Eye movements during picture description were used to investigate the time course for structuring embedded clauses. According to the frame-based model of language production (e.g., Garrett, 1975; Ferreira, 2000) speakers make decisions about syntactic structure using structural frames corresponding to clauses or verb phrases. On-line theories allow structure to be built piecemeal corresponding to individual words and phrases (e.g., Kempen & Hoenkamp, 1987). These predictions were tested in two studies where speakers answered questions based on scenes that depicted someone communicating or thinking about an embedded event, eliciting descriptions like A woman is thinking about (a man being chased by a bear/a bear chasing a man). Based on previous eye movement studies (e.g., Meyer & Van Der Meulen, 2000), gaze shifts between agents (bear) and patients (man) were expected to occur less often after hearing biased questions, which provided multiple structural cues, than after unbiased ones. The timing of a difference in gaze shifts would then reflect when speakers considered order of mention and committed to an active or passive structure. Study 1 partially supports a frame-based theory of the syntactic planning while study 2 did not provide evidence for either model. Results are discussed in terms of models of language production and reiterate the need for experimental paradigms that use on-line methods in the investigation of the time-course structuring spoken utterances.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - James Cook University, 2004. / Typescript (photocopy). Appendices: leaves 95-103. Bibliography: leaves 89-94.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2005. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 179 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-179).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 190-220.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2010. / A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on April 28, 2010). Accompanied by four supplementary video recording files. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 94 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-94).

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας Διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η σχεδίαση και ανάπτυξη εργαλείου εξόρυξης γνώσης για τη συναισθηματική κατάσταση χρηστών από δεδομένα συσκευής Eye tracking, όπως επίσης και η μελέτη της μεταβολής γνωσιακού φορτίου χρηστών με τη βοήθεια πειραματικής διαδικασίας. Στη Διπλωματική αυτή εργασία σχεδιάστηκε και αναπτύχθηκε μια εφαρμογή που εκτελεί την παραπάνω λειτουργία, και διεξήχθη ένα πείραμα με σκοπό να συσχετιστούν συγκεκριμένες μετρικές Eye tracking με τη συναισθηματική κατάσταση και το γνωσιακό φορτίο χρηστών. / Design and developpment of a data-mining tool, for the cognitive workload of users from the data of an eye-tracking device.

Vision research has uncovered computational principles that generalize across species and brain area. However, these biological mechanisms are not frequently implemented in computer vision algorithms. In this thesis, models suitable for application in computer vision were developed to address the benefits of two biologically-inspired computational principles: multi-scale sampling and active, space-variant, vision. The first model investigated the role of multi-scale sampling in motion integration. It is known that receptive fields of different spatial and temporal scales exist in the visual cortex; however, models addressing how this basic principle is exploited by species are sparse and do not adequately explain the data. The developed model showed that the solution to a classical problem in motion integration, the aperture problem, can be reframed as an emergent property of multi-scale sampling facilitated by fast, parallel, bi-directional connections at different spatial resolutions. Humans and most other mammals actively move their eyes to sample a scene (active vision); moreover, the resolution of detail in this sampling process is not uniform across spatial locations (space-variant). It is known that these eye-movements are not simply guided by image saliency, but are also influenced by factors such as spatial attention, scene layout, and task-relevance. However, it is seldom questioned how previous eye movements shape how one learns and recognizes an object in a continuously-learning system. To explore this question, a model (CogEye) was developed that integrates active, space-variant sampling with eye-movement selection (the where visual stream), and object recognition (the what visual stream). The model hypothesizes that a signal from the recognition system helps the where stream select fixation locations that best disambiguate object identity between competing alternatives. The third study used eye-tracking coupled with an object disambiguation psychophysics experiment to validate the second model, CogEye. While humans outperformed the model in recognition accuracy, when the model used information from the recognition pathway to help select future fixations, it was more similar to human eye movement patterns than when the model relied on image saliency alone. Taken together these results show that computational principles in the mammalian visual system can be used to improve computer vision models.

O aumento crescente do consumo de cerveja e suas consequências sociais tem sido alvo de estudos nos últimos anos. É interessante entender a efetividade das medidas de prevenção ao consumo excessivo de bebida alcoólica. Para isso, o objetivo dessa pesquisa é analisar a efetividade da comunicação sobre conscientização ao consumo de bebida alcoólica nas propagadas de cerveja com o apoio do eye-tracking, uma técnica de neuromarketing. Acredita-se que este trabalho possa contribuir com medidas de prevenção ao consumo excessivo do álcool e suas consequências. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa exploratória realizada em laboratório com uma amostra não probabilística de jovens universitários. No laboratório, os participantes foram submetidos a estímulos, eles assistirama algumas propagandas de cerveja no equipamento de eye-tracking, que captou o movimento ocular do usuário. Após isto, foi aplicado um questionário aos participantes com base nos objetivos específicos. As análises da pesquisa foram realizadas pelo cruzamento das respostas dos questionários e dos dados fornecidos pelo equipamento de eye-tracking. As três hipóteses de pesquisas foram testadas pelo software estatístico Stata mostrando que os alertas de prevenção ao consumo de bebida alcoólica não são efetivos concluindo-se ser necessário estipular parâmetros para a exposição dos alertas para que eles possam ser efetivos. / The objective of this research is to analyze the effectiveness of the communication awareness about the consumption of alcohol in beer propagated with the support of the eye-tracking , a technique of neuromarketing . Due to the increasing consumption of beer and its social consequences is interesting to understand the effectiveness of prevention measures to excessive alcohol consumption in the case of this research the effectiveness of mandatory warnings on beer commercials. This work contributes to the prevention measures of the consequences of excessive alcohol consumption. The research is exploratory qualitative performed in the laboratory with a nonprobabilistic sample of university students. In the laboratory the participants were subjected to stimuli ,ie , attended some beer commercials in the eye-tracking equipment, which captures the user\'s eye movement , and then a questionnaire was applied based on specific objectives . Analyses of the research were performed by crossing the survey responses and data provided by eye-tracking equipment. The three research hypotheses were tested using Stata statistical software showing that warnings prevent the consumption of alcohol are not effective concluding the need to stipulate parameters for display of alerts so that they can be effective.

O presente estudo buscou entender a influência da utilização da celebridade Gisele Bundchen em anúncios de propaganda no comportamento do consumidor por meio de uma das técnicas de Neuromarketing: o eye tracking. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa objetivou analisar se é realmente importante a presença da celebridade em propagandas de anúncio impresso analisada sob o ponto de vista do Neuromarketing por meio da análise da atenção visual ao estímulo \'celebridade\'. Para a verificação dos objetivos, das hipóteses e da proposição advindas destes objetivos, foi empregada uma metodologia em que se buscou avaliar a atenção visual dos consumidores acerca do estímulo \'celebridade\' em relação aos demais estímulos presentes nos anúncios impressos como a logomarca, nome ou símbolo que representa a marca; o produto; e outras pessoas não famosas. Essa avaliação foi realizada por meio da técnica de Neuromarketing que utiliza o equipamento de eye tracking. Assim, os participantes foram divididos em três grupos (um que avaliou os anúncios das seis marcas com a celebridade; o outro que avaliou os anúncios destas mesmas marcas com a presença de pessoas não famosas e um último grupo que avaliou os anúncios das marcas sem a presença de pessoas). No final do foi aplicado um questionário para confirmação de alguns dados e para análise em relação à lembrança da marca. Os resultados, no geral, demonstraram que, de alguma forma, os participantes prestaram atenção na celebridade considerada na pesquisa (o que foi evidenciado, principalmente, pelos mapas de calor apresentados). Quando as celebridades foram comparadas às pessoas não famosas, em alguns casos (com a confirmação de algumas hipóteses), foi evidenciada a importância da presença da celebridade; porém, em outros casos, houve mais destaque para a presença da pessoa não famosa. Na pesquisa ficou evidente, também, que a presença de pessoas (sendo elas celebridade ou não) pode atrapalhar no processo de atenção para a marca e o produto e que, quando não se utilizou pessoas, houve mais atenção dos participantes para estes outros estímulos. / This study intend to understand the influence of the use of celebrity Gisele Bundchen in advertising announcements on consumer behavior through one of Neuromarketing techniques: the eye tracking. Thus, this study aimed to analyze whether it is really important the presence of the celebrity in print ad advertisements analyzed from the point of view of Neuromarketing through analysis of visual attention to the stimulus \'celebrity\'. For the verification of goals, hypotheses and proposal arising from these, we used a methodology in which it sought to evaluate the visual attention of consumers about the stimulus \'celebrity\' in relation to other stimulis presents in print ads as the logo, name or symbol is the mark; the product; and non-famous people. This was accomplished by Neuromarketing technique which uses eye tracking device. The participants were divided into three groups (who evaluated the ads of six brands with celebrity, the other evaluating the ads these same brands with the presence of non-famous people and a last group that evaluated the announcements of the marks without the presence of people). At the end was applied a questionnaire to confirm some data and analysis regarding the brand recall. The results in general show, somehow, that the participants paid attencion to celebrity considered in the survey (which was evidenced mainly by heatmaps shown). When celebrities were compared to non-famous people, in some cases (with the confirmation of some hypotheses), the importance of the presence of celebrity was evident, however, in other cases, there was more emphasis on the presence of non-famous person. It was evident, too, that in the search, somehow, the presence of people (celebrity or not) can disrupt the process of attention to the brand and the product and that when not used people, there was more attention from participants to these stimuli.