非再生性資源（NON-RENEWABLE ROSOURCES）係指存量（STOCK）只可能減少的資源， 又因其流量（FLOW）可增加與否分為兩類，一為可透過回收（RECYCLE） 而使資源的 勞務流量增加的資源，如鐵礦；另一為無法透過回數而增加資源勞務流量者，如石油 、天然氣、煤礦，後者即所謂的耗竭性資源（EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES） ，或稱折耗 性資源（DEPLETABLE RESOURCES），為本文討論的對象。此類資源由於不能再生，在 自然界中的存量係固定的，就現代的人使用一單位的資源，對後代子孫而言，即少了 一單位資源之使用機會，此機會成本即所謂的使用者成本（USER COST） ，因此對耗 竭性資源而言，最重要者在決定一最適開採軌跡。 LEWIS GRAY（１９１４）為最早用靜態個體理論，配合數學例子說明礦產的價格時徑 和稅負效果的學者，但若廠商要獲得最大的累積貼現利潤，則必須以動態方法求最適 條件，HOTELLING（１９３１） 即是最早以變分學方法求礦產者的最適產出軌跡、價 格軌跡及稅負效果的學者，唯HOTELLING 模型係假設存量固定已知，故本文擬將模型 擴充，使之結合探勘活動，透過探勘活動而使資源存量增加，進而分析各項租稅對開 採率及探勘活動水準的影響效果。 本文共分為六章，第一章為緒論；第二章介紹自然資源的租稅工具及租稅效果；第三 章則為各國自然資源課稅情形的簡介；第四章文獻回顧；第五章則為本文理論模型部 分，在結合探勘活動求取最大的累積貼現利潤下，分析各項租稅對開採率及探勘活動 水準的影響效果；第六章結論。

This thesis addresses three themes relating to climate change. The first is which types of fossil fuel to leave in the ground when they can differ in both their extraction cost and emissions rate. The analysis shows that without resource constraints there will always be use of at least one fossil fuel in the steady-state. With exhaustion constraints, any fossil fuel that has a lower extraction cost than the marginal cost of the backstop will be extracted in finite time regardless of the emissions rate. The only environmental consideration is the timing of extraction rather than leaving fossil fuel stock in the ground forever. The second theme is how altruistic concern of individuals for the well-being of others influences the socially optimal consumption levels and optimal emissions tax in a global context. If individuals have altruistic concern but believe that their consumption is negligible, they will not change their behaviour. However, non-cooperative governments maximising domestic welfare will internalise some of the damage inflicted on other countries depending on the level of altruistic concern individuals have and the cooperative optimum also changes as altruism leads individuals to effectively experience damage in other countries as well as the direct damage to them. Still, for behaviour to change, individuals need to make their decisions in a different way. The third chapter develops a new theory of moral behaviour whereby individuals balance the cost of not acting in their own self-interest against the hypothetical moral value of adopting a Kantian form of behaviour, asking what would happen if everyone else acted in the same way as they did. If individuals behave this way, then altruism matters and it may induce individuals to cut back their consumption. But nevertheless the optimal environmental tax is exactly the same as the standard Pigovian tax.

Aujourd'hui, il est essentiel de tenir compte des impacts de l'environnement tant au niveau de l'utilisation de l'énergie que de la protection des populations. Il faut donc mettre en œuvre de nouvelles pratiques en faveur d'une approche durable de l'aménagement du territoire. D'autre part, ce sont des espaces propices à l'expérimentation de nouvelles formes urbaines dans les domaines de l'habitat, des transports, du foncier agricole. Sur le long terme, le développement à adopter dépend du développement actuel puisqu'il dépend de la disponibilité à long terme de sources d'énergies fiables et non polluantes. L'Arabie Saoudite doit faire face à plusieurs défis : économique, lié à l'exportation des hydrocarbures qui sont des ressources épuisables et dont les prix sont instables; énergétique, puisque l'Arabie Saoudite a besoin de diversifier son économie; secteur résidentiel, puisqu'il y a augmentation de la démographie et donc des besoins de logements, production industrielle, transport de marchandises. L’habitat, quant à lui, reflète une grande partie de la consommation totale de l’énergie du Royaume. Alors, il est évident de mettre en œuvre des nouvelles méthodes pour une meilleure gestion de consommation de l’énergie dans les bâtiments afin de minimiser la quantité d’énergie perdue. / Nowadays, it is essential to take into account the impacts of the environment, both in terms of energy use and the protection of populations. We need to enforce new practices in favor of a sustainable approach to land-use planning. On the other hand, these are spaces conducive to the experimentation of new urban forms in the fields of housing, transport, agricultural land. On the long term, the development to be adopted depends on the current development since it depends on the long-term availability of reliable and non-polluting sources of energy. Saudi Arabia faces several challenges: economic, linked to the export of hydrocarbons which are exhaustible resources and whose prices are unstable; energy, since Saudi Arabia needs to diversify its economy; residential sector, as there is an increase in demography and hence housing needs, industrial production, and freight transport. The housing environment, as it is reflects a big part of consumption of the energy in the Kingdom. So, it is needed to operate new methods for better ways of consuming the energy in buildings to reduce the quantity of lost energy.

Cette thèse comprend trois essais en économie de l’environnement et des ressources naturelles sous incertitude. Le premier essai propose un modèle de jeu différentiel qui analyse la pollution globale à travers la quête à l’hégémonie politique entre pays. Le second essai utilise des données boursières pour estimer une version stochastique de la règle de Hotelling et ainsi inférer sur le rôle des ressources naturelles non renouvelables dans la diversification du risque. Le troisième essai montre comment la prise en compte des perspectives futures modifie la règle de Hotelling dans un contexte de diversification du risque. / My thesis is composed of three essays on environmental and natural resource economics under uncertainty. The first essay proposes a differential game analysis of the quest for hegemony among countries as a generator of global pollution. The second essay uses stock market data on market capitalization to estimate a stochastic version of the Hotelling rule of exhaustible resource exploitation and uses it to infer on the riskiness of investment in nonrenewable resources and its effect on the resource price paths. The third essay shows how uncertainty about future prospects modifies the Hotelling rule in a context of risk diversification.

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