ), Trichosporon (6.3 per cent ) and Pichia (2.7 per cent ). Many species, verified at high frequency, have a strong potential to cause invasive infection, such as: C. parapsilosis stricto sensu, C. tropicalis, Clavispora lusitaniae, C. krusei, C. orthopsilosis, C. glabrata, C. laurentii, C. albicans, C. metapsilosis, C. nivariensis and Meyerozyma guilliermondii. Resistance to fluconazole, voriconazole and amphotericin B occurred in these isolates and a strong correlation was reported between susceptibility, mainly between azole (fluconazole and voriconazole), however, the correlation, even though it was lower, was also significant between these drugs and amphotericin. From 13 species of wild birds dispersing yeasts, the ones with the highest frequency were: Sula leucogaster 26,2 per cent , Turdus leucomelas 17 per cent , Larus dominicanus 15 per cent , Thalasseus maximus 11,2 per cent , Thalasseus acuflavidus 5,4 per cent , Tangara sayaca 4,4 per cent , Turdus amaurochalinus 3,7 per cent , Sterna hirundinacea e Pitangus sulphuratus 2,7 per cent . The identified genera presented associations between site, season of the year and species of birds. Conclusion: Among the main species of birds studied, 3 were of migratory habits (Thalasseus maximus, Thalasseus acuflavidus and Sterna hirundinacea), which allows inferring the inter - American dispersion of pathogenic yeasts. Several species resistant to antifungal were described for the first time in excreta of wild birds, conferring to this study the value of contributing to the knowledge of the epidemiology of fungal infections by yeasts.

Cereal grains are an important part of human diet; hence, there is a need to maintain high quality and these grains must be free of physical and biological contaminants. A procedure was developed to differentiate physical contaminants from wheat using NIR (1000-1600 nm) hyperspectral imaging. Three experiments were conducted to select the best combinations of spectral pre-processing technique and statistical classifier to classify physical contaminants: seven foreign material types (barley, canola, maize, flaxseed, oats, rye, and soybean); six dockage types (broken wheat kernels, buckwheat, chaff, wheat spikelets, stones, and wild oats); and two animal excreta types (deer and rabbit droppings) from Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat. These spectra were processed using five spectral pre-processing techniques (first derivative, second derivative, Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing and differentiation, multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), and standard normal variate (SNV)). The raw and pre-processed data were classified using Support Vector Machines (SVM), Naïve Bayes (NB), and k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) classifiers. In each experiment, two-way and multi-way classifications were conducted. Among all the contaminant types, stones, chaff, deer droppings and rabbit droppings were classified with 100% accuracy using the raw reflectance spectra and different statistical classifiers. The SNV technique with k-NN classifier gave the highest accuracy for the classification of foreign material types from wheat (98.3±0.2%) and dockage types from wheat (98.9±0.2%). The MSC and SNV techniques with SVM or k-NN classifier gave perfect classification (100.0±0.0%) for the classification of animal excreta types from wheat. Hence, the SNV technique with k-NN classifier was selected as the best model. Two separate model performance evaluation experiments were conducted to identify and quantify (by number) the amount of contaminant type present in wheat. The overall identification accuracy of the first degree of contamination (one contaminant type with wheat) and the highest degree of contamination (all the contaminant type with wheat) was 97.6±1.6% and 92.5±6.5%, for foreign material types; 98.0±1.8% and 94.3±6.2%r for dockage types; and 100.0±0.0% and 100.0±0.0%, respectively for animal excreta types. The canola, stones, deer, and rabbit droppings were perfectly quantified (100.0±0.0%) at all the levels of contaminations. / February 2016

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016. / In South Africa, particularly in the Limpopo Province, the handling of human excreta and the use of human excreta for food production are still not valued and generally not acceptable. The issue of social acceptance is one of the several issues that must be tackled in order to successfully institute the practice of human waste reuse in agriculture. As such, this study explored the attitudes and perceptions towards the utilisation of urine and faeces as the alternative to chemical fertilizer in a rural agriculture in Ga-Mothapo, Polokwane Local Municipality in Limpopo. The study adopted a qualitative approach using a case study design. Data was collected using face to face interviews. A majority of the households indicated that they are not comfortable with the idea of using human excreta for agricultural purpose. According to them, it was against their cultural beliefs and it is a taboo to use the waste of human as they prefer to use animal waste instead. The health risk and environmental contamination were also highlighted by the households as weighing against the use of human excreta. Even though some respondents mentioned that using human excreta has the potential to enrich their depleted agricultural soils, and that it had the effect of reducing the cost of buying commercial fertilizers, they still felt uncomfortable using it. This study concludes by recommending that there is a need for constant intervention and awareness to address the issue of food security through ecological sanitation which will promote sustainable agriculture by providing soil with nutrients. Keywords: Ecological Sanitation, Human Excreta, Perceptions, Attitudes, Food Security

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第19159号 / 地環博第134号 / 新制||地環||27(附属図書館) / 32110 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 藤井 滋穂, 准教授 田中 周平, 准教授 西前 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Effective management of the excreta or faecal sludge (FS) emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms from the on-plot latrines in urban areas of many low-income countries is critical for the sustainability of urban sanitation. However the literature mentions the lack of an effective management system for urban FS emptying, transport and disposal in the low-income countries. The current management of FS has been fragmented and improper with attendant poor health and environmental pollution problems. In particular, no substantive information was found relating to how far the excreta or sludge removed from the latrines is transported to the disposal points. Also information on household financial needs and their perceptions regarding emptying and transport services was lacking. No study had been done regarding the effects of disposal distance and accessibility on the cost of emptying and transport; neither has work been done on FS reuse implications for emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms. Based on these issues, the research questions and hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. Qualitative and quantitative research techniques were used to triangulate and ensure the reliability and validity of the findings and analysis. From the analysis of the findings, the thesis concludes on these key issues: i) Emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms of the excreta and FS as well as the costs of these depend on the type of latrines, latrine use and the technology available for emptying and transport. ii) Owing to the nature of latrines and the emptying methods used the disposal of the FS was indiscriminate and much was found closer to its source of generation. iii) FS was in high demand for reuse but lacked appropriate marketing strategy that could match supply with the demand. iv) The Household Centred Environmental Sanitation (HCES) approach was found to be limited in content and capacity to effectively address the urban excreta and FS emptying, transport and disposal without the active and full involvement of the municipal and local authorities with clear roles and regulations that address the key processes, linkages, and capacity development issues. Thus, the HCES approach needs periodic review and modifications to take care of the new developments and peculiarities of each urban setting. The study also recommends the need to look at streamlining technologies and developing capacity to address cross-cutting issues in urban sanitation. It further recommends the need for households, the sanitation authorities and practitioners to understand the links between latrine technology in terms of type, size, use and location vis-à-vis the required emptying, transport and disposal mechanisms in the urban areas of the low-income countries.

No description available.

Foi realizado um experimento com a finalidade de apresentar um protocolo preciso, simples, rápido e de baixo custo para determinar os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes e o valor energético das dietas. Para tal, determinaram-se os CMMS, CMPB e CMEB e EMAn através da comparação de diferentes metodologias de digestibilidade in vivo que incluem a utilização ou não de indicador Cr2O3 a 0,5% (coleta parcial) ou marcador Fe2O3 a 1% e a aplicação ou não de jejum (0, 4, 6 e 8 horas) pré-inicio de coleta e pós-período de alimentação. Também a duração do período de coleta foi testada (3 ou 5 dias). Foi estudado o efeito dos períodos de jejum sobre o tamanho dos órgãos digestivos. Foram utilizados 81 frangos de corte, machos, com 21 dias de idade, distribuídos individualmente em gaiolas de metabolismo, constituindo 9 tratamentos (TRAT) com 9 repetições em delineamento completamente casualizado. Em todos os TRAT houve 4 dias de adaptação à uma dieta única, com 3055 kcal EM/kg, à base de milho e farelo de soja. A água foi fornecida à vontade. Após o período de coleta, 5 aves por TRAT, que receberam jejum, foram pesadas e abatidas e o papo, moela+proventrículo, intestino delgado e cólon+ceco foram pesados, bem como o conteúdo presente em cada um. Através do aparecimento do marcador foi determinada a duração da passagem de digesta pelo TGI das aves. O tempo de passagem foi considerado como o tempo entre o fornecimento da dieta com óxido férrico e o início do aparecimento das excretas marcadas. Os coeficientes de metabolismo e a energia não diferiram significativamente na coleta total comparandose 3 ou 5 dias de coleta (P>0,05). O uso do marcador Fe2O3 e três dias de coleta, resultou em menor valor do CMPB (P<0,02) em relação à coleta total sem marcador. Na metodologia de coleta parcial com 5 dias de coleta, observou-se coeficientes de menor valor para todas as respostas (P<0,05), comparados a 3 dias de coleta. O uso da metodologia de coleta total resultou em maiores CMMS e CMPB (P<0,05) comparado à coleta parcial, em função de uma taxa incompleta de recuperação do Cr2O3 na excreta. Não foi observada influencia do jejum sobre o tamanho dos órgãos, indicando que em até 8 horas de jejum não há mudança no tamanho absoluto ou relativo dos mesmos. No entanto, o peso relativo do jejuno das aves submetidas a 4, 6 e 8 horas de jejum foi maior (P<0,03) do que o das aves sem jejum. O tempo médio de passagem da ração foi estimado em 228 minutos. Conclui-se que a coleta total de excretas, por um período de 3 dias, sem o uso de jejum, resulta no melhor método de avaliação de ingredientes e ração. / One experiment was conducted in order to define a reliable, easy to apply and non expensive protocol to determinate nutrient and energy metabolizability values of broiler chicken diets. For this purpose, metabolizability coefficients (MC) of dry matter (DM); crude protein (CP); gross energy (GE) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) were calculated through the comparison of different in vivo digestibility methodologies including the utilization of Cr2O3 (0,5%) as an indicator (partial collection) or Fe2O3 (1%) as a marker; fasting, prior to excreta collection and at the end of the feeding period (0, 4, 6 and 8 hours). Also, two excreta collection periods were tested (3 and 5 days). It was assessed the effect of fasting on digestive organs weight. Eighty one 21 days male broilers were distributed individually in metabolic cages used distributed in nine treatments (T) and nine replicates per T, in a completely randomized design. Birds were held in individual metabolism cages located in a controlledtemperature room. All T had a 4 day adaptation period to a single diet of 3055 kcal ME/kg, based on corn and soybean meal. Water was offered ad libitum. At the end of fasting, 5 birds per T that received fasting were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and weighed. Crop, proventriculus+gizzard, small intestine and the ceca+colon were removed and weighed individually as their contents as well. The passage time along broiler GIT was measured with ferric oxide as a marker. The passage time was taken as the time elapsed from time of marker administration to time of the first observation of droppings red color. Metabolism coefficients and energy were not significantly different between 3 and 5 days of total collection (P>0,05). CPMC was lower (P<0,02) for Fe2O3 utilization and 3 days excreta collection compared to the total collection. With the methodology of partial collection with 5 days of collection, it was observed the lowest values for all the responses (P<0,05), compared to 3 days collection period. The use of the total collection methodology produced the highest DMMC and CPMC (P<0,05) compared to partial collection, due to the incomplete recovery of the Cr2O3 from the excreta. No fasting influence was observed on the digestive organ sizes, indicating that until 8 hours of fasting no changes are observed in either relative or absolute organs weight. However, the relative jejunum weight of birds submitted to 4, 6 and 8 hours was higher (P<0,03) than those of birds under no fasting. The mean passage time of fed through broiler GIT was 228 minutes. It was conclude that total collection, during a 3 days period, without fasting utilization, is the best methodology for poultry ingredient and fed evaluation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:45:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fukayama_eh_dr_jabo.pdf: 525968 bytes, checksum: 2de8151a4f75d0ad1dc36da356f16775 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da reutilização de cama de quatro lotes de criações de frangos de corte sobre a produção de cama de frango, a produção de biogás e a utilização do biofertilizante para adubação de milho. No capítulo sobre produção de cama foram avaliados quatro reutilizações de cama de frangos de corte criados em um galpão comercial dividido em 12 boxes pertencente à Empresa Rei Frango em São Carlos - SP - Brasil. Para caracterização da produção de cama foi avaliado a quantidade de cama produzida na matéria seca (MS) e o coeficiente de resíduo (Cr), ou seja, a quantidade de resíduo por kg de peso vivo das aves. Na caracterização qualitativa, foram analisados os teores de macro, micronutrientes e metais na casca de amendoim e cama de frango. Com o acréscimo de casca de amendoim nova mais o aumento de excretas do lote anterior, houve aumento (P<0,05) na produção de cama (MS). Assim, o Cr aumentou de acordo com a reutilização da cama. Porém, quando se avalia o Cr acumulado, ou seja, a quantidade de resíduo por kg de peso vivo acumulado das aves dos lotes criados, não houve diferença (P>0,05). De forma geral, foi observado que, com a reutilização da cama houve aumento (P<0,05) na concentração de nutrientes na cama. Conclui-se que com a reutilização de cama é possível igualar ou diminuir os custos com a aquisição de nova cama, aumentar a quantidade de nutrientes na cama para ser utilizada como biofertilizante na agricultura e estabilizar ou diminuir o impacto ambiental com a produção de cama por ave produzida. No capítulo sobre biodigestão anaeróbia de cama de frangos, para cada lote de aves conduzidos foram realizadas duas avaliações de biodigestão anaeróbia, sendo 4 ensaios (camas de 1 a 4º reutilização) avaliados de 2 formas: as 4 camas foram avaliadas em diferentes épocas do ano e também avaliadas na mesma época... / The objective was to evaluate the effect of reuse of litter of four broiler breeding cycle on the broiler litter’ production, the biogas’ production and use of organic fertilizer for fertilization of maize. In the chapter on production of litter were evaluated four reuses of litter of broiler chickens reared in a commercial shed divided in 12 boxes belonging to Rei Frango Company in São Carlos - São Paulo - Brazil. To characterize the production of litter was assessed the amount of litter produced in dry matter (DM) and the coefficient of waste (CW), or the amount of waste per kg of live birds. In qualitative characteristics, were analyzed the levels of macro, micro and metals in the shell of peanuts and broiler litter. With the addition of new peanut shell, plus the increase of manure of the previous batch, there was an increase (P<0.05) in the production of litter (dry matter - DM). Thus, the increased CW according to the reuse of litter. But when assessing the cumulative CW, or the amount of waste per kilogram of body weight of accumulated lots of birds created, there was no difference (P>0.05). Overall, it was observed that with the reuse of the litter there was an increase (P<0.05) in the concentration of nutrients in litter. It follows that with the reuse of litter can be equal or lower cost for the purchase of new litter, increase the amount of nutrients in litter to be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture and keep or reduce the environmental impact to the production of litter by produced per bird. In the chapter on anaerobic digester with litter of broiler, for each batch of birds conducted two evaluations were made of anaerobic digester, and 4 trials (litters from 1 to 4 reuse) evaluated in 2 ways: the 4 litters were evaluated at different times of the year and also evaluated in the same season, totaling 8 tests. 24 digesters were used in batch, distributed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)