A proposta deste estudo foi determinar se as escalas visual analógica (VAS) e CR10 (Category-Ratio) de Borg são eficientes para avaliar o esforço geral percebido em um teste de exercício físico dinâmico contínuo. A amostra foi composta por 20 participantes do sexo masculino, com idade entre 18 e 29 anos, universitários, saudáveis, sedentários e que apresentavam valores ergoespirométricos compatíveis com a normalidade (Consenso Brasileiro de Ergometria). Os participantes realizaram o protocolo do teste de exercício físico dinâmico contínuo do tipo rampa (TEFDC-R) em um cicloergômetro eletromagnético à 60 rpm, juntamente com a aplicação das escalas psicofísicas escolhidas. A freqüência do esforço na presença do exercício foi induzida através do aumento da complexidade e da resistência, com a utilização do teste já mencionado. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada análise psicofísica e estatística paramétrica por meio da correlação de Pearson, regressão linear e teste t de Student. Foram encontradas correlações estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre as escalas (r=0,97), as escalas em função do consumo de oxigênio (CR10: r=0,90; VAS: r=0,90) e em função da freqüência cardíaca (CR10: r=0,89; VAS: r=0,91). Foram encontrados também julgamentos precisos independente da escala utilizada (n=0,99; r2=0,998). Estes resultados sugerem que as magnitudes físicas das escalas VAS e CR10 de Borg são altamente correlacionadas. Além disso, em ambas as escalas, o aumento da potência, da freqüência cardíaca e do consumo de oxigênio corresponderam ao aumento das estimativas subjetivas dos participantes em relação ao esforço físico. Isto pode indicar uma boa interação entre as diferentes variáveis atuantes durante o exercício físico dinâmico contínuo. / The purpose of this study was to determine if the visual analogue and Borg´s CR10 (Category-Ratio) scales are efficient for assessment of the perceived general exertion in a continuous dynamic physical exercise test. The sample was composed of 20 healthy male university students, with ages ranging from 18 to 29, sedentary and presenting compatible spirometric values with normality (Brazilian Consensus on Ergometry). The subjects filled out the protocol of the ramp continuous dynamic physical exercise test (RCDPET) using an electrically braked cycle ergometer at a pace of 60 rpm, with the application of the psychophysical scales. The frequency of the effort during the exercise was induced through the increase of the complexity and the resistance, using the test already mentioned. For the data analysis psychophysics analysis and parametric statistics were used, through the Pearson correlation, linear regression and Student-t test. A clear linear correlation was found between the scales (r=0,97, p<0,05), the scales and oxygen uptake (CR10: r=0,90; VAS: r=0,90) and heart rate values (CR10: r=0,89; VAS: r=0,91). Precise assessment were also found irrespective from the scale used (n=0,99; r2=0,99). These results suggest that the physical magnitudes of VAS and Borg´s CR10 scales are highly correlated. Moreover, in both scales, the increase of the power, the heart rate and the oxygen uptaken corresponds to the increase of the subjective estimations of the participants in relation to the physical effort. These may indicate a clear interaction between the different variable present during the continuous dynamic physical exercise test.

A proposta deste estudo foi determinar se as escalas visual analógica (VAS) e CR10 (Category-Ratio) de Borg são eficientes para avaliar o esforço geral percebido em um teste de exercício físico dinâmico contínuo. A amostra foi composta por 20 participantes do sexo masculino, com idade entre 18 e 29 anos, universitários, saudáveis, sedentários e que apresentavam valores ergoespirométricos compatíveis com a normalidade (Consenso Brasileiro de Ergometria). Os participantes realizaram o protocolo do teste de exercício físico dinâmico contínuo do tipo rampa (TEFDC-R) em um cicloergômetro eletromagnético à 60 rpm, juntamente com a aplicação das escalas psicofísicas escolhidas. A freqüência do esforço na presença do exercício foi induzida através do aumento da complexidade e da resistência, com a utilização do teste já mencionado. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada análise psicofísica e estatística paramétrica por meio da correlação de Pearson, regressão linear e teste t de Student. Foram encontradas correlações estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre as escalas (r=0,97), as escalas em função do consumo de oxigênio (CR10: r=0,90; VAS: r=0,90) e em função da freqüência cardíaca (CR10: r=0,89; VAS: r=0,91). Foram encontrados também julgamentos precisos independente da escala utilizada (n=0,99; r2=0,998). Estes resultados sugerem que as magnitudes físicas das escalas VAS e CR10 de Borg são altamente correlacionadas. Além disso, em ambas as escalas, o aumento da potência, da freqüência cardíaca e do consumo de oxigênio corresponderam ao aumento das estimativas subjetivas dos participantes em relação ao esforço físico. Isto pode indicar uma boa interação entre as diferentes variáveis atuantes durante o exercício físico dinâmico contínuo. / The purpose of this study was to determine if the visual analogue and Borg´s CR10 (Category-Ratio) scales are efficient for assessment of the perceived general exertion in a continuous dynamic physical exercise test. The sample was composed of 20 healthy male university students, with ages ranging from 18 to 29, sedentary and presenting compatible spirometric values with normality (Brazilian Consensus on Ergometry). The subjects filled out the protocol of the ramp continuous dynamic physical exercise test (RCDPET) using an electrically braked cycle ergometer at a pace of 60 rpm, with the application of the psychophysical scales. The frequency of the effort during the exercise was induced through the increase of the complexity and the resistance, using the test already mentioned. For the data analysis psychophysics analysis and parametric statistics were used, through the Pearson correlation, linear regression and Student-t test. A clear linear correlation was found between the scales (r=0,97, p<0,05), the scales and oxygen uptake (CR10: r=0,90; VAS: r=0,90) and heart rate values (CR10: r=0,89; VAS: r=0,91). Precise assessment were also found irrespective from the scale used (n=0,99; r2=0,99). These results suggest that the physical magnitudes of VAS and Borg´s CR10 scales are highly correlated. Moreover, in both scales, the increase of the power, the heart rate and the oxygen uptaken corresponds to the increase of the subjective estimations of the participants in relation to the physical effort. These may indicate a clear interaction between the different variable present during the continuous dynamic physical exercise test.

The aim of this research programme was to investigate the effects of different music applications: The differentiated exposure of music and the synchronous application of music. In Study 1, participants completed a series of 10-km cycling time trials under four single-blinded conditions: No-music control, music 0-10 km (M1), music 0-5 km (M2), and music 5-10 km (M3). The largest performance gains were noticed under M1, followed by M3, when compared to control, while the most positive psychological response was observed only in M3. Study 2 further examined the notion of differentiated music exposure by incorporating both quantitative and qualitative modes of inquiry. In addition, participants were given foreknowledge of the experimental conditions. Although no performance gains were found across conditions, M3 significantly reduced perceived exertion and prevented affective decline. Qualitative findings suggest that prolonged exposure to music may have negative psychological and psychophysical consequences. The last study contrasted the effects of synchronous and asynchronous application of music in a 6-min submaximal cycling task. Synchronous music was more effective than asynchronous music in terms of reducing perceptions of exertion and increasing subjective arousal. Although no changes in oxygen uptake were found across conditions, auditory-motor synchronisation appeared to reduce heart rate. The contribution of this thesis is twofold. Firstly, the provision of music in the latter stages of a task appears to have significant psychological and psychophysical benefits when compared against constant music exposure. Secondly, more positive effects, in terms of perceived exertion and subjective arousal, are observed when music is applied synchronously compared to asynchronously; this suggests a need for a separate conceptual framework for the application of synchronous music.

Present day manufacturing assembly relies extensively on a variety of fasteners for the assembly of sub-systems, components and trim. Speed Fastening (SF) is one commonly used non-structural assembly fastening method. The primary limitation of SF is the lack of continuously fed rivets. One path to productivity improvement for SF is the development of a continuously feed tool that would eliminate the non-value added time currently scheduled for reloading in the work cycle. In preparation for the design of a new tool, a proactive ergonomic investigation was carried out to examine differences in muscular effort, upper-body posture, as well as subjective ratings of perceived exertion and discomfort across three different work rates for a simulated SF task conducted in a laboratory setting. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the ergonomic consequences that an increase in work rate would have on SF operators. Twelve healthy female subjects participated in simulated SF work over four test-sessions. The first test session familiarized subjects with the SF tasks as well as the data collection protocol. Subsequent test days, which were scheduled 24 hours apart, were block randomized to one of three work rates (7, 14 and 21 fasteners/min.) with subjects required to complete 120 minutes of a simulated SF task at both waist and shoulder height using a 50% work to rest duty cycle. The results of this study show significant increases in the amount of muscular activity required to complete the simulated SF, particularly for the 21 fasteners per minute work rate, with increases in peak sEMG amplitudes ranging from 3-12% MVIC. Specifically these increases were most marked in the forearm extensor muscles. In addition, significantly deviated postures were found in upper-limb joint ROM data, particularly when SF work was completed at shoulder height. Overall, based on the increased exposure to risk factors known to be precursors for workplace injury (i.e. repetition and awkward posture), it is inferred that an increase in work rate will put SF operators at an elevated risk of musculoskeletal injury. It is expected that this risk would be even more pronounced for work completed at shoulder height. / Thesis (Master, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2009-09-02 00:01:36.701

Nursing staff have an elevated risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders, in particular in the lower back area. Statistics produced by leading industrial nations show that back problems are the world’s number one work-related health problem, and that healthcare workers suffer from a greater occurrence of such problems than workers in other professions. In this context, many studies have examined manual patient handling activities, which was thought to be the main cause of musculoskeletal disorders of the lower back. But nurses have many other types of work to perform and several reviews have concluded that approaches which only focus on manual patient handling activities do not sufficiently reduce back problems in nursing professions. Other risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders of the lower back discussed in the literature included repeated bending and the high proportion of static trunk postures. The main aim of this doctoral thesis was therefore to examine the influence of stressful trunk postures on the physical workload of nursing staff in hospitals and nursing homes. It focuses on the type, number and extent of stressful postures and on identifying activities that encourage their occurrence. We used our findings to derive strategies for reducing stressful postures in nursing, and examined whether nursing staff regard such a reduction as actually relieving their physical workload. A secondary aim was to consider the older people potentially in need of care. The background to this is that, due to steadily rising costs, many older people are unable to afford care in a nursing home, and additionally that the forecast severe shortage of nursing staff in future gives reason to look for solutions that can reduce the demand for nursing staff. Among older people who still look after themselves, we therefore examined which stressful postures they adopt when carrying out domestic tasks such as cooking and washing laundry. From the results, we provided some examples of a better design of the domestic environment, which reduces stressful postures, when performing these tasks and helps older people to be able to look after themselves in their own homes for longer. / <p>QC 20140324</p>

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2010. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 154 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / While there is consistent evidence that episodes of physical exertion are associated with an immediately higher risk of acute ischemic vascular events, the risk of placental abruption immediately following episodes of physical exertion has not been studied. In a multicenter case-crossover study, we interviewed 663 women with placental abruption at 7 Peruvian hospitals between January 2013 and August 2015. We asked women about physical exertion in the hour before symptom onset and compared this with their frequency of physical exertion over the prior week. Compared with times with light or no exertion, the risk of placental abruption was 7.8 (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.5, 11.0) times greater in the hour following moderate or heavy physical exertion. The instantaneous incidence rate ratio of placental abruption within an hour of moderate or heavy physical exertion was lower for women who habitually engaged in moderate or heavy physical activity more than 3 times per week in the year before pregnancy (rate ratio (RR) = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.6, 5.9) compared with more sedentary women (RR = 17.3, 95% CI: 11.3, 26.7; P for homogeneity < 0.001), and the rate ratio was higher among women with preeclampsia/eclampsia (RR = 13.6, 95% CI: 7.0, 26.2) than among women without (RR = 6.7, 95% CI: 4.4, 10.0; P for homogeneity = 0.07). / Revisión por pares / Revisión por pares

This study investigated the effects of music choice on the ratings of attentional focus, affective valence, perceived exertion, and enjoyment during and after self-paced treadmill exercise of varied intensities. Thirty-four college-aged, healthy, active males and females volunteered to participate in the study. Participants completed 6 visits to the laboratory: the first visit was a medical screening to ensure safety of the participants. For the second visit, participants completed a maximal treadmill exercise test. On the third visit, participants completed the Brunel Music Rating Inventory-2 to determine their preferred and non-preferred music genres, and to self-select the low, moderate and high intensity exercise speeds that would be used in the experimental trials. During the last three visits, participants completed each of the three (preferred, non-preferred, no music) randomized and counterbalanced experimental trials. The Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale and the Feeling Scale were used to measure baseline and post-exercise ratings of enjoyment and affective valence. During exercise, the single-item Attentional Focus Scale, Feeling Scale, Borg 6-20, and Exercise Enjoyment Scale were used to measure attentional focus, affective valence, perceived exertion, and enjoyment, respectively. Results revealed a main effect for condition for affective valence and enjoyment (p < 0.001 for both interactions). A main effect was also found for intensity for attentional focus (p = 0.002) and perceived exertion (p < 0.001). Lastly, there was a main effect for activity revealed for affective valence (p = 0.047) and enjoyment (p = 0.012). Moreover, tests of between and within subjects factors revealed an interaction effect for condition by intensity for affective valence (p = 0.019) and for condition by intensity by activity for perceived exertion (p = 0.005). There was a general trend for thoughts to be more associative as intensity increased in both groups. In addition, there was a general trend for thoughts to be more dissociative during the preferred music condition compared to the non-preferred and no music trial. However, these differences were only found to be significant in the active group. Furthermore, there was a general trend in the active group for affective valence to be more positive regardless of exercise intensity or music condition when compared to the inactive group. Both groups showed the highest ratings of affective valence during the preferred music condition, followed by the non-preferred and no music condition. In-task enjoyment ratings were highest during the preferred music condition when compared to the non-preferred and no music condition regardless of exercise intensity or activity status. The results did not reveal significant differences for ratings of exertion across music conditions, which does not support previous findings. In conclusion, the perceptual responses in this study, which represent affective valence, attentional focus, and enjoyment, were generally more favorable during the preferred music condition and in the active participants. These results support previous findings to suggest exercising while listening to preferred music may lead to an increase in physical activity adherence.

During pregnancy, body fat stores increase in part to subsidize the high energy cost of lactation. One effect of exercise, on the other hand, is to lower percent body fat. The effect of exercise during pregnancy and lactation on body fat, and on body composition in general, is not well documented. There is also a paucity of data on the effect of exercise during these physiological states on food intake and body weight. If exercise during pregnancy decreases body fat stores, would lactation performance subsequently be compromised? This study was designed to determine the effect of moderately strenuous aerobic exercise, during rat pregnancy and lactation, on food intake, body weight, body composition and lactation performance. Virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into exercised (n=40) and sedentary (n=40) groups. Exercising rats were trained over three weeks to run on a treadmill at 30 m/min, 2 hours/day, 5 days/week. Within each group, two subgroups were then mated and three subgroups remained as virgin age controls (n=8 per subgroup). Of the mated subgroups, one was terminated within 24 hours of parturition and the other on day 14 of lactation. Subgroups of virgin sedentary and exercising controls were terminated at times corresponding to each of mating, parturition and day 14 of lactation of mated animals. Carcasses were assayed for fat, water, ash and protein. Ad libitum food intake and body weight were monitored throughout the study, as was the weight gain of pups of lactating dams. MANOVA showed the effect of activity to be significant on food intake at week three of training and during the pregnancy period (p<0.00l) and at week one (p<0.0l) and two (p<0.05) of lactation. The effect of activity was highly significant (p<0.00l) on body weight from week three of training and throughout the pregnancy and lactation periods, as well as on the percent fat, water and ash of the rat carcasses. Post hoc multimean comparisons (Scheffe) at the p<0.05 level revealed that exercise resulted in a significant increase in the food intake of virgin rats, and nonsignificant increases in the food intake of pregnant and lactating rats. Body weights of virgin, pregnant and lactating exercising rats were significantly greater than their respective sedentary controls. Despite their heavier body weights and greater food intake, the estimated carcass energy content of exercising animals was lower than that of sedentary animals. This finding was reflected in the carcass composition whereby exercising rats, whether virgin, pregnant or lactating, contained consistently less fat and more water than sedentary controls. At parturition, pregnant animals contained significantly less fat, more water and more ash than sedentary pregnant controls. After 14 days of lactation, there were no significant differences in carcass composition between exercising and sedentary dams. However, lactating rats, whether exercising or sedentary, catabolized approximately 50 percent of the body fat present at parturition. Pup weight gains were not significantly different between exercising and sedentary dams. From these findings it was concluded that the effect of exercise during pregnancy and lactation on food intake, body weight and body composition was comparable to its effect in non-gravid rats. Moderately strenuous exercise during pregnancy prevented the increase in body fat deposition normally present at this time. Despite these depleted fat stores, the energy supplied by the mobilization of the remaining fat and the increase in food intake was adequate to support normal pup growth. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate