La clave para el éxito de un tratamiento ortodóntico está dada por el diagnostico. Para la realización de un buen diagnóstico se necesita un minucioso examen clínico y la ayuda de exámenes auxiliares como las radiografías panorámicas, cefalométricas, carpal y de las vértebras cervicales; además de modelos de estudio, fotografías extraorales e intraorales, etc. El análisis facial es un elemento muy importante en el tratamiento ortodóntico; dentro del cual, el análisis de la sonrisa muchas veces no es muy tomado en cuenta. El problema parte en el motivo de consulta de los pacientes al realizarse los tratamientos ortodónticos, en su mayoría ellos desean mejorar su estética facial; es decir ellos prefieren una agradable sonrisa por encima de una línea media correcta y una relación canina o molar clase I. Una agradable sonrisa brinda a las personas una mayor confianza en sí mismo, mejoran su autoestima y ayudan a tener mayor éxito laboral. Para que esta sonrisa sea agradable, necesita que sus partes constituyentes estén en equilibrio y armonía, la cual no sólo se logra con el alineamiento de los dientes sino también con la relación que existe entre el componente esquelético, la musculatura y la boca. Lamentablemente la literatura ortodóntica contiene más estudios sobre la estructura del esqueleto que de la estructura de los tejidos blandos. Por esta razón la sonrisa todavía recibe relativamente poca atención. Además se han realizado diversas investigaciones donde se dan promedios de características más frecuentes en la sonrisa de una población, sin embargo no se conocen estudios que corroboren esos resultados en la nuestra y que por lo tanto puedan ser aplicables a nuestro medio; aun así estos parámetros son generalizados para todas las poblaciones, a veces sin tomar en cuenta sus diferentes rasgos físicos. Existen muchos parámetros de la sonrisa descritos, pero los que más se utilizan y mejor clasificados se encuentran son los 8 componentes de la sonrisa de Roy Sabri: Línea labial, Arco de sonrisa, Curvatura del labio superior, Simetría de la sonrisa, Plano oclusal frontal, Espacios negativos, Componente dental, Componente gingival. / Tesis

Thesis (MSD) --Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 2015 (Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics). / Includes bibliographic references: leaves 43-50. / Background: Mirror imaging in identical twins has long been noted and suggests that left-right asymmetry may become established early in embryogenesis. However, it is not known whether the clinical reports of “mirroring” in twins are annulled by an equal number of cases lacking mirroring. As left-right patterning is a key component of laterality-based birth defects, it is important to determine whether aspects of left-right asymmetry are in fact set prior to the splitting event that produces monozygotic twins. We aimed to determine whether significant mirror imaging occurs in transverse facial asymmetries in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Material and Methods: The sample included PA cephalograns from 56 pairs of monozygotic twins and 57 pairs of dizygotic twins from the Forysth/Moorrees Twin Study (females age 14-1 5 and males age 15-16). The films were digitized and anatomical landmarks identified. Using Geometric Morphometric analyses including Procrustes superimposition, the landmark configuration of one individual twin was reflected (mirrored) and superimposed using Procrustes superimposition. Principal components analysis (PCA) and MANOVA tests 1V were performed to determine the differences between monozygotic and dizygotic twins. A secondary Procrustes superimposition was then conducted without reflection. If mirroring asymmetry was present, the average Procrustes distance within reflected twin sets (D1) would be smaller than those superimposed without reflection (D2). T tests were performed to determine the differences between reflected and non-reflected regions in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Results: After reflection, no statistically significant differences were found for any regions (with the exception of Mandible A Right, p=0.0258) between monozygotic and dizygotic twins. When comparing reflected versus non-reflected regions, Midface D Left and Mandible C Right in dizygotic twins yielded negative values for D1-D2; however permutation tests revealed these values are not significant. T tests showed 15 out of 20 regions had significant smaller mean values for D2 versus Dl in monozygotic twins, while only 7 out of 20 in dizygotic. A Z test comparing these two proportions revealed this difference between twin types is significant (p=0.011), With the monozygotic twins having significantly more regions that fit better when non-reflected than the dizygotic twins. Conclusion: No statistically significant differences in mirroring were found between monozygotic and dizygotic twins in any craniofacial regions except for Mandible A Right, in which dizygotic twins showed a better fit when mirrored. Upon examination of the differences between reflected and non-reflected regions, monozygotic twins showed a statistically significantly greater number of regions that fit better when superimposed versus reflected in comparison to dizygotic twins. From this study we conclude that no significant mirroring occurs in craniofacial asymmetries, perhaps due to the biological stability of neural crest cells that derive the cranial cartilage and skeleton.

Bibliography: pages 239-248. / This thesis addresses a practical problem. The problem concerns the evaluation of 'identification parades', or 'lineups', which are frequently used by police to secure evidence of identification. It is well recognised that this evidence is frequently unreliable, and has led on occasion to tragic miscarriages of justice. A review of South African law is conducted and reported in the thesis, and shows that the legal treatment of identification parades centres on the requirement that parades should be composed of people of similar appearance to the suspect. I argue that it is not possible, in practice, to assess whether this requirement has been met and that this is a significant failing. Psychological work on identification parades includes the development of measures of parade fairness, and the investigation of alternate lineup structures. Measures of parade fairness suggested in the literature are indirectly derived, though; and I argue that they fail to address the question of physical similarity. In addition, I develop ways of reasoning inferentially (statistically) with measures of parade fairness, and suggest a new measure of parade fairness. The absence of a direct measure of similarity constitutes the rationale for the empirical component of the thesis. I propose a measure of facial similarity, in which the similarity of two faces is defined as the Euclidean distance between them in a principal component space, or representational basis. (The space is determined by treating a set of digitized faces as numerical vectors, and by submitting these to principal component analysis). A similar definition is provided for 'facial distinctiveness', namely as the distance of a face from the origin or centroid of the space. The validity of the proposed similarity measure is investigated in several ways, in a total of seven studies, involving approximately 700 subjects. 350 frontal face images and 280 profile face images were collected for use as experimental materials, and as the source for the component space underlying the similarity measure. The weight of the evidence, particularly from a set of similarity rating tasks, suggests that the measure corresponds reasonably well to perceptions of facial similarity. Results from a mock witness experiment showed that it is also strongly, and monotonically related to standard measures of lineup fairness. Evidence from several investigations of the distinctiveness measure, on the other hand, showed that it does not appear to be related to perceptions of facial distinctiveness. An additional empirical investigation examined the relation between target-foil similarity and identification performance. Performance was greater for lineups of low similarity, both when the perpetrator was present, and when the perpetrator was absent. The consequences of this for the understanding of lineup construction and evaluation are discussed.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a locally aggressive, rarely metastatic, spindle cell tumor. It is most commonly found on the trunk and rarely on the head and neck. Recurrence has been found to be more common in the head and neck region, which may be attributable to delayed patient presentation or a reluctance for wide excision in that region. The authors report a rare case of DFSP presenting as a large mass of the face. Surgical treatment required aggressive local resection of the tumor, including the underlying maxillary antrum. The soft tissue was cleared by Mohs technique. More than one procedure was required to obtain clear bone margins. Adjuvant radiation therapy was used to gain local control. Reconstruction was performed using a cheek advancement flap, as well as a forehead flap and split-thickness graft to the donor site.

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The biggest change in the facial recognition community since the completion of the FacE REcognition Technology (FERET) program has been the introduction of facial recognition products to the commercial market. Open market competitiveness has driven numerous technological advances in automated face recognition since the FERET program and significantly lowered system costs. Today there are dozens of facial recognition systems available that have the potential to meet performance requirements for numerous applications. But which of these systems best meet the performance requirements for given applications? Repeated inquiries from numerous government agencies on the current state of facial recognition technology prompted the DoD Counterdrug Technology Development Program Office to establish a new set of evaluations. The Facial Recognition Vendor Test 2000 (FRVT 2000), was co-sponsored by the DoD Counterdrug Technology Development Program Office, the National Institute of Justice, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and was administered in May-June 2000. The sponsors of the FRVT 2000 had two major goals for the evaluation. The first was a technical assessment of the capabilities of commercially available facial recognition systems. The sponsors wanted to know the strengths and weaknesses of each individual system, as well as obtain an understanding of the current state of the art for facial recognition. The second goal of the evaluation was to educate the biometrics community and the general public on how to present and analyze results. The sponsors have seen vendors and would-be customers quoting outstanding performance specifications without understanding that these specifications are virtually useless without first knowing the details of the test that was used to produce the quoted results. The Facial Recognition Vendor Test 2000 was a worthwhile endeavor. It will help numerous readers evaluate facial recognition systems for their own uses and will serve as a benchmark for all future evaluations of biometric technologies. The FRVT 2000 evaluations were not designed, and the FRVT 2000 Evaluation Report was not written, to be a buyer's guide for facial recognition. No one will be able to open the report to a specific page to determine which facial recognition system is best because there is not one system for all applications. The only way to determine the best facial recognition system for any application is to follow the three-step evaluation methodology described in the FRVT 2000 Evaluation Report and analyze the data as it pertains to each individual application. This thesis explains the design and implementation of the FRVT 2000 evaluations, and discusses how the FRVT 2000 Evaluation Report met the author's objectives for the evaluation. / Master of Science

Yes / Direct parameterisation is among the most widely used facial animation techniques but requires complicated ways to animate face models which have complex topology. This paper develops a simple solution by introducing a PDE-based facial animation scheme. Using a PDE face model means we only need to animate a group of boundary curves without using any other conventional surface interpolation algorithms. We describe the basis of the method and show results from a practical implementation. / EPSRC

This study examined gender and self-monitoring as separate and interacting variables predicting judgmental accuracy on the part of observers of facial expressions of emotional categories. The main and interaction effects failed to reach significant levels during the preliminary analysis. However, post hoc analyses demonstrated a significant encoder sex variable. Female encoders of emotion were judged more accurately by both sexes. Additionally, when the stimulus was limited to female enactments of emotional categories, the hypothesized main and interaction effects reached significant F levels. This study utilized 100 observers and 10 encoders of seven emotional categories. Methodological considerations and alternatives are examined at length.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência do nível de atividade física e da qualidade do sono, de maneira isolada ou combinada, na capacidade de modulação inibitória endógena da dor na região orofacial. Noventa participantes saudáveis com idade entre 18 e 50 anos foram agrupados de acordo com o nível de atividade física em baixo nível (G1), moderado nível (G2) e alto nível (G3), com 15 homens e 15 mulheres em cada grupo. A classificação do nível de atividade física seguiu critérios modificados do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ, sigla em inglês), preconizando-se a duração e a frequência da atividade física. A qualidade do sono foi avaliada pelo Índice de Qualidade do sono de Pittsburgh (PSQI, sigla em inglês). O paradigma da modulação condicionada da dor (CPM, sigla em inglês) utilizado foi o limiar de dor à pressão (PPT, sigla em inglês) como estímulo teste e imersão da mão em água quente como estímulo condicionante. A análise de variância (ANOVA) foi utilizada para comparação do PPT e do CPM entre os grupos e a interação com a qualidade do sono. O pós-teste de Tukey foi aplicado quando os efeitos principais ou interações se mostraram significantes (p=0,050). De maneira isolada não houve efeito principal significante do nível de atividade física nem da qualidade do sono na capacidade de modulação da dor (p>0,050). Entretanto, foi encontrada uma influência significativa da interação entre qualidade do sono e nível de atividade física na modulação de dor. O grupo com alto nível de atividade física e boa qualidade do sono apresentou maior modulação de dor quando comparado aos que tinham sono ruim, dentro do mesmo grupo (p=0,049), com uma média (DP) do CPM absoluto de, respectivamente, -0,60 (0,34) e -0,17 (0,41). O mesmo aconteceu nos grupos moderado e baixo nível de atividade física e boa qualidade do sono, com uma média (DP) do CPM absoluto de, respectivamente, -0,10 (0,25) e -0,10 (0,52), (Tukey: p<0,028). Pode-se concluir que, isoladamente, a modulação de dor não é significativamente impactada nem pelo nível de atividade física e nem pela qualidade do sono. Entretanto, essa modulação inibitória da dor é influenciada de maneira significativa quando a qualidade do sono e atividade física são consideradas em conjunto, sendo que a modulação inibitória de dor parece ser mais eficiente em indivíduos que apresentam boa qualidade de sono e um alto nível de atividade física. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the separate or combined influence of selfreported physical activity and sleep quality on conditioned pain modulation. Ninety healthy participants aged 18-50 years old were equally divided according to the level of physical activity into low level (G1), moderate level (G2) and high level (G3). The classification of physical activity followed the modified criteria of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), taking into account the duration and frequency of physical activity. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) assessed sleep quality. The paradigm of conditioned pain modulation (CPM) was the pressure pain threshold (PPT) as test stimulus and hand immersion in hot water as conditioning stimulus. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare PPT and CPM between groups and interaction with sleep quality. Tukey\'s post-test was applied when the main effects or interactions were significant (p = 0.050). There was no significant main effect of either physical activity or sleep quality on pain modulation (p> 0.050). However, a significant interaction between sleep quality and level of physical activity on pain modulation was found. The group who reported high level of physical activity and good quality of sleep had a greater pain modulation when compared to: a) those who reported poor sleep, within the same group (p = 0.049), with an absolute CPM mean (SD) of, respectively, - 0.60 (0.34) and -0.17 (0.41); b) the moderate and low level of physical activity and good sleep quality, with an absolute CPM mean (SD) of, respectively, -0.10 (0.25) and -0.10 (0.52) (Tukey: p <0.028). We can conclude that neither the level of physical activity nor the sleep quality significantly affects pain modulation. However, pain inhibitory modulation is influenced significantly when sleep quality and physical activity are combined, and pain inhibitory modulation seems to be more efficient in individuals who have good sleep quality and a high level of physical activity.