The purpose of the present study was to examine differentiation of self (Bowen, 1985) as a predictor of involvement in specific extramarital behaviors. Data were collected from 125 graduates of a comprehensive state university in southeastern United States. The sample was primarily caucasian, college educated, married, politically moderate to slightly conservative, equally divided by gender and ranged in age from 25 to 87 years (M = age 43). Differentiation of self was operationalized and measured by the Differentiation of Self Inventory (Skowron & Friedlander, 1998). Logistical regression analyses regressed involvement in specific extramarital behaviors upon the level of differentiation of self as measured by the Differentiation of Self Inventory. The level of differentiation did not significantly predict the likelihood of involvement in any specific extramarital behavior. Among females, however, differentiation was positively but not significantly associated with the likelihood of involvement in most of the specific extramarital behaviors examined by the study. For females, differentiation did significantly predict the likelihood of having an experience kissing some one other than a spouse while married. / Ph. D.

Recent changes in marital and extramarital fertility according to ethnicity in Kazakhstan Saule Dyussupova Abstract Contemporary Kazakhstan has experienced different social and political changes since being an independent country. These changes influenced demographic processes such as fertility. The number of live births per one woman has altered, but what were the changes among ethnicities and what type of fertility has changed more: marital or extramarital? To answer these questions more sizable ethnicities in Kazakhstan, which are Kazakhs, Russians, Ukrainians and Uzbeks were chosen. After examining the trends for the above mentioned ethnicities, their demographic positions in marital and extramarital fertility were explained. Meanwhile, despite the fact that the social-cultural attitudes of each ethnicity differ from each other, the tendency in marital fertility was going up among all ethnicities and in case of extramarital fertility, mostly among non and mixed traditional ethnicities was going down. Thus, based on the results of the research, the author has concluded the following: after the stabilization of economic and political conditions in the country the number of marital births increased, whereas traditional ethnicity (Uzbek) has experienced the fastest increase in the proportion of extramarital...

Research on infidelity has been criticized for its lack of theoretical approach and emphasis on the negative impacts on marriage. Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted with individuals who had an affair, or experienced the affair of a spouse. Combined with a critical sociological approach to the existing literature on infidelity, this study explores the usefulness of theoretical concepts and perspectives adopted by other researchers. This study offers suggestions for future areas of inquiry and stresses the importance of studying extramarital relationships from a sociological perspective.

Research on infidelity has been criticized for its lack of theoretical approach and emphasis on the negative impacts on marriage. Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted with individuals who had an affair, or experienced the affair of a spouse. Combined with a critical sociological approach to the existing literature on infidelity, this study explores the usefulness of theoretical concepts and perspectives adopted by other researchers. This study offers suggestions for future areas of inquiry and stresses the importance of studying extramarital relationships from a sociological perspective.

A paixão, os relacionamentos extraconjugais e o casamento são temas interligados que instigam os homens desde os tempos remotos. A paixão apresenta como característica principal a experiência excessiva e é difícil de ser controlada pela razão. Será abordado neste trabalho o conceito de amor para esclarecer que a paixão amorosa possui uma estrutura que se diferencia das demais modalidades de amor. A paixão insere o indivíduo em uma vivência estrondosa e tem como característica elementar a ativação da criatividade e do desejo. O objetivo do trabalho é verificar por meio de um estudo comparativo entre pessoas casadas e pessoas casadas vivendo uma relação extraconjugal se as últimas apresentam maiores índices nas manifestações de distresse, expressão de afetos, impulsividade, propensão ao risco e busca de sensações. Para isso foram acompanhados 40 (quarenta) adultos entre 25 (vinte e cinco) e 60 (sessenta) anos, casados, de ambos os sexos, sendo 25 (vinte) deles vivendo uma relação extraconjugal, e outros 20 (vinte) que não vivenciavam relação extraconjugal. Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos de pesquisa: Escala do amor apaixonado (Passionate Love Scale), Escala de tipos de apego adulto, Avaliação de Classe Social-Pelotas, Mental Health Inventory (MHI), Escala de Alexitimia de Toronto, Escala de Propensão ao Risco Específico (Epre), Escala Barrat de Impulsividade (Barrat Impulsivity Scale), Inventário de Busca de Sensações de Arnett. Os resultados dos dois grupos (casados em relacionamento extraconjugal e casados sem relacionamento extraconjugal) foram comparados estatisticamente. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. A análise de resultados permitiu verificar que: (1) pessoas casados vivendo uma relação extraconjugal não estão comprometidas em termos de psicopatologia; (2) estão em busca de sensações; (3) não há padrão de apego diferente nos dois grupos analisados; (4) as pessoas têm consciência de que transgridem as normas sociais e refletem sobre isso; (5) para viver essa relação transgressora essas pessoas têm como característica assumir riscos; (6) os casados em relação extraconjugal estão buscando algo mais idealizado e mais duradouro enquanto afeto. No entanto, compensam menos com outras coisas e não se apresentam impulsivos. Conclui-se que não existem diferenças na vivencia da paixão entre os grupos com e sem relação extraconjugal no que se refere às suas características. O grupo de pessoas com relação extraconjugal não apresentou nenhum comprometimento psíquico ou funcional. Portanto, as pessoas vivendo relação extraconjugal não estão comprometidas em termos de psicopatologia, não se apresentam impulsivas e nem estão em busca de sensações. Entretanto, podem estar, simplesmente, em busca de completude e de satisfação nem sempre presentes nos relacionamentos institucionalizados / Passion, extramarital relationships, and marriage are intertwined themes that have instigated men since ancient times. Passion presents as its main characteristic excessive experience and is difficult to be controlled by reason. It will be approached in this thesis the concept of love to clarify that the passionate love has a structure that differs from the other modalities of love. Passion insert the individual into a thundering experience and has as na elementary characteristic the activation of creativity and desire. The objective of this study is to verify by means of a comparative study between married and married people living an extramarital relationship if the latter present higher indexes in the manifestations of distress, affection expression, impulsivity, risk propensity and sensation search. 40 (forty) adults were followed between 25 (twenty-five) and 60 (sixty) years of age, married, of both sexes, 25 (twenty) of whom were living in an extramarital relationship, and 20 (twenty) not living na extramarital relationship. The following research tools were used: Passionate Love Scale, Adult Attachment Type Scale, Social-Pelotas Classification, Mental Health Inventory (MHI), Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Risk Propensity Scale Specific (Epre), Barrat Impulsivity Scale, Arnett Sensation Search Inventory. The results of the two groups (married in extramarital relationship and married without extramarital relationship) were compared statistically. The data were analyzed by the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. The analysis of the results allowed to verify that: (1) married persons living in an extramarital relationship are not compromised in terms of psychopathology; (2) are in search of sensations; (3) there is no different pattern of attachment in the two groups analyzed; (4) people are aware that they violate social norms and reflect on it; (5) to live this transgressive relationship these people have the characteristic to take risks; (6) those married in extramarital affairs are seeking something more idealized and more enduring as affection. However, they compensate less with other things and are not impulsive. It is concluded that there are no differences in the experience of the passion between the groups with and without extramarital relationship in relation to their characteristics. The group of people with extramarital relationship did not present any psychic or functional impairment. Therefore, people living in extramarital relationships are not compromised in terms of psychopathology, are not impulsive and are not in search of sensations. However, they may simply be seeking completeness and satisfaction not always present in institutionalized relationships

A paixão, os relacionamentos extraconjugais e o casamento são temas interligados que instigam os homens desde os tempos remotos. A paixão apresenta como característica principal a experiência excessiva e é difícil de ser controlada pela razão. Será abordado neste trabalho o conceito de amor para esclarecer que a paixão amorosa possui uma estrutura que se diferencia das demais modalidades de amor. A paixão insere o indivíduo em uma vivência estrondosa e tem como característica elementar a ativação da criatividade e do desejo. O objetivo do trabalho é verificar por meio de um estudo comparativo entre pessoas casadas e pessoas casadas vivendo uma relação extraconjugal se as últimas apresentam maiores índices nas manifestações de distresse, expressão de afetos, impulsividade, propensão ao risco e busca de sensações. Para isso foram acompanhados 40 (quarenta) adultos entre 25 (vinte e cinco) e 60 (sessenta) anos, casados, de ambos os sexos, sendo 25 (vinte) deles vivendo uma relação extraconjugal, e outros 20 (vinte) que não vivenciavam relação extraconjugal. Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos de pesquisa: Escala do amor apaixonado (Passionate Love Scale), Escala de tipos de apego adulto, Avaliação de Classe Social-Pelotas, Mental Health Inventory (MHI), Escala de Alexitimia de Toronto, Escala de Propensão ao Risco Específico (Epre), Escala Barrat de Impulsividade (Barrat Impulsivity Scale), Inventário de Busca de Sensações de Arnett. Os resultados dos dois grupos (casados em relacionamento extraconjugal e casados sem relacionamento extraconjugal) foram comparados estatisticamente. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. A análise de resultados permitiu verificar que: (1) pessoas casados vivendo uma relação extraconjugal não estão comprometidas em termos de psicopatologia; (2) estão em busca de sensações; (3) não há padrão de apego diferente nos dois grupos analisados; (4) as pessoas têm consciência de que transgridem as normas sociais e refletem sobre isso; (5) para viver essa relação transgressora essas pessoas têm como característica assumir riscos; (6) os casados em relação extraconjugal estão buscando algo mais idealizado e mais duradouro enquanto afeto. No entanto, compensam menos com outras coisas e não se apresentam impulsivos. Conclui-se que não existem diferenças na vivencia da paixão entre os grupos com e sem relação extraconjugal no que se refere às suas características. O grupo de pessoas com relação extraconjugal não apresentou nenhum comprometimento psíquico ou funcional. Portanto, as pessoas vivendo relação extraconjugal não estão comprometidas em termos de psicopatologia, não se apresentam impulsivas e nem estão em busca de sensações. Entretanto, podem estar, simplesmente, em busca de completude e de satisfação nem sempre presentes nos relacionamentos institucionalizados / Passion, extramarital relationships, and marriage are intertwined themes that have instigated men since ancient times. Passion presents as its main characteristic excessive experience and is difficult to be controlled by reason. It will be approached in this thesis the concept of love to clarify that the passionate love has a structure that differs from the other modalities of love. Passion insert the individual into a thundering experience and has as na elementary characteristic the activation of creativity and desire. The objective of this study is to verify by means of a comparative study between married and married people living an extramarital relationship if the latter present higher indexes in the manifestations of distress, affection expression, impulsivity, risk propensity and sensation search. 40 (forty) adults were followed between 25 (twenty-five) and 60 (sixty) years of age, married, of both sexes, 25 (twenty) of whom were living in an extramarital relationship, and 20 (twenty) not living na extramarital relationship. The following research tools were used: Passionate Love Scale, Adult Attachment Type Scale, Social-Pelotas Classification, Mental Health Inventory (MHI), Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Risk Propensity Scale Specific (Epre), Barrat Impulsivity Scale, Arnett Sensation Search Inventory. The results of the two groups (married in extramarital relationship and married without extramarital relationship) were compared statistically. The data were analyzed by the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. The analysis of the results allowed to verify that: (1) married persons living in an extramarital relationship are not compromised in terms of psychopathology; (2) are in search of sensations; (3) there is no different pattern of attachment in the two groups analyzed; (4) people are aware that they violate social norms and reflect on it; (5) to live this transgressive relationship these people have the characteristic to take risks; (6) those married in extramarital affairs are seeking something more idealized and more enduring as affection. However, they compensate less with other things and are not impulsive. It is concluded that there are no differences in the experience of the passion between the groups with and without extramarital relationship in relation to their characteristics. The group of people with extramarital relationship did not present any psychic or functional impairment. Therefore, people living in extramarital relationships are not compromised in terms of psychopathology, are not impulsive and are not in search of sensations. However, they may simply be seeking completeness and satisfaction not always present in institutionalized relationships

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Studies on sexual behaviour in Nigeria have rather been lopsided largely focussing on adolescents while neglecting the older men. This may not be unconnected with the fact that the young people are often seen as being more sexually active than the older men. In this study, the patterns and the determinants of sexual behaviour of middle-aged men were investigated. This study is based on secondary data analysis of the 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey male dataset. Data collected from a sample of 633 men whose ages fall between 40 and 59 years in Nigeria were extracted and analysed to achieve the set objectives. The variables of interest were analysed by using relevant statistical techniques with the aid of SAS enterprise guide. Sexual behaviour was measured by three variables namely: current sexual activity, extra marital partnership and condom use. Also, three hypotheses were tested. The Health Belief Model (HBM) was the theoretical model used for this study. The study shows that a high proportion of men (71.2%) aged 40-59 years in Nigeria are sexually active. The study further reveals that about 12% of Nigerian middle-aged men engage in extramarital sex and 30% are in polygynous relationships (i.e. have multiple sex partners) while condom use is very low among them. Extramarital sex is more prevalent in the rural (7.05%) than urban (4.5%) areas. The study shows that the correlates of current sexual activity among the middle-aged men in Nigeria are education and religion while engagement in extramarital sexual activity is determined by ethnicity, age at first intercourse and knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Among the sexually active ones, condom use is influenced by ethnicity, marriage type and extramarital partnership. The sexual behaviour of middle-aged men in Nigeria follows the pattern described in the HBM. That is, individual, socio-economic and HIV/AIDS factors can influence the sexual behaviour of Middle-aged men. The study concludes that in addressing the problems associated with sexual and reproductive health of Nigerian, focus should also be extended to middle-aged men, instead of the narrow focus on only adolescents and youths. Further investigation, using multiple methods of data collection is also suggested.

The aims of the present study are to examine the traumatic effects of EMI on the offended partners as well as to find out the predictors (coping, resources, and forgiveness) of the severity of PTSD. The participants of the study consisted of 189 married women who had continued their marriage after discovery of partners&rsquo / EMI. EMI was assessed with one item measure with the six-point continuum starting from &ldquo / entirely sexual&rdquo / to &ldquo / entirely emotional&rdquo / involvement. The instruments of the study: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale-Self Report (PSS-SR), Ways of Coping Inventory (WCI), The Conservation of Resources Evaluation (COR-E), and Forgiveness Inventory (FI: its reliability and validity study was completed for the present study). Although EMI is a traumatic event that was not consist with the DSM-IV, the results of the present study revealed that 34.4% of participants completed the whole DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. More specifically, the rates of participants who met the criteria were: 50.7% A (stressor), 97.9% B (intrusive recollection), 85.2% C (avoidant/numbing), 91.0% D (hyper-arousal), 93.1% E (duration), 85.7% F (functional significance). In addition, the results of the present study showed: Coping / problem-focused group had lower PTSD than emotion-focused coping groups, Resource / a resource loss group had higher PTSD than resource gain group, and Forgiveness / stage I-impact group showed the highest PTSD whereas the stage III-recovery group showed the lowest PTSD. Furthermore, the final model of regression analyses revealed the predictors of PTSD total symptom severity as emotion-focused coping, resource gain, and stage I-impact, and these variables explained 46 % of the total variance. The results were discussed in accordance with the relevant literature.