Comprendre les réactions biologiques requiert l'utilisation de composés capables de transférer des électrons de manière sélective et de stabiliser des intermédiaires réactionnels. Ce travail s'est intéressé à la conception et à la réactivité de complexes de lanthanide divalents qui ont ce type de propriétés.Dans un premier temps, la réduction de deux molécules organiques, la phénanthroline et la benzophenone, a été étudiée. Les données thermodynamiques obtenues avec la phénanthroline ont permis de construire un ensemble de données de références de différentes fonctionnelles de la densité. Des méthodes de type TDDFT et CASSCF ont été ensuite mises en oeuvre afin de reproduire les spectres UV-visibles.Par la suite, les radicaux benzophenone et phénanthroline ont été utilisés afin de réaliser des réactions radicalaires. L'utilisation du radical tempo a permis de réaliser des réactions de réduction induite par les effets stériques des complexes. La compétition entre la benzophenone et la phénanthroline a également été étudiée et a permis de réaliser des couplages de type Minisci, qui sont inédits pour des complexes de lanthanides.Enfin, la réduction de composés organométalliques via un ligand N-hétérocyclique a été réalisée. Deux de ces composés ont été comparés vis à vis de la stabilisation de complexes de palladium au degré d'oxydation +IV. L'importance du ligand a été de plus étudiée grâce à des calculs CASSCF et DFT qui ont montré que certains types de ligands permettaient un transfert électronique plus direct jusqu'au palladium. / Understanding biological reactions require the use of molecules that can transfer electrons selectively and stabilise key intermediates. This work is interested into the design and the reactivity of divalent lanthanides that possess this kind of property.Firstly, organic molecules, i.e. phenanthroline and benzophenone, were reduced by samarium complexes. The thermodynamic data obtained for phenanthroline reduction was used to perform a benchmark study on different density functionals. TDDFT and CASSCF methods were then used to understand the electronic structure of the complexes and compared to the UV-visible spectrum of the molecules.Then, benzophenone ketyl and phenanthroline radicals have been used to perform radical reactions. Reactions with tempo led to already observed sterically induced reduction which mechanism was investigated. The competition between phenanthroline and benzophenone led to Minisci couplings that were never described with lanthanide complexes.Finally, the electron was transferred to organometallic species containing palladium via a bridge N-heterocycle ligand. Two of such species were compared towards the stabilisation of palladium at the IVth oxidation state. The importance of the ligand was further assessed by a combination of DFT and CASSCF calculations showing that certain ligands enabled a more direct transfer towards the palladium centre.

This master's degree thesis, called Nuclear Chemistry and Chemistry of f-Elements in Chemistry Curriculum at Secondary Schools, conducts a research of the most commonly used high school textbooks. Within the textbook research, topics such as atomic nucleus composition, radioactivity, and f-elements were studied in order to evaluate to what extent contemporary textbooks meet to the curriculum requirements. Based on the textbook research, the new teaching texts, materials, and teaching tasks including the uncovered themes were created. Selected teaching tasks were evaluated by high school teachers. Within this pool, the teachers also answered questions concerning teaching topics of radioactivity and chemistry of f-elements at high schools. The same tasks were solved and evaluated by high school students as well. The results of both teacher and student surveys were used for the final modification of the tasks.

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