Esta tese apresenta DCE, ou Execução Dinâmica Condicional, como uma alternativa para reduzir o custo da previsão incorreta de desvios. A idéia básica do modelo apresentado é buscar e executar todos os caminhos de desvios que obedecem à certas restrições no que diz respeito a complexidade e tamanho. Como resultado, tem-se um número menor de desvios sendo previstos e consequentemente um número menor de desvios previstos incorretamente. DCE busca todos os caminhos dos desvios selecionados evitando quebras no fluxo de busca quando estes desvios são buscados. Os caminhos buscados dos desvios selecionados são então executados mas somente o caminho correto é completado. Nesta tese nós propomos uma arquitetura para executar múltiplos caminhos dos desvios selecionados. A seleção dos desvios ocorre baseada no tamanho do desvio e em outras condições. A seleção de desvios simples e complexos permite a predicação dinâmica destes desvios sem a necessidade da existência de um conjunto específico de instruções nem otimizações especiais por parte do compilador. Além disso, é proposta também uma técnica para reduzir a sobrecarga gerada pela execução dos múltiplos caminhos dos desvios selecionados. O desempenho alcançado atinge níveis de até 12% quando um previsor de desvios Local é usado no DCE e um previsor Global é usado na máquina de referência. Quando ambas as máquinas empregam previsão Local, há um aumento de desempenho da ordem de 3-3.5%. / This thesis presents DCE, or Dynamic Conditional Execution, as an alternative to reduce the cost of mispredicted branches. The basic idea is to fetch all paths produced by a branch that obey certain restrictions regarding complexity and size. As a result, a smaller number of predictions is performed, and therefore, a lesser number of branches are mispredicted. DCE fetches through selected branches avoiding disruptions in the fetch flow when these branches are fetched. Both paths of selected branches are executed but only the correct path commits. In this thesis we propose an architecture to execute multiple paths of selected branches. Branches are selected based on the size and other conditions. Simple and complex branches can be dynamically predicated without requiring a special instruction set nor special compiler optimizations. Furthermore, a technique to reduce part of the overhead generated by the execution of multiple paths is proposed. The performance achieved reaches levels of up to 12% when comparing a Local predictor used in DCE against a Global predictor used in the reference machine. When both machines use a Local predictor, the speedup is increased by an average of 3-3.5%.

A Execução Condicional Dinâmica (DCE) é uma alternativa para redução dos custos relacionados a desvios previstos incorretamente. A idéia básica é buscar todos os fluxos produzidos por um desvio que obedecem algumas restrições relativas à complexidade e tamanho. Como conseqüência, um número menor de previsões é executado, e assim, um número mais baixo de desvios é incorretamente previsto. Contudo, tal como outras soluções multi-fluxo, o DCE requer uma estrutura de controle mais complexa. Na arquitetura DCE, é observado que várias réplicas da mesma instrução são despachadas para as unidades funcionais, bloqueando recursos que poderiam ser utilizados por outras instruções. Essas réplicas são geradas após o ponto de convergência dos diversos fluxos em execução e são necessárias para garantir a semântica correta entre instruções dependentes de dados. Além disso, o DCE continua produzindo réplicas até que o desvio que gerou os fluxos seja resolvido. Assim, uma seção completa do código pode ser replicado, reduzindo o desempenho. Uma alternativa natural para esse problema é reusar essas seções (ou traços) que são replicadas. O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar e avaliar a efetividade do reuso de valores na arquitetura DCE. Como será apresentado, o princípio do reuso, em diferentes granularidades, pode reduzir efetivamente o problema das réplicas e levar a aumentos de desempenho. / The Dynamic Conditional Execution (DCE) is an alternative to reduce the cost of mispredicted branches. The basic idea is to fetch all paths produced by a branch that obey certain restrictions regarding complexity and size. As a consequence, a smaller number of predictions is performed, and therefore, a lower number branches is mispredicted. Nevertheless, as other multipath solutions, DCE requires a more complex control engine. In a DCE architecture, one may observe that several replicas of the same instruction are dispatched to the functional units, blocking resources that might be used by other instructions. Those replicas are produced after the join point of the paths and are required to guarantee the correct semantic among data dependent instructions. Moreover, DCE continues producing replicas until the branch that generated the paths is resolved. Thus, a whole section of code may be replicated, harming performance. A natural alternative to this problem is the attempt to reuse those replicated sections, namely the replicated traces. The goal of this work is to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of value reuse in DCE architecture. As it will be presented, the principIe of reuse, in different granularities, can reduce effectively the replica problem and lead to performance improvements.

Context. Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) are information systems that manage manufacturing processes in factories. The execution of MES processes requires non-enterprise integration, which integrates MES applications, services, and automation systems within the factories. Objectives. We aim at developing a modeling approach that can be used to represent and execute MES processes. Having such an approach would help MES vendors to reduce the development cost to reconfigure systems, in order to achieve better business flexibility. Methods. In order to understand the state of the art of manufacturing modeling techniques, we perform a systematic literature review (SLR) in scientific article sources, including IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Compendex, Inspec, and Springer Link. In consideration of the criteria in modeling and executing MES processes, we evaluate the selected process modeling techniques. Based on the result of evaluation, we propose a three-view-based approach to support process execution. We develop a prototype to prove that an MES process can be executed by following our approach. We also conduct semi-structured interviews in industry to validate whether our proposed approach achieves the objectives. Results. In the SLR, 24 primary studies are selected. Our analysis reveals that existing modeling techniques have limitations to enable process execution. To overcome the limitation, we propose a three-view-based approach, which has an MES process view, an abstract plant view to represent the structure of technical systems, and a mapping view to enable the communication between MES tasks and the technical systems. We develop a prototype as the implementation of our approach, which comprises: a graphical editor for the abstract plant view, a generator of message routes for the mapping view, and a typical MES process to be executed in the context of a warehouse management system. The semi-structured interviews we conducted with three industrial experts show positive feedback to use and generalize our approach in industry, in case comprehensive tools can be established. Conclusions. Compared to the existing modeling techniques, the three-view-based approach is specifically tailored toward process execution. Based on the feedback from industry, we conclude that applying our approach provides the possibility to achieve better reconfigurability and flexibility of MES.

Context. Mobile devices recently have attained huge popularity in people’s life. During recent years, there have been many attempts for proposing several approaches to delegate and execute the computing intensive part of the mobile applications on more powerful remote servers due to shortage of resources on mobile devices. However, there are still research challenges in this area regarding the models as well as principles that govern circumstances of executing a part of mobile application remotely on a server along with effects of execution on the smartphone resources. Objectives. The aim behind conducting this research is to propose a model for executing the service component of an Android application on the remote server. This study exploits the enhancement of Android operating system functionality to execute services components on a remote powerful machine. It reports the model as well as the enhancements to achieve this purpose. Additionally, an experiment is conducted to realize what factors rule to execute a computation locally on mobile device or offload it to be executed on a remote machine. Methods. Two research methodologies have been used in preforming this research; Case study and controlled experiment. In the case study we investigates feasibility of functionality enhancement in Android operating system to run service components of Android applications on a remote server. We propose a new model for this purpose and motivate it by several different resources such as journal and conference papers and the Android developer site. A prototype of the model is implemented in order to put into use in the next part of our study. Second, a controlled experiment is conducted on the outcome prototype of the case study to explore the principles that governs executing the service component of Android application on a remote powerful machines and the affection of this execution on the mobile resources. Results. A Model for executing the service component of Android application on a powerful remote server is proposed. Also, a prototype implemented according to the Model. The effects of executing Android service components in a remote machine on energy consumption as well as performance of a smartphone are investigated. Moreover, we examined when would be beneficial to offload an intensive computation in order to be executed on the remote server. Conclusions. We conclude that it’s applicable to enhance the Android OS to execute service component of an Android application on a remote server. Also, We conclude that there is a strong coloration between amount of payload and computation of data that require to be executed on a remote server. Basically, offloading the computation is beneficial when there is a large amount of computation with small amount of communication and payload. Furthermore we conclude that the execution time for the intensive computations drastically increase when it’s executed on the server but for less computation data the performance is better when the execution is on the smartphone. Besides that, we express that the energy consumption on the smartphone growth gradually when the payload passes over a particular size.

The diploma thesis covers principles, history, implementation process and selected real MES systems. First part is focused theoretically and covers an introduction to topic of MES systems based on current literature. In this part main terms, principles and historical evolution are covered. Next the thesis describes implementation process in more detail and identifies its critical factors. This process is compared with implementation process of general applications and main differences are identified. In next part of the thesis metrics system for measuring of MES systems is established. Based on these metrics selected MES systems are introduced and are evaluated. Then these systems are compared and their main differences are identified with an explanation. Last part of the thesis is focused on system Apriso FlexNet (hereinafter FlexNet). In this part FlexNet is described in more detail and critical evaluation is made according to identified principles in theoretical part and characteristics of other presented systems. Trough fulfilling its aims the thesis provides introduction to the topic of MES systems, presents several selected systems and compares them. Last but not least FlexNet system is introduced in more detail with its critical evaluation.

This research reports a case study conducted to determine whether the application of Simplicity as a military principle can assist a geographically dispersed organisation in executing strategy more effectively. An investigation was conducted into the main reasons why strategy execution is not fully effective in an identified geographical dispersed organisation. A survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify these inhibitors. A comparison with existing literature identified the 4 main requirements to effective strategy execution in this organisation. A review of the application of Simplicity in the military context was completed. A comprehensive literature review, integrated with semi-structured interviews with general staff in the South African Army identified military approaches to Simplicity and its impact on execution successes. A conceptual content analysis matched successful military approaches to Simplicity with the main drivers of ineffective strategy execution in the organisation. The output was strategy execution inhibitors in the organisation, with matched approaches to Simplicity from interviews with military professionals. The compilation of a specific model and tools for simplification was proposed for the organisation. The output was a model for strategy execution at all levels, with tools and techniques discussed to ensure the simplification of strategic objectives in execution. Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

No / This paper reviews the osteological evidence for execution in Anglo-Saxon England, which, in the cases of modern analysis, can reveal considerable detail about the methods of decapitation, in particular, and it also provides a critical appraisal of the considerably less reliable antiquarian reports. We suggest that secure evidence for execution, principally decapitation, can be identified through modern osteological analysis but it is limited, and we also argue that assertions made in antiquarian excavation reports about apparent examples of execution need to be treated with caution.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maisa Emilia Raele Rodrigues.pdf: 1252067 bytes, checksum: 554c699e200778e3f0d5f39de497d935 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-08 / At the latests decades relevants legislatives redressing were undertaken in the civil process. Deepest alterations were been made in the execution institute with the law 11.232/05 issue, creating a procedural conformation grounded essentially at the effectiveness and celerity values. At the current evolutive stage of the civil procedural law, this study has as goal investigate the possibility of the job execution behave out of measure toward the new judicial heading execution in the civil lawsuit businesslike, at the same time that examine the applicability of the innovations in the job lawsuit. From a historic analysis of the origin and evolution of the job procedural law quest learn the procedural structure of the job execution, heeding also the norms that governed the civil execution since the Civil Lawsuit Code of 1939 advent. The adress of the brand new sentence execution institute, both the exam of the significatives changes that passed the execution action of the portuguese civil lawsuit, conduced to detect, in large part, the affairs that difficultates and the who facilitates the job execution. Without the pretence, obviously, of mention an unique and correct rout to reach the better solution for the problems that annoy the job execution, will be exposed some contemplations in this direction. To make viable the present study, a bibliographic review of part of the avaible literature of the theme was accomplished, both a jurisprudence exame / Nas últimas décadas foram empreendidas relevantes reformas legislativas no processo civil. As mais profundas alterações foram feitas no instituto da execução com a edição da Lei 11.232/05, criando-se uma estrutura processual pautada essencialmente nos valores da efetividade e da celeridade. Em vista do atual estágio evolutivo do direito processual civil, o presente estudo tem por objetivo investigar a possibilidade de a execução trabalhista ter-se descompassado em relação à nova sistemática para a execução de título judicial no processo civil, ao mesmo tempo em que examina a aplicabilidade dessas inovações no processo do trabalho. A partir de uma análise histórica da origem e evolução do direito processual do trabalho procura-se apreender a estrutura processual da execução trabalhista, dando-se atenção também às normas que regularam a execução civil desde o advento do Código de Processo Civil de 1939. O tratamento do instituto do cumprimento da sentença contribuiu para detectar em boa parte as questões que dificultam e as que facilitam a execução trabalhista. Sem a pretensão, evidentemente, de apontar uma diretriz única e correta para alcançar a melhor solução dos problemas que afligem a execução trabalhista, serão apresentadas algumas reflexões nesse sentido. Para viabilizar o presente estudo realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica de parte da literatura disponível sobre o tema, assim como o exame da jurisprudência

Master of Science / Department of Computing and Information Sciences / Robby / Software defects cost our economy a significant amount of money. Techniques that can detect software defects before the software begins its operational life-cycle are therefore highly valuable. Unfortunately, as software is becoming more ubiquitous, it is also becoming more complex. Static analysis of software can be computationally intensive, and as software becomes more complex the computational demands of any analysis applied increase also. While increasingly complex software entails more computationally demanding analysis, the computational capabilities provided by computers have increased exponentially over the last half century of computing. Historically, the increase in computational capability has come by increasing the clock speed of the computer's central processing unit (CPU.) In the last several years, engineering limitations have made it increasingly difficult to build CPU's with progressively higher clock speeds. Instead, processor manufacturers now provide increased capability in the form of `multi-core' CPUs; where each processor package contains two or more processing units, enabling that processor to execute more than one task concurrently. This thesis describes the design and implementation of a parallel version of symbolic execution which can take advantage of modern multi-core and multi-processor systems to complete analysis of software units in a reduced amount of time.

Testing is the dominant technique for quality assurance of software systems. It typically consumes considerable resources in development projects, and is often performed in an ad hoc manner. This thesis is concerned with model-based testing, which is an approach to make testing more systematic and more automated. The general idea in model-based testing is to start from a formal model, which captures the intended behavior of the software system to be tested. On the basis of this model, test cases can be generated in a systematic way. Since the model is formal, the generation of test suites can be automated and with adequate tool support one can automatically quantify to which degree they exercise the tested software. Despite the significant improvements on model-based testing in the last 20 years, acceptance by industry has so far been limited. A number of commercially available tools exist, but still most testing in industry relies on manually constructed test cases. This thesis address this problem by presenting a methodology and associated tool support, which is intended to be used for model-based testing of communication protocol implementations in industry. A major goal was to make the developed tool suitable for industrial usage, implying that we had to consider several problems that typically are not addressed by the literature on model-based testing. The thesis presents several technical contributions to the area of model-based testing, including - a new specification language based on the functional programming language Erlang, - a novel technique for specifying coverage criteria for test suite generation, and - a technique for automatically generating test suites. Based on these developments, we have implemented a complete tool chain that generates and executes complete test suites, given a model in our specification language. The thesis also presents a substantial industrial case study, where our technical contributions and the implemented tool chain are evaluated. Findings from the case study include that test suites generated using (model) coverage criteria have at least as good fault-detection capability as equally large random test suites, and that model-based testing could discover faults in previously well-tested software where previous testing had employed a relaxed validation of requirements.