As disc-shaped detectors are one of the primary means of measuring the neutron density, a better solution is desirable if the error due to the depression factor is to be made negligible. In this paper, an attempt is made to solve this problem in the oblate spheroidal co-ordinate system which most nearly describes the disc-shaped detector, so that solutions may be obtained that describe depression factors for detectors of varying thicknesses and radii.

Motivation är oerhört viktigt inom en organisation. Anställda som är motiverade i sitt arbete gynnar organisationen samtidigt som de själva kommer att må bra och trivas. Vad som motiverar en individ finns det väldigt mycket forskning om och motivationsfaktorer skiljer sig åt från person till person och mellan olika organisationer. Vårt syfte med studien är att studera vilka motivationsfaktorer som motiverar anställda i en organisation och vad organisationsledningar kan göra för att främja motivation hos sina anställda. Vi kommer studera tidigare forskning och olika teorier kring ämnet, men även själva undersöka i en utvald organisation genom en kvalitativ undersökning. Det material vi får fram i den teoretiska referensramen och genom empirin kommer slutligen diskuteras där vi strävar efter att hitta likheter och skillnader emellan dessa för att slutligen ge vår tolkning och presentera vårt resultat i studien. Vi fann att de främsta motivationsfaktorerna för anställda var delaktighet, lön, självförtroende, arbetsmiljö och omväxlande och utmanande arbete. Det en ledning kunde göra för att främja motivation hos sina anställda var att förmedla delaktighet och ansvar, ha gemenskap/lagarbete, erbjuda fortbildning, materiella belöningar, visa respekt, förtroende samt förmedla tydlighet och ge rätt verktyg för arbetsuppgifter. Av studien har vi konstaterat att organisationen vi besökte har på ett bra sätt lyckats ha sina anställda motiverade. Vi kan även se att tidigare forskning från de äldre teoretikerna än idag gör anspråk på nutiden med de motivationsfaktorer som beskrivits. / Motivation is extremely important within an organization. Employees who are motivated in their work benefits the organization while they themselves will feel good and happy. There is a lot of research in what motivates individuals and motivational factors differ from person to person and between different organizations. Our purpose of the study is to study which motivational factors that motivate employees in an organization and what the organizational managements can do to promote the motivation of its employees. We will study previous research and theories on the subject, but also examine in a selected organization through a qualitative study. The material we get in the theoretical framework and the empirical data will be discussed where we strive to find the similarities and differences between them to finally give our interpretation and presentation of our results in the study. We found that the main motivation factors were involvement of employees, salary, confidence, working environment and diverse and challenging work. What an organizational management could do to promote the motivation of its employees was to convey ownership and responsibility, fellowship/teamwork, provide training, material rewards, respect, faith and convey clarity and provide the right tools for the job. By the study we found that the organization we visited has in a good way managed to have their employees motivated. We can also see that previous research from the older theorists still claim the present day with the motivational factors described.

Background: This study examines the socioeconomic factors associated with infant and postneonatal mortality in Kenya and tries to quantify these associations in order to put those factors in ranked order so as to prioritize them in health policy plans aiming to decrease infant and postneonatal mortality. The study has used wealth index, mother’s highest educational level, mother’s occupation and place of residence as exposures of interest. Methods: The study uses analytical cross-sectional design through secondary data analysis of the 2003 Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) dataset for children. Series of logistic regression models were fitted to select the significant factors both in urban and rural areas and for infant and postneonatal mortality, separately, through the use of backward stepwise technique. Then the magnitude of the significance for each variable was tested using the Wald’s test, and hence the factors were ranked ordered according to their overall P-value. Results: After excluding non-singleton births and children born less than one year before the survey, a sample size of 4 495 live births was analyzed with 458 infants died before the first year of life giving IMR of 79.6 deaths per 1000 live births. After adjusting for all biodemographic and other health outcome determining factors, the analyses show no significant association between socioeconomic factors and infant mortality in both urban and rural Kenya. The exclusion of deaths that occurred in the first month of ages shows that risk of postneonatal (OR 3.09; CI: 1.29 – 7.42) mortality, in urban Kenya, were significantly higher for women working in agricultural sector than nonworking women. While in rural Kenya, the risk of postneonatal (OR 0.42; CI: 0.20 – 0.90) mortality were significantly lower for mothers with secondary school level of education than mothers with no education. Conclusions: There is lack of socioeconomic differentials in infant mortality in both urban and rural Kenya. However, breastfeeding, ethnicity and gender of the child in urban areas on one hand and breastfeeding, ethnicity and fertility factors on the other hand are the main predictors of mortality in this age group. Furthermore, results for postneonatal mortality show that level of maternal education is the single most important socioeconomic determinant of postneonatal mortality in urban Kenya while mother’s occupation is the single most important socioeconomic determinant of postneonatal mortality in rural areas. Other determinants of postneonatal mortality are ethnicity and gender of the child in urban areas, while in rural areas; the other main predictors are ethnicity, breast feeding and fertility factors.

The research report is submitted to the School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Public Health degree. Johannesburg March, 2014 / Introduction: This is the descriptive study of the socio demographic profile and other characteristics such as the burn injury details and socio economic characteristics of adult burn injury patients treated at Johannesburg Tertiary Hospitals (JTH) during the study period. Relevant stakeholders can use this information in the efforts to reduce preventable burn injuries. Method: Prospective study where all adult burn patients in the burns unit, trauma/surgical wards during the study period were eligible to participate in the study. The information was extracted from the medical files (such as hospital classification, date of birth (DOB), type of burn, type of management done to date etc), this was followed by an interview done by principal investigator only, using a questionnaire to gather the information on patients’ demographic details, socio economic information, income details and burn injury details. Descriptive statistics were used to define the profile of burn patients and other characteristics. Results: The results revealed the description and the profile of adult burn patients: a male (71%), African (94%), unmarried (70%), mean age of 35.6 years. He was most likely to have a secondary school qualification (62%), full time employed possible (51%) in the industrial sector, stays with 2-5 people in his household. He was likely to be originally from outside the Gauteng Province (58%). He sustained burns injuries of 10-29% TBSA, while at home (94%), from flames (68%). He remembered (92%), his activity prior to the burn incident and thought that the burn could have been prevented (82%). Conclusion: Burns injuries were reported to be preventable. The burn injury-prevention program should be targeted to males, in the working age groups, residing in one roomed dwelling or informal settlements. Patients with poor judgement, predisposing medical conditions such as epileptics, those that have modified their electricity supply and heat sources should be prioritised for burn injury-prevention programs.

Research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (MSc) in Epidemiology in the field of Epidemiology and Biostatistics / Obesity is an emerging problem in South Africa, particularly in women for whom prevalence rates well above 40% have been reported. Parallel to this health problem, South Africa continues to experience relatively high poverty levels of 10.5% to 48.0%. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of obesity and low social economic status (SES) levels at Agincourt Health and Socio-Demographic Surveillance System site (AHDSS). The study also sought to investigate the association between low SES and obesity at AHDSS. Materials and methods This was a secondary data analysis of the original Na Nakekela HIV/Non communicable disease (NCD) study conducted at AHDSS from August 2010 to May 2011. Included in the study presented in this report were residents of AHDSS aged 15 years or older during this time period. Data from 4 502 individuals (2 683 females and 1 819 males) were analysed. Age-specific prevalences of obesity (body mass index ≥ 30kg/m2), and central obesity (waist hip ratio ≥1.0 and ≥0.85 in men and women, respectively), stratified by sex and SES, were calculated. SES was assessed by ascertaining the household assets of AHDSS residents and assigning a weighted score to the household assets, using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). The household score was then computed and used to classify the population into SES categories. The relative ranks of households, using this score, were then used as a measure of SES. The association between SES and obesity (BMI ≥ 30) was assessed by means of chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results The overall prevalence of obesity at the AHDSS in the study period was 20.4%. Overall, sex -specific prevalences of obesity were 29.3% and 7.4% in females and males, respectively. Females aged 50-59 years and males aged 45-49 years had the highest age-specific prevalence of obesity, at 40.1% and 18.3%, respectively. The overall prevalence of central obesity was 31.1%. Sex-specific prevalence of central obesity in females was 51.1%, while in males it was 4.9%. The highest age-specific prevalence of central obesity in both sexes was for those 70 years and older: 74.3% in females and 11.1% in males. Around 50% of individuals at the AHDSS were classified as belonging to lower SES categories, with females constituting 56.6% of these individuals. The highest prevalence of individuals in the high SES category was females aged 60-69 (14.5%) and males aged 70 (16.4%) years and older. After adjusting for other variables, being in a lower SES category was inversely associated with obesity as measured by BMI, as was being male and being HIV positive. The only positive predictor of high BMI was older age. No association between central obesity and lower SES was found after adjusting for confounders and other explanatory variables. However, older age was a predictor of central obesity. Being male, HIV positive and the male head of the household were factors that were inversely associated with central obesity. Discussion The high prevalence of individuals in the lower SES group (50.5%) reported in this study is similar to the Mpumalanga provincial poverty estimate of 51%.The ratio of obese females to males was at least 2.2 in every age group. The prevalence of central obesity in females of 51.1% in the AHDSS was higher than the national estimate of 47.1% for females, while the male estimate of 4.9% was lower than the 6.8% national estimate for males. In contrast to other studies, no associations between lower SES and obesity as measured by central obesity were observed. Conclusion and Recommendations Specific interventions to reduce obesity in females should be undertaken, including the provision of educational talks. This would empower them to make better informed decisions about food and lifestyle choices. These recommendations should be integrated into already existing HIV prevention programmes because HIV prevention is currently the main focus of policy makers in South Africa. Measures to reduce the number of individuals in the lower SES group, which this study reported to be very high (especially among women), e.g. through job creation, should be considered.

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University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences. / Department of Communication

In this work the effects of mother plant nutrition and flower position on the plant in relation to different harvest stages on French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Cascade); seed yield, quality and progeny performance have been studied. In three pot experiments under glass and one in the field, different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and molybdenum were applied to the mother plant and it was found that higher seed yields were obtained with the higher nutrient levels tested, but these high seed yields were not necessarily accompanied by high quality. Seed yield and quality increased with the increase of nitrogen and potassium. The phosphorus effect however, was different, in that the seed yield increased in relation to the levels but the seed quality decreased. Molybdenum was found to be necessary in moderate amounts, especially for the seed quality. The interactions between nitrogen and phosphorus levels (NP) and between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) were found to be very important for bean seed quality, because their significant effect was similar and constantly present in most of the seed vigour components examined. It seems that the combinations of high nitrogen levels with moderate amounts of phosphorus applied to the mother plant resulted in seed of good quality. In one pot experiment under glass the progeny performance was examined, using seed from the 1st mother plant nutrition experiment and it was found that the mother plant nutrition affected the progeny in it's early stages. This effect disappeared later and no difference in progeny seed yield was found. In two pot experiments under glass the bean pods were harvested at different stages and the pods from the main axis were separated from the pods on the secondary branches grown mainly from the axils of the primary leaves. It was found that the quality of seed from the secondary branches was lower than the quality of seed from the main axis. However, this difference in seed quality became less with the later harvests. The following tests were used to assess seed quality: the official germination test, seedling evaluation test, cold test, and electrical conductivity test. In addition, the seed size was determined and the seeds were analysed for total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content.

This thesis focuses on form factors in superconformal theories, in particular maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills (MSYM) and ABJM. Scattering amplitudes in these theories have a wealth of special properties and significant amount of insight has been developed for these along with the modern techniques to calculate them. In this thesis, it is presented that form factors have very similar properties to scattering amplitudes and the techniques for scattering amplitudes can be successfully applied to form factors. After a review of the methods employed, the results for tree-level and multi-loop form factors of protected operators are derived. In four dimensions, it is shown that the tree-level form factors can be computed using MHV diagrams BCFWrelations by augmenting the set of vertices with elementary form factors. Tree and loop-level MHV and non-MHV form factors of protected operators in the stress-tensor multiplet of MSYM are computed as examples. A solution to the BCFW recursion relations for form factors is derived in terms of a diagrammatic representation. Supersymmetric multiplets of form factors of protected operators are constructed. In three dimensions, Sudakov form factor of a protected biscalar operator is computed in ABJM theory. This form factor captures the IR divergences of the scattering amplitudes. It is found that this form factor can be written in terms of a single, non-planar Feynman integral which is maximally transcendental. Additionally, the sub-leading colour corrections to the one-loop four-particle amplitude in ABJM is derived using unitarity cuts. Finally a basis of two-loo pure master integrals for the Sudakov form factor topology is constructed from a principle that relies on certain unitarity cuts.

It is the aim of this study to examine what has been done in Cyprus in the field of education since 1974 when Cyprus faced the devastating consequences of the Turkish invasion which affected all aspects of life in Cyprus and consequently education. Special interest, however, is shown in the development of education prior to 1974 in order to show how decisively the political, social and economic factors influenced the present day education. The introductory chapter describes briefly the aims of this study, the strategy for research and the main sources consulted aiming at providing a compactly general picture of this study. Chapter 2 provides some information concerning the background and history of Cyprus and concentrates on the factors influencing the development of education in Cyprus to 1974. In Chapter 3 is presented a picture of the battle for control of education which was intensified after the 1974 coup launched by the Junta of Athens against President Makarios and the Turkish invasion which caused a crisis of national identity. The same chapter examines the system of educational administration which is highly centralized and a less rigidly centralized system is proposed. Pre-primary, Primary, Secondary and Higher Education is discussed in Chapters 4,5,6 and 7 respectively. Pre-primary education has made great strides and is considered to be necessary for the normal development of children. Its rapid development, however, was necessitated after the 1974 catastrophe when an increasing number of women joined the work force. In Primary education the curriculum which has been developed emphasizes the child's active participation in all aspects of life placing the child in the centre. The graduate entry into primary education creates better prospects for its further improvement. After the Turkish invasion the role of Technical Education became more important since the rebuilding of Cyprus economy was based, to a great extent, on this level of education. Despite the progress made in the field of Technical Education, the prejudice against it hinders its further expansion. The efforts invested in the task of developing Secondary Education after independence have produced results since there have been major innovations, the most important being the Lyceum of Optional Subjects introduced in 1980, which served Cyprus for 15 years and is expected to be replaced by the new proposed system of the integrated Lyceum. The third-level institutions, both in public and private sectors, achieve high standards. However, the educational development in Cyprus reached its apogee with the establishment of the University of Cyprus. Teachers in Cyprus constitute the cornerstone of the educational system; therefore, Chapter 8 is devoted to the teaching profession in Cyprus; the current situation is explained, some problem areas are highlighted and possible solutions are suggested. Finally, the introduction of a Pastoral care system and a Bilingual Education project in schools in Cyprus is examined in the last two chapters.