This thesis deals with technologies for gas liquefaction and storage. The first section summarizes the development of liquefaction technology using expanders and throttling valves, followed by current technology. This is especially a rotary expanders. The storage technology is the above-ground storage of cryogenic tanks. The thesis includes proposals turbine wheels for liquefaction lines and included two proposals liquefaction cycles.

L’utilisation de l’algèbre pour résoudre des problèmes de graphes a conduit au développement de trois branches : théorie spectrale des graphes, géométrie et combinatoire des groupes et études des invariants de graphes. La notion de graphe d’expansions (invariant de graphes) est relativement récente, elle a été développée afin d’étudier la robustesse des réseaux de télécommunication. Il s’avère que la construction de familles infinies de graphes expanseurs est un problème difficile. Cette thèse traite principalement de la construction de nouvelles familles de tels graphes. Les graphes expanseurs possèdent des nombreuses applications en informatique, notamment dans la construction de certains algorithmes, en théorie de la complexité, sur les marches aléatoires (random walk), etc. En informatique théorique, ils sont utilisés pour construire des familles de codes correcteurs d’erreur. Comme nous l’avons déjà vu les familles d’expanseurs sont difficiles à construire. La plupart des constructions s'appuient sur des techniques algébriques complexes, principalement en utilisant des graphes de Cayley et des produit Zig-Zag. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une nouvelle méthode de construction de familles infinies d’expanseurs en utilisant les G-graphes. Ceux-ci sont en quelque sorte une généralisation des graphes de Cayley. Plusieurs nouvelles familles infinies d’expanseurs sont construites, notamment la première famille d’expanseurs irréguliers. / Applying algebraic and combinatorics techniques to solve graph problems leads to the birthof algebraic and combinatorial graph theory. This thesis deals mainly with a crossroads questbetween the two theories, that is, the problem of constructing infinite families of expandergraphs.From a combinatorial point of view, expander graphs are sparse graphs that have strongconnectivity properties. Expanders constructions have found extensive applications in bothpure and applied mathematics. Although expanders exist in great abundance, yet their explicitconstructions, which are very desirable for applications, are in general a hard task. Mostconstructions use deep algebraic and combinatorial approaches. Following the huge amountof research published in this direction, mainly through Cayley graphs and the Zig-Zagproduct, we choose to investigate this problem from a new perspective; namely by usingG-graphs theory and spectral hypergraph theory as well as some other techniques. G-graphsare like Cayley graphs defined from groups, but they correspond to an alternative construction.The reason that stands behind our choice is first a notable identifiable link between thesetwo classes of graphs that we prove. This relation is employed significantly to get many newresults. Another reason is the general form of G-graphs, that gives us the intuition that theymust have in many cases such as the relatively high connectivity property.The adopted methodology in this thesis leads to the identification of various approaches forconstructing an infinite family of expander graphs. The effectiveness of our techniques isillustrated by presenting new infinite expander families of Cayley and G-graphs on certaingroups. Also, since expanders stand in no single stem of graph theory, this brings us toinvestigate several closely related threads from a new angle. For instance, we obtain newresults concerning the computation of spectra of certain Cayley and G-graphs, and theconstruction of several new infinite classes of integral and Hamiltonian Cayley graphs.

Viele Anwendungen der Hochtemperatur-Supraleitung arbeiten vorteilhaft im Temperaturbereich zwischen 30 - 50 K. Für diesen Temperaturbereich existieren nur wenige geeignete Kältemaschinen mit kleiner Kälteleistung (1-2 W) u. gutem Wirkungsgrad. Neon ist aufgrund seiner Stoffeigenschaften ein hervorragendes Kältemittel für diesen Temperaturbereich, wie z.B. anhand einer realisierten Joule-Thomson (JT) Demonstrationsanlage deutlich wird. Als Ergebnis einer Prozessanalyse wird ein Kreislauf vorgestellt, der speziell den Eigenschaften von Neon angepasst ist. Durch die Überlagerung von Wärmeübertragung u. arbeitsleistender Expansion sowie der Einbeziehung einer JT-Stufe kann auch mit wenig effizienten Komponenten ein vergleichsweise hoher Gütegrad erreicht werden. Durch die Integration von Wärmeübertragerflächen in eine Kolbenexpansionsmaschine wird ein neues Konzept vorgeschlagen, um Kälte in einem großen Temperaturbereich in vielen Expansionsschritten zu erzeugen, ohne dafür viele Expander zu verwenden. Diese Einheit wird als Wärmeübertrager-Expander (WE) bezeichnet. Mit einem Arbeitsraum in konischer Grundform wird der Wärmeübergangskoeffizient günstig gestaltet u. die Wärmeübergangsfläche vergrößert. Mehrere Versuchsmaschinen wurden untersucht. Anhand der Versuche konnten die wesentlichen Verlustquellen u. Problembereiche identifiziert werden. Es wurde im Rahmen der Versuchsbedingungen nachgewiesen, dass für das vorgesehene Druckverhältnis eine nahe isotherme Expansion u. Kompression möglich ist. Es werden Möglichkeiten zur Verringerung der Längswärmeleitung vorgestellt. Zwei Simulationsprogramme wurden verwendet. Mit Hilfe des Wärmeübertrager-Programms wurden die Wärmeübertragungsvorgänge unter Berücksichtigung der Längswärmeleitung simuliert. Hierbei geht die Expansionsarbeit als stationäre Wärmesenke ein. Der im Ergebnis vorliegende stationäre Temperaturverlauf ist die Grundlage für die Berechnung der Expansionsarbeit unter Berücksichtigung der Realgaseigenschaften im Expander-Programm. Für die Neon-Tieftemperaturvariante wurde eine Grundvariante des WE definiert. Anhand dieser wurde mit Hilfe der Programme der Einfluss verschiedener Parameter auf Kälteleistung u. Gütegrad untersucht. Der WE wird als Teil des beschriebenen Prozesses mit einer JT-Stufe betrachtet. Die Kälteleistung weist sowohl in Abhängigkeit vom Massestrom als auch vom Hub ein Maximum auf. Der Shuttle-Verlust verschiebt durch Wärmetransport mittels des Kolbens die effektive Kälteleistung zu kleineren Hüben. Die durch die Güte (NTU) des JT-Wärmeübertragers bestimmte Eintrittstemperatur des Niederdruckstroms in den WE hat einen großen Einfluss auf die Kälteleistung. Mit steigender Eintrittstemperatur steigen der NTU-Wert für den Arbeitsraum u. somit auch die Kälteleistung. Das Maximum der Kälteleistung stimmt nicht mit dem Optimum für den Gütegrad überein. Der Gütegrad strebt mit sinkenden Masseströmen einem Optimum zu. Durch den zunehmenden Einfluss der Längswärmeleitung u. begrenzt durch die Minimalfüllung der Maschine aufgrund des Schadraumes ergibt sich ein Optimum. Der Einfluss des Massestroms ist entscheidend. Als untergeordnete Größen beeinflussen die Eintrittstemperatur des Niederdruckstroms u. der Hub den optimalen Gütegrad. Der Einfluss der Längswärmeleitung auf Kälteleistung u. Gütegrad wird exemplarisch anhand von vergleichenden Rechnungen gezeigt. Konkret kann für einen Eintrittsdruck von 200 bar, einen Austrittsdruck von 60 bar bei einer Eintrittstemperatur des Niederdruckstroms von 80 K für die Grundvariante eine maximale effektive Kälteleistung von 1,3 W mit einem Massestrom von 0,22 g/ s bei einem Hub von ca. 17 mm ausgewiesen werden. Der effektive Gütegrad für diese Bedingungen beträgt ca. 14%. Kommerzielle Split-Stirlingkühler erreichen bei 42 K einstufig Gütegrade von ca. 7%. Mit der vorgeschlagenen Konfiguration wird ein Konzept vorgestellt, das trotz technologisch offener Fragen das Gütegradniveau bekannter Kryokühler übertreffen kann. / Many applications of high temperature superconductivity are working advantageously within a temperature range between 30 K and 50 K. But for this temperature range only few suitable cryocooler with small refrigerating capacity (1-2 W) and good efficiency exist.Due to its properties Neon is an excellent refrigerant for this temperature level as an example with realised Joule-Thomson plant shows. A process analysis results in the presented cycle which is especially adapted to the properties of Neon. By combination of heat exchange and work extracting expansion and integration of a Joule-Thomson stage a high efficiency could be reached in spite of less efficient components.By arranging heat exchanger surfaces into a piston expansion machine a new concept is suggested to produce refrigeration in a large temperature range with a lot of expansion steps with reduced number of expanders. This unit is referred hereinafter to as heat exchanger-expander.The conical shaped working space results in an increase of the heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer area.Several test machines were investigated. By means of testing the main loss sources and critical zones could be identified. The test results prove the opportunity of a near isothermal expansion and compression for the specified pressure ratio.Options to reduce the axial heat conduction are presented.Two simulation programs were utilised. Using the heat exchanger program the heat transfer is simulated in consideration of the axial heat conduction. Thereby the expansion work is considered as a stationary heat sink. The resulting stationary temperature pattern is the base for the expansion work calculation using the real gas properties in the expander program. Referring to the defined basic neon low temperature application the influence of different parameters on refrigerating capacity and efficiency was researched with the programs. The heat exchanger-expander is part of the described process with a Joule-Thomson stage. The refrigerating capacity shows a maximum depending as well from the mass flow as from the stroke. In result of the shuttle loss smaller strokes lead to better capacity due to heat transport with the piston.The inlet temperature of the low pressure flow influenced by the quality (NTU) of the Joule-Thomson heat exchanger has a large influence on the refrigerating capacity. With increasing inlet temperature the number of transfer units (NTU) for the fluid in the working volume increases and so the refrigerating capacity, too. The location of refrigerating capacity maximum and efficiency optimum is different. While decreasing mass flow efficiency is increasing to an optimum caused by the increased influence of axial heat conduction but limited by the minimum charge of the machine due to the dead space. The influence of the mass flow is dominating. As lower range values the inlet temperature of the low pressure flow and the stroke are influencing the optimal efficiency. The influence of axial heat conduction on refrigerating capacity and efficiency is shown using comparing calculations.For an inlet pressure of 200 bar, an outlet pressure of 60 bar, an inlet temperature of the low pressure flow of 80 K, a mass flow of 0,22 g/ s and a stroke of about 17 mm for the basic version of heat exchanger-expander a maximal effective refrigerating capacity of 1,3 We could be shown. The effective efficiency therefore is 14 %. Current commercial split Stirling cryocooler reach with single stage operation efficiencies of about 7 % at 42 K. The suggested configuration represents a concept that could be able to master the efficiency level of known cryocooler.

La reconstruction en deux étapes par expanseur et implant est la technique la plus répandue pour la reconstruction mammmaire post mastectomie. La formation d’une capsule périprothétique est une réponse physiologique universelle à tout corps étranger présent dans le corps humain; par contre, la formation d’une capsule pathologique mène souvent à des complications et par conséquent à des résultats esthétiques sous-optimaux. Le microscope électronique à balayage (MEB) est un outil puissant qui permet d’effectuer une évaluation sans pareille de la topographie ultrastructurelle de spécimens. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de comparer le MEB conventionnel (Hi-Vac) à une technologie plus récente, soit le MEB environnemental (ESEM), afin de déterminer si cette dernière mène à une évaluation supérieure des tissus capsulaires du sein. Le deuxième objectif est d‘appliquer la modalité de MEB supérieure et d’étudier les modifications ultrastructurelles des capsules périprothétiques chez les femmes subissant différents protocoles d’expansion de tissus dans le contexte de reconstruction mammaire prothétique. Deux études prospectives ont été réalisées afin de répondre à nos objectifs de recherche. Dix patientes ont été incluses dans la première, et 48 dans la seconde. La modalité Hi-Vac s’est avérée supérieure pour l’analyse compréhensive de tissus capsulaires mammaires. En employant le mode Hi-Vac dans notre protocole de recherche établi, un relief 3-D plus prononcé à été observé autour des expanseurs BIOCELL® dans le groupe d’approche d’intervention retardée (6 semaines). Des changements significatifs n’ont pas été observés au niveau des capsules SILTEX® dans les groupes d’approche d’intervention précoce (2 semaines) ni retardée. / Two-stage implant-based (expander to implant) breast reconstruction is the most frequently applied technique following total mastectomy. While the periprosthetic capsule is a normal physiologic response to any foreign body, pathological capsule formation often leads complications and suboptimal aesthetic results. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a powerful tool that offers unparalleled assessment of capsule ultrastructural topography. The first research aim was to compare conventional high-vacuum (Hi-Vac) SEM with newer environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) technology to determine whether the latter offers superior assessment of breast capsular tissue. The second aim was to apply the most optimal SEM mode to study periprosthetic capsule ultrastructural modifications in women undergoing differing expansion protocols during the first stage of implant-based reconstruction. Ten patients were prospectively included in the first study and 48 prospectively included into the second. Conventional Hi-Vac mode was deemed superior for the comprehensive analysis of breast capsular tissue. Using Hi-Vac mode within the established study protocol, a more pronounced capsular 3-D relief was observed around BIOCELL® expanders when the first postoperative saline inflation took place at 6 weeks following expander insertion (delayed approach). No significant changes were observed with SILTEX® expander capsules in both early (2 weeks) and delayed approach groups.

The master´s thesis is focused on design of ADSR filter and voltage controlled amplifier (VCA). Three additional circuits performing analog signal processing are added. Functionality of designed circuits is verified in simulation program. All designed circuits are practically realized. Thesis includes complete design of the mentioned circuits and all necessary informations for its practical realization. All designed circuits are measured and the results are presented.

This thesis deals with basic methods of root mean square and peak value measurement of a digital acoustic signal, algotithms to measure audio programme loudness and true-peak audio level according to recommendation ITU-R BS.1770-1 and digital systems for control of signal dynamic range. It shows achieved results of root mean square and peak value measurement and results of implementation of dynamic processor with general piecewise linear non-decreasing static curve and algorithms according to recommendation ITU-R BS.1770-1.

A need to find better achievement has always been required in the space industrythrough time. Advanced technologies are provided to accomplish goals for humanityfor space explorer and space missions, to apprehend answers and widen knowledges. These are the goals of improvement, and in this thesis, is to strive and demandto understand and improve the mass of a space nozzle, utilized in an upperstage of space mission, with an expander cycle engine. The study is carried out by creating design of experiment using Latin HypercubeSampling (LHS) with a consideration to number of design and simulation expense.A surrogate model based optimization with Multidisciplinary Design Optimization(MDO) method for two different approaches, Analytical Target Cascading (ATC) and Multidisciplinary Feasible (MDF) are used for comparison and emend the conclusion. In the optimization, three different limitations are being investigated, designspace limit, industrial limit and industrial limit with tolerance. Optimized results have shown an incompatibility between two optimization approaches, ATC and MDF which are expected to be similar, but for the two limitations, design space limit and industrial limit appear to be less agreeable. The ATC formalist in this case dictates by the main objective, where the children/subproblems only focus to find a solution that satisfies the main objective and its constraint. For the MDF, the main objective function is described as a single function and solved subject to all the constraints. Furthermore, the problem is not divided into subproblems as in the ATC. Surrogate model based optimization, its solution influences by the accuracy ofthe model, and this is being investigated with another DoE. A DoE of the full factorial analysis is created and selected to study in a region near the optimal solution.In such region, the result has evidently shown to be quite accurate for almost allthe surrogate models, except for max temperature, damage and strain at the hottestregion, with the largest common impact on inner wall thickness of the space nozzle. Results of the new structure of the space nozzle have shown an improvement of mass by ≈ 50%, ≈ 15% and ≈ -4%, for the three different limitations, design spacelimit, industrial limit and industrial limit with tolerance, relative to a reference value,and ≈ 10%, ≈ 35% and ≈ 25% cheaper to manufacture accordingly to the defined producibility model.

Master’s thesis contains description parameters of microcontroller ATMEGA644P, also contains differences between older and newer version of microcontrollers ATMEGA644 and ATMEGA644PA. Inside structure of microcontroller, memories and peripherals are described here. The construction of the universal microcontroller unit is main target of this thesis. The unit contains supply, A/D converter, current loop, communication interfaces, temperature sensor, accelerometer and other. The unit collects and saves data, communicates by interfaces and manages other functions. Using devices and circuits are described in this thesis. Development of software for microcontroller(firmware) are positioned to last part of this thesis. This software control functions of all parts positioned on the unit.

The diploma thesis deals with the design and implementation of the system that will control the water supply for the family house and its garden. The system aslo allows you to store a history that can be viewed via the web interface. The web interface also allows you to set system parameters and monitor the current status.