Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:35:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandro_Braz_Silva.pdf: 1679726 bytes, checksum: 3c8951305ca3e5920c1e25c3d65e5d7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-30 / This research addresses the birth and history of cities, its structure, management and an evaluation tool that public managers are currently using: social indicators. This is because the expense is a concern among all the directors are not different to government managers. The aim of this study was to find relationship between the indicator of the wealth S?o Paulo index for Social Responsibility and public spending represented by the functions of government, and find possible trends of public expenditures of municipalities of S?o Paulo state, among those considered the richest and poor in 2000, 2002 and 2004. The research was quantitative in nature, with research literature, documentary and explanatory, and use as a statistical tool to multiple regression. We analyzed 75% of municipalities, making the number of 484 of 645 municipalities in the State of S?o Paulo. The difference of 25% is given for the lack of accounting data of the municipalities that did not send their information to the National Treasury Secretariat, which feeds the program FINBRA, preventing the study of all the municipalities of the state in those years. Municipalities that did not submit its accounting to NTS data were excluded from the search. Furthermore, a study was conducted on the functions of government, as proposed in the years to research, there were two doors: the n? 09/1974 and n? 42/1999 of. These ordinances help to standardize the constitutional budget cuts with regard to the functions of government. It must therefore standardize these functions of government for all municipalities and thus facilitate the work. The treatment given to this pattern was so historic, reviewing legislation since its determination from the end of the 1930s. For the indicator of wealth of the SPISR, not requiring special treatment, because all the municipalities of S?o Paulo State had its indicator. The answer to the question of research was that there is relationship between the indicator of wealth of SPISR in public spending made by municipalities in the years 2000, 2002 and 2004, so finding, including trends in spending between rich districts and municipalities as considered poor. It follows that the more rich for the municipality in S?o Paulo state, more spending on the functions of government relating to Health and Sanitation, and Education, Culture, Sport and Recreation, spending less on functions of government relating to Agriculture and Management Environment, Transport more / A presente pesquisa aborda o nascimento e hist??ria sobre munic??pios, sua estrutura, gest??o e uma ferramenta de avalia????o que os gestores p??blicos atualmente vem utilizando: os indicadores sociais. Isto porque o gasto e uma preocupa????o entre todos os administradores, n??o sendo diferente aos gestores governamentais. O objetivo deste estudo foi encontrar rela????o entre o indicador de riqueza do ??ndice Paulista de Responsabilidade Social e os gastos p??blicos representados pelas fun????es de governo, al??m de encontrar poss??veis tend??ncias desses gastos p??blicos de munic??pios do Estado de S??o Paulo, entre aqueles considerados mais ricos e mais pobres, nos anos de 2000, 2002 e 2004. A pesquisa foi de natureza quantitativa, com pesquisas bibliogr??fica, documental e explicativa, al??m de utilizar como ferramenta estat??stica a an??lise de regress??o linear m??ltipla. Foram analisados 75% dos munic??pios, perfazendo o n??mero de 484 dos 645 munic??pios existentes no Estado de S??o Paulo. A diferen??a de 25% e dada pela falta de dados cont??beis dos munic??pios que n??o enviaram suas informa????es a Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional, que alimenta o programa FINBRA, inviabilizando o estudo a totalidade dos munic??pios do Estado nos referidos anos. Os munic??pios que n??o enviaram seus dados cont??beis a STN foram exclu??dos da pesquisa. Al??m disso, foi realizado um estudo sobre as fun????es de governo, pois nos anos propostos para a pesquisa, houve duas Portarias: a de n?? 09/1974 e a de n?? 42/1999. Estas portarias auxiliaram na padroniza????o de pe??as or??ament??rias constitucionais no que diz respeito as fun????es de governo. Foi preciso, portanto, padronizar estas fun????es de governo para todos os munic??pios e assim viabilizar o trabalho. O tratamento dado a esta padroniza????o foi de maneira hist??rica, revendo legisla????es desde sua determina????o, proveniente do final da d??cada de 1930. Para o indicador de riqueza do IPRS, n??o necessitou de um tratamento especial, pois todos os munic??pios do Estado de S??o Paulo possu??am seu indicador. A resposta para a quest??o de pesquisa foi de que existe rela????o entre o indicador de riqueza do IPRS com os gastos p??blicos realizados pelos munic??pios nos anos de 2000, 2002 e 2004, permitindo encontrar, inclusive, tend??ncias de gastos entre munic??pios considerados mais ricos e munic??pios considerados mais pobres. Concluiu-se que quanto mais rico for o municipio no Estado de S??o Paulo, mais gastam com as fun????es de governo relativas a Saude e Saneamento, al??m de Educa????o, Cultura, Desporto e Lazer, gastando menos com fun????es de governo relacionadas a Agricultura e Gest??o Ambiental, mais Transportes

South Africa started the Women’s Budget Initiative in 1995 as part of its commitment to meeting its gender equality objectives and gender mainstreaming. However, in later years, research has found that government Gender Responsive Budgeting or GRB initiatives in South Africa are either dormant or dead. There is a range of reasons for this and some of them are not directly related to gender budgets or even gender. Research has shown that perhaps the greatest weakness is the lack of advocacy. From the review of existing literature, it is clear that there is a need for strong alliances between key stakeholders, which are Parliament, non-governmental organisations, academics, United Nations and the media to sustain the momentum of the gender budget process. Capacity building and training are also important for budget officers, civil society, national and local parliamentarians, given the low level of skilled financial personnel in municipalities. The availability of adequate sex-disaggregated data is an important success factor for municipalities so that they can deliver services equitably to their communities. This research is exploratory in nature and focuses on assessing GRB in one of South Africa’s largest urban municipalities. It also reviewed the 2012/13 Integrated Development Plan through a focus on health, housing infrastructure, safety and security and education. These are some of the wellknown variables to ease the plight of the poor and are good quality of life indicators for men, women, boys and girls. The research method that has been used in this research is both qualitative and quantitative. This study has found that there is no clear co-coordinated plan for the implementation of GRB in this metropolitan municipality. The lack of resources is also seen as the main challenge to GRB in this metropolitan municipality. / Public Administration / M.P.A.

M.A. (Public Management and Governance) / This study sought to assess the main outcomes of the 2003 Maputo Declaration encapsulating the political decision of the Heads of State of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), within the framework of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP), to allocate at least 10% of national public budgets to the agriculture sector. The scope of the assessment included the levels, composition, efficiency and effectiveness of public expenditures in the agriculture sector. For this reason, the study not only sought to find out the calibration of the levels and quantities of resources allocated to, or spent in the agriculture sector, but also undertook a diagnosis of the composition and patterns in resource allocations and expenditures in the agriculture sector. The study, designed in form of an exploratory and pilot research, was conducted in two African countries (Rwanda and Malawi) and adopted an orientation towards discovering ideas and insights – not for purposes of coming up with final answers or decisions, but rather for providing a better understanding of the situation to inform the construction of larger research efforts. Specifically, the study aimed to: i) determine the patterns in public agriculture allocations and expenditure after the Maputo Declaration; ii) to identify the factors that determine or influence the levels and composition of budgetary allocations and expenditure in the public agricultural sector. From the population frame comprising all 54 member states of the African Union, a purposive stratified sampling method was employed to select the two countries. A judicious blend of qualitative and quantitative methods and attendant techniques was employed in data collection and analysis. Qualitative information was collected largely using a literature review and participatory research methods, such as semi-structured interviews with key informants. On the other hand, quantitative information was collected using a suite of methods and tools, such as simple questionnaires administered among specific country respondents. Anecdotal evidence drawn from literature review showed that Malawi allocates well above the 10% CAADP target for its national resources to agriculture, while Rwanda, in spite of being the first country on the continent to sign the CAADP Compact, allocates less than 10% of its public resources to the sector. The research, undertaking a deeper analysis revealed that Malawi exhibited consistent increases in the percentages of agricultural expenditure as a share of the national expenditure for the entire period under study (2000 to 2013), except in 2002/03 and in 2008/09. In fact, there is evidence that Malawi spent over 30% of its national resources on agriculture, although this percentage declined to 24.7% in the subsequent year. Most of Malawi’s expenditure is explained by the thrust that the government had placed on farm-input subsidies. It is also noteworthy that a significant proportion of Malawi’s agriculture budget (about 80%) is funded by external donors. The research revealed that the expectations of agriculture’s contribution to the growth and development of the national economy forms part of the major explanations behind the gigantic proportions of the national budget allocated to the agricultural sector. This is consistent with findings of another study that showed that show that agricultural-led economic growth has a greater impact on poverty reduction than does the same level of growth driven by non-agricultural sectors. Rwanda exhibited clearly different trends in agriculture expenditure from those exhibited by Malawi; with the exception of a spike recorded in 2001-2002, the subsequent periods all the way to the year 2006 show a consistent decline in expenditure. This study revealed that the share of agriculture expenditure in the national total fell from 8.6% recorded in 2002 to 3.3% in 2006. The patterns in agriculture budget allocations and public expenditure in Rwanda continued to drop and, in the best case scenario, the allocation patterns stagnated. The reasons for the drop before 2007 are unclear. However, Rwanda registered a consistent rise in public expenditure in the agricultural sector after 2007, both in absolute and relative terms. It is recalled that Rwanda was the first country on the continent to sign the CAADP Compact in 2007.

Thesis (M.Com. (Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The primary goal of this study was to investigate the effects of budget deficit on fixed investment using annual data for the period 1990-2017 in selected African countries namely, Cameroon, Namibia, Ghana, Egypt, Seychelles, Mauritius, Botswana, Lesotho and South Africa. The study employed panel unit root tests including the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, Philips Perron test and Levin Lin and chu test. The tests revealed that all the variables are integrated at 1st difference. The study further employed the Panel ARDL bounds test to examine the relationship between budget deficit, fixed investment, money supply and inflation. The empirical findings indicated that a long run relationship exists between the variables of interest. Furthermore, the results revealed that the budget deficit has a negative and statistically significant effect on fixed investment. A one percent increase in the budget deficit, ceteris paribus, leads to a reduction in fixed investment by 44 percent in the long run. The findings further postulated a bidirectional causal relationship between budget deficit and fixed investment, between money supply and fixed investment and between fixed investment and inflation. It was evident in the research that indeed the budget deficit is a problematic macroeconomic policy in African countries. Policy makers should limit high government expenditures as they contribute to increased and persistent budget deficits which crowd out private investment.

This dissertation has shown that public procurement regulation takes place through regulatory documents that mainly underwent a name change and that the only changes are found in the reporting framework. The South African government identified public procurement as an active instrument to achieve social and economic goals. To provide substance to this realisation, public procurement was taken up in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996. The constitution prescribes a procurement system that is fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost-effective. / Public Administration & Management / M. Admin. (Public Administration)

This dissertation has shown that public procurement regulation takes place through regulatory documents that mainly underwent a name change and that the only changes are found in the reporting framework. The South African government identified public procurement as an active instrument to achieve social and economic goals. To provide substance to this realisation, public procurement was taken up in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996. The constitution prescribes a procurement system that is fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost-effective. / Public Administration and Management / M. Admin. (Public Administration)

This study examines the public debt, public debt service and economic growth nexus in Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa using time-series data from 1970 to 2017. This research provides empirical evidence to contribute, firstly, to the ongoing public policy debate regarding the dynamic relationship between public debt, public debt service and economic growth, and their causal relationship; and secondly, to the relative impact of domestic and foreign public debt on economic growth in the selected study countries. For this purpose, four empirical models were utilised and estimated using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds to cointegration and the error correction ARDL-based causality test. Model 1 explored the impact of aggregate public debt on economic growth, while Model 2 investigated the relative impact of domestic and foreign public debt on economic growth. Model 3 examined the impact of public debt service on economic growth, whereas the causality between aggregate public debt and economic growth, and between public debt service and economic growth is tested in Model 4a and Model 4b, respectively. Results show that in Model 1, aggregate public debt has a positive impact on economic growth in Zambia but is negative in Zimbabwe and South Africa. In Model 2, domestic public debt negatively impacts economic growth in Zambia and Zimbabwe and positive impact in South Africa. In addition, foreign public debt has a positive impact on economic growth in Zambia and negative impact in Zimbabwe and South Africa. The results from Model 3 largely support a negative relationship between public debt service and economic growth in Zambia and Zimbabwe, and an insignificant relationship in South Africa. The causality results for Model 4a indicate that it is economic growth that drives public debt in all the study countries. Finally, no causal relationship between public debt service and economic growth was confirmed in all the study countries (Model 4b). / Economics / D. Phil. (Economics)

Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2018-08-08T20:55:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Henrique Melo Soares.pdf: 533329 bytes, checksum: 8149f342b7866150d9525342c38f4a54 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T20:55:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Henrique Melo Soares.pdf: 533329 bytes, checksum: 8149f342b7866150d9525342c38f4a54 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / This research analyzes the degree of fulfillment of public budget execution, based on the values proposed and approved in the Annual Budget Law of the organs of the state legal system, composed by: Public Defender, Public Prosecutor and Court of Justice, all at state level. Considering the period from 2007 to 2015, the period after the publication of the Fiscal Responsibility Law. The research also seeks to identify the significance of variables that may influence the degree of budget assertiveness. The study had a quantitative approach, using econometric analyzes such as mean test, POLS regressions and panels with fixed and variable effects. In this study, it was possible to observe that about 60% of the analyzed organs present budgetary variations above 5%. It was evidenced that the variables size, type and GDP are statistically significant, since the simple existence of the area of internal control and the composition of the revenue has no significant relation with the accuracy in the budget. / Esta pesquisa analisa o grau de cumprimento da execu????o or??ament??ria p??blica, tendo como base os valores propostos e aprovados na Lei Or??ament??ria Anual (LOA), dos ??rg??os ligados ao sistema judici??rio estadual, quais sejam: Defensoria P??blica Estadual, Minist??rio P??blico Estadual e Tribunal de Justi??a. O recorte cronol??gico abrange o per??odo de 2007 a 2015, per??odo este posterior a publica????o da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal. A pesquisa tamb??m procura identificar a signific??ncia de vari??veis que possam influenciar o grau de assertividade or??ament??ria. O estudo teve abordagem de natureza quantitativa, utilizando-se analises econom??tricas tais como teste de m??dia, regress??es POLS e pain??is com efeitos fixos e vari??veis. Neste estudo p??de-se constatar que cerca de 60% dos ??rg??os analisados apresentam varia????es or??ament??rias acima de 5%. Ficou evidenciado que as vari??veis tamanho, tipo de ??rg??o e PIB s??o estatisticamente significantes, j?? a simples exist??ncia da ??rea de controle interno e a composi????o da receita n??o tem rela????o significativa com a acuracidade no or??amento.

This dissertation examines the role of public investments in inducing small firms to develop risky, early-stage technologies. It contributes to expanding our understanding of the consequences of research, innovation, and entrepreneurship policies and programs by investigating in more depth the effect of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program on the innovation effort, ability to attract external capital, and other metrics of post-entry performance of small business start-ups using a new sample and estimation approach. Unlike prior R&D subsidy studies that concentrated almost exclusively on European countries, this dissertation focused on small business start-ups in the United States using a new scientific survey of new firms. It integrated the Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS) from the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation with the SBIR recipient dataset from the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) and used advances in statistical matching to achieve better comparability between the treated and control groups of small business start-ups. The integrated KFS-SBA dataset, which contains both recipient and non-recipient small firms, and statistical matching allowed us to empirically construct the counterfactual outcomes of SBIR recipients. This dissertation balanced the pre-treatment characteristics of SBIR recipients and non-recipients through propensity score matching (PSM). It constructed the comparison sample by identifying non-recipients with nearly identical propensity scores as those of SBIR recipients. Consistent with the propensity score theorem, observations with the same distribution of propensity scores have the same distribution of observable characteristics. PSM made the comparison and treatment samples homogenous except in SBIR program exposure, making the fundamental assumption of ignorability of treatment assignment more plausible. Using the realized outcomes of observationally similar non-recipient start-ups as the counterfactual outcomes of SBIR recipients, we found empirical evidence of the input additionality effect of the SBIR program. Had they not applied for and granted SBIR R&D subsidies, recipient start-ups would have spent only $185,000 in R&D, but with SBIR their R&D effort was significantly increased to $663,000, on average. The treatment effects analyses also found a significant positive effect of SBIR on innovation propensity and employment. However, it appears that public co-financing of commercial R&D has crowded-out privately financed R&D of small business start-ups in the United States. A dollar of SBIR subsidy decreased firm-financed R&D by about $0.16. Contrary to prior SBIR studies, we did not find any significant "halo effect" or "certification effect" of receiving an SBIR award on attracting external capital. However, we discovered a different certification effect of the SBIR program: SBIR grantees are more likely to attract external patents. This finding also confirms that innovation requires a portfolio of internal and external knowledge assets as theorized by David Teece and his colleagues. This dissertation's empirical results may be relevant to the Small Business Administration, SBIR participating agencies, the U.S. Congress, other federal, state and local policymakers, small high-tech start-ups, and scholars in the field of science, technology, and innovation policy.

This dissertation can be broadly divided into two independent parts. The first three chapters analyse issues related to temporal and contemporaneous aggregation of econometric models. The fourth chapter contains an application of Bayesian techniques to investigate whether the post transition fiscal policy of Poland is sustainable in the long run and consistent with an intertemporal budget constraint.<p><p><p>Chapter 1 surveys the econometric methodology of temporal aggregation for a wide range of univariate and multivariate time series models. <p><p><p>A unified overview of temporal aggregation techniques for this broad class of processes is presented in the first part of the chapter and the main results are summarized. In each case, assuming to know the underlying process at the disaggregate frequency, the aim is to find the appropriate model for the aggregated data. Additional topics concerning temporal aggregation of ARIMA-GARCH models (see Drost and Nijman, 1993) are discussed and several examples presented. Systematic sampling schemes are also reviewed.<p><p><p>Multivariate models, which show interesting features under temporal aggregation (Breitung and Swanson, 2002, Marcellino, 1999, Hafner, 2008), are examined in the second part of the chapter. In particular, the focus is on temporal aggregation of VARMA models and on the related concept of spurious instantaneous causality, which is not a time series property invariant to temporal aggregation. On the other hand, as pointed out by Marcellino (1999), other important time series features as cointegration and presence of unit roots are invariant to temporal aggregation and are not induced by it.<p><p><p>Some empirical applications based on macroeconomic and financial data illustrate all the techniques surveyed and the main results.<p><p>Chapter 2 is an attempt to monitor fiscal variables in the Euro area, building an early warning signal indicator for assessing the development of public finances in the short-run and exploiting the existence of monthly budgetary statistics from France, taken as "example country". <p><p><p>The application is conducted focusing on the cash State deficit, looking at components from the revenue and expenditure sides. For each component, monthly ARIMA models are estimated and then temporally aggregated to the annual frequency, as the policy makers are interested in yearly predictions. <p><p><p>The short-run forecasting exercises carried out for years 2002, 2003 and 2004 highlight the fact that the one-step-ahead predictions based on the temporally aggregated models generally outperform those delivered by standard monthly ARIMA modeling, as well as the official forecasts made available by the French government, for each of the eleven components and thus for the whole State deficit. More importantly, by the middle of the year, very accurate predictions for the current year are made available. <p><p>The proposed method could be extremely useful, providing policy makers with a valuable indicator when assessing the development of public finances in the short-run (one year horizon or even less). <p><p><p>Chapter 3 deals with the issue of forecasting contemporaneous time series aggregates. The performance of "aggregate" and "disaggregate" predictors in forecasting contemporaneously aggregated vector ARMA (VARMA) processes is compared. An aggregate predictor is built by forecasting directly the aggregate process, as it results from contemporaneous aggregation of the data generating vector process. A disaggregate predictor is a predictor obtained from aggregation of univariate forecasts for the individual components of the data generating vector process. <p><p>The econometric framework is broadly based on Lütkepohl (1987). The necessary and sufficient condition for the equality of mean squared errors associated with the two competing methods in the bivariate VMA(1) case is provided. It is argued that the condition of equality of predictors as stated in Lütkepohl (1987), although necessary and sufficient for the equality of the predictors, is sufficient (but not necessary) for the equality of mean squared errors. <p><p><p>Furthermore, it is shown that the same forecasting accuracy for the two predictors can be achieved using specific assumptions on the parameters of the VMA(1) structure. <p><p><p>Finally, an empirical application that involves the problem of forecasting the Italian monetary aggregate M1 on the basis of annual time series ranging from 1948 until 1998, prior to the creation of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), is presented to show the relevance of the topic. In the empirical application, the framework is further generalized to deal with heteroskedastic and cross-correlated innovations. <p><p><p>Chapter 4 deals with a cointegration analysis applied to the empirical investigation of fiscal sustainability. The focus is on a particular country: Poland. The choice of Poland is not random. First, the motivation stems from the fact that fiscal sustainability is a central topic for most of the economies of Eastern Europe. Second, this is one of the first countries to start the transition process to a market economy (since 1989), providing a relatively favorable institutional setting within which to study fiscal sustainability (see Green, Holmes and Kowalski, 2001). The emphasis is on the feasibility of a permanent deficit in the long-run, meaning whether a government can continue to operate under its current fiscal policy indefinitely.<p><p>The empirical analysis to examine debt stabilization is made up by two steps. <p><p>First, a Bayesian methodology is applied to conduct inference about the cointegrating relationship between budget revenues and (inclusive of interest) expenditures and to select the cointegrating rank. This task is complicated by the conceptual difficulty linked to the choice of the prior distributions for the parameters relevant to the economic problem under study (Villani, 2005).<p><p>Second, Bayesian inference is applied to the estimation of the normalized cointegrating vector between budget revenues and expenditures. With a single cointegrating equation, some known results concerning the posterior density of the cointegrating vector may be used (see Bauwens, Lubrano and Richard, 1999). <p><p>The priors used in the paper leads to straightforward posterior calculations which can be easily performed.<p>Moreover, the posterior analysis leads to a careful assessment of the magnitude of the cointegrating vector. Finally, it is shown to what extent the likelihood of the data is important in revising the available prior information, relying on numerical integration techniques based on deterministic methods.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished