The increasing demand for high data rate transmission over broadband radio channels has imposed significant challenges in wireless communications. Accurate channel estimation has a major impact on the whole system performance. Specifically, reliable estimate of the channel state information (CSI) is more challenging for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems in doubly selective fading channels than for the slower fading channels over which OFDM has been deployed traditionally. With the help of a basis expansion model (BEM), a novel multivariate autoregressive (AR) process is developed to model the time evolution of the fast fading channel. Relying on pilot symbol aided modulation (PSAM), a novel Kalman smoothing algorithm based on a second-order dynamic model is exploited, where the mean square error (MSE) of the channel estimator is near to that of the optimal Wiener filter. To further improve the performance of channel estimation, a novel low-complexity iterative joint channel estimation and symbol detection procedure is developed for fast fading channels with a small number of pilots and low pilot power to achieve the bit error rate (BER) performance close to when the CSI is known perfectly. The new channel estimation symbol detection technique is robust to variations of the radio channel from the design values and applicable to multiple modulation and coding types. By use of the extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) chart, we investigate the convergence behavior of the new algorithm and analyze the modulation, pilot density, and error correction code selection for good system performance for a given power level. The algorithms developed in this thesis improve the performance of the whole system requiring only low ratios of pilot to data for excellent performance in fast fading channels. / Graduate

Since direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) is an interference-limited random multiple-access scheme, the reduction of co-channel interference with either interference suppression or interference cancellation multiuser receivers and/or power control to prevent detrimental near-far situations is vital for improved performance. Up to date, some contributions investigated randomly-spread asymptotically - large number of users and large bandwidth - large CDMA systems with multiuser receivers and power control via random matrix theoretic and free probability theoretic tools especially over Gaussian and single-path fading channels. As complement within this thesis, we analyze also within the generalized random spreading framework but at finite system sizes and without power control the capacity achievable with linear multichannel multiuser receivers / i.e. RAKE, zero-forcing decorrelator, linear minimum mean-squared error (LMMSE) multiuser receivers, within a single-cell setting over generalized time-varying GWSSUS - Rayleigh/Ricean - fading channels via random matrix theoretic tools. Assuming maximal-ratio combining (MRC) of resolved frequency - multipath - diversity channels due to wideband transmission, the signal-to-interference ratios (SIRs) with multichannel multiuser receivers that set the basis for further derivations are statistically characterized. The information-theoretic ergodic and outage sum-rates spectral efficiencies are then derived and analyzed.

Backscatter radio - the broad class of systems that communicate using scattered electromagnetic waves - is the driving technology behind many compelling applications such as radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and passive sensors. These systems can be used in many ways including article tracking, position location, passive temperature sensors, passive data storage, and in many other systems which require information exchange between an interrogator and a small, low-cost transponder with little-to-no transponder power consumption. Although backscatter radio is maturing, such systems have limited communication range and reliability caused, in part, by multipath fading. The research presented in this dissertation investigates how multipath fading can be reduced using multiple antennas at the interrogator transmitter, interrogator receiver, and on the transponder, or RF tag. First, two link budgets for backscatter radio are presented and fading effects demonstrated through a realistic, 915 MHz, RFID-portal example. Each term in the link budget is explained and used to illuminate the propagation and high-frequency effects that influence RF tag operation. Second, analytic envelope distributions for the M x L x N, dyadic backscatter channel - the general channel in which a backscatter system with M transmitter, L RF tag, and N receiver antennas operates - are derived. The distributions show that multipath fading can be reduced using multiple-antenna RF tags and by using separate transmitter and receiver antenna arrays at the interrogator. These results are verified by fading measurements of the M x L x N, dyadic backscatter channel at 5.8 GHz - the center of the 5725-5850 MHz unlicensed industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency band that offers reduced antenna size, increased antenna gain, and, in some cases, reduced object attachment losses compared to the commonly used 902-928 MHz ISM band. Measurements were taken with a custom backscatter testbed and details of its design are provided. In the end, this dissertation presents both theory and measurements that demonstrate multipath fading reductions for backscatter-radio systems that use multiple antennas.

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη των μεθόδων βελτιστοποίησης της ποιότητας των παρεχομένων υπηρεσιών των δικτύων κυτταρικής τηλεφωνίας τρίτης γενιάς σε διαλειπτικό περιβάλλον. Αρχικά γίνεται μια σύντομη ιστορική αναδρομή στην εξέλιξη των συστημάτων κινητών επικοινωνιών και παρουσιάζεται το σημαντικότερο πρότυπο τρίτης γενιάς, το UMTS και τα ιδιαίτερα τεχνικά χαρακτηριστικά του. Στην συνέχεια αναλύεται το LTE το οποίο αποτελεί την τελευταία εξέλιξη των δικτύων τρίτης γενιάς και αναμένεται να αντικαταστήσει το UMTS στο άμεσο μέλλον αποτελώντας στην πραγματικότητα τον πρόδρομο των συστημάτων τέταρτης γενιάς. Στην συνέχεια εστιάζουμε στα διαλειπτικά κανάλια αναλύοντας τα φαινόμενα που παρατηρούνται σε αυτά και τα στατιστικά μοντέλα μέσα από τα οποία περιγράφονται. Παράλληλα διερευνάται η επίδραση των φαινομένων αυτών (θετική ή αρνητική) στο QoS των δικτύων τρίτης γενιάς βάσει των χαρακτηριστικών τους (όπως παρουσιάστηκαν στο κεφάλαιο 1) και οι δυνατότητες για περαιτέρω βελτιστοποίηση κατα τον σχεδιασμό των δικτύων και την σωστή εκμετάλλευση των χαρακτηριστικών του περιβάλλοντος όδευσης. Ιδιαίτερη αναφορά γίνεται στα μοντέλα εσωτερικού χώρου λόγω του μεγάλου φορτίου κίνησης που καλούνται να εξυπηρετήσουν. Στο τελευταίο μέρος παρουσιάζεται η διαδικασία παραμετροποίησης κάποιων σημαντικών μοντέλων και τα αποτελέσματα των εξομοιώσεων που έγιναν στον χώρο του κτηρίου των Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών. / The subject of this diploma thesis is the study of the optimization techniques of the quality of service for third generation cellular telephony networks in fading enviroment. After a short presentation of the evolution of the systems of wireless telecommunications, it is discussed UMTS the most important third generation system which dominated the european market and its technical features. LTE is also introduced, the system which is expected to replace UMTS in the near future while being the predecessor of the fourth generation systems. Then we focus on the fading channels analysing the phenomena wich are related to them and analysing the statistical models that describe them. It is also studied the effect (positive or negative) of these phenomena on the QoS of the third generation networks and the optimization methods which can be applied during the network designing process with special reference to the indoor propagation models because of the big amount of traffic load that they are asked to serve. At the last chapter of the thesis there is a presentation of the parameter setting procedure for some important models and the outcomes of the simulation that took place in the building of Electronic Engineering.

Orientador: Michel Daoud Yacoub / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T21:02:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rabelo_GuilhermeSilveira_M.pdf: 2232654 bytes, checksum: 5ad1d7c509404a4af175e0cb18c271f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este trabalho avalia o desempenho de enlaces sem fio em condições muito severas de desvanecimento. Para isso, uma nova distribuição de probabilidade, a ?-µ Extrema, é investigada como modelo de desvanecimento para descrever o sinal propagado em tais condições. Ajustes a dados de campos publicados na literatura e coletados em um ambiente confinado e outros dados coletados pelo grupo de pesquisa do autor deste trabalho mostram que a distribuição ?-µ Extrema é flexível e apropriada para modelar ambientes severos. Medidas de desempenho de enlace são então obtidas para esquemas de modulação não-coerente, onde é mostrado que, devido a uma característica particular do canal de desvanecimento ?-µ Extremo, a taxa de erro de bit é limitada inferiormente por um valor assintótico não-nulo. Do mesmo modo, para qualquer uma das três técnicas de combinação por diversidade denominadas combinação por seleção, combinação por razão máxima e combinação por ganho igual, a taxa de erro de bit também é limitada inferiormente, embora o valor mínimo decresça com o aumento do número de ramos de diversidade. Formulações para a distribuição do sinal de saída e relação sinal-ruído média na saída dos combinadores também são obtidas. De forma bastante interessante, é mostrado que em condições extremas de desvanecimento, o desempenho do combinador por seleção pode superar o desempenho do combinador por ganho igual. Além disso, este trabalho também apresenta uma formulação inédita para a distribuição conjunta a-µ, que inclui como casos particulares as distribuições de desvanecimento largamente utilizadas Weibull, Nakagami-m e Rayleigh. Escrita em termos de funções já conhecidas na literatura, a formulação é facilmente computável e muito geral na medida em que permite um esquema de correlação e parâmetros arbitrários. Embora a formulação seja dada na forma de soma infinita, é mostrado que uma versão truncada também é uma distribuição válida. Finalmente, para demonstrar a aplicabilidade das novas formulações, a distribuição da envoltória na saída de um combinador por seleção é avaliada utilizando as abordagens exata e aproximada. Os resultados mostram que um número pequeno de termos na soma já é suficiente para prover um excelente ajuste entre os resultados exatos e aproximados / Abstract: This work evaluates the performance of a wireless link under severe fading conditions. To achieve this, a new probability distribution, the ?-µ Extreme, is investigated as a fading model to describe the propagated signal under such conditions. Adjustments to field data published elsewhere in the literature, collected in an enclosed environment, and other fading data collected by the author's team show that the ?-µ Extreme distribution is flexible and suitable to model these scenarios. Link performance measures are then obtained for non-coherent modulation schemes, where it is shown that, due to an intrinsic characteristic of the ?-µ Extreme fading channel, the bit error rate is lower-bounded by a non-nil minimum value. In the same way, for anyone of the M-branch basic diversity combining techniques, namely selection combining, maximal ratio combining, and equal gain combining, the bit error rate is still lower-bounded, although the minimum achievable value decreases exponentially with the increase in the number of diversity branches. Formulations for the outage probability as well as mean signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the combiners are also derived. Interestingly, it is shown that in extreme fading conditions, the selection combiner may outperform the equal gain combiner. In addition, this works also derives a new closed-form series-type formulation for the multivariate a-µ joint distribution, which includes as particular cases the largely used fading distributions Weibull, Nakagami-m, and Rayleigh. Written in terms of functions already available in literature, the formulation is easily computable and very general for it assumes arbitrary correlation scheme and parameters. Even though the new formulation is given in terms of an infinite series, it is shown that a truncated version is still a valid distribution. Finally, in order to demonstrate the applicability of the new results, the envelope cumulative distribution at the output of the selection combiner is evaluated using the approximate and exact approaches. The results show that that only a few terms is sufficient to provide an excellent fit between approximate and exact results / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

With the rapid development and the increasing use of wireless devices, spectrum scarcity has become a problem. The higher frequencies have bad propagation characteristics and the lower frequencies have low data rates, therefore the radio spectrum that is available for efficient wireless transmission is a limited resource. One of the proposed solutions for this problem is cognitive relay networks (CRNs), where cognitive radio is combined with a cooperative spectrum sharing system to increase the spectrum utilization. In this thesis, the outage probability performances of underlay CRNs with interference power constraints from the primary network over Weibull fading channels have been investigated for three different scenarios. The maximum transmit power of the secondary network is governed by the maximum interference power that the primary network's receiver can tolerate. The first scenario is a cognitive dual-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relay network over independent non-identically distributed (i.n.i.d.) Weibull fading channels. In the second scenario, the CRN consists of a DF relay plus the direct link transmission with a selection combining receiver at the destination over i.n.i.d. Weibull fading channels. The third CRN considered has multiple DF relays where the best relay selection scheme is employed over independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) Weibull fading channels. The analytical results have been derived using the statistical characteristics of end-to-end signal-to-noise ratios, and have been verified by Monte-Carlo simulations.

No description available.

Orientador: Michel Daoud Yacoub / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T23:52:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SantosFilho_JoseCandidoSilveira_D.pdf: 1465914 bytes, checksum: 30b3ae8d49f9e0566332c17202cc27cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho provê as seguintes contribuições ao estudo de canais de desvanecimento: (i) aproximações em forma fechada para a função densidade de probabilidade e a função distribuição acumulada de somas de envoltórias independentes sob desvanecimento Nakagami, Rice, Hoyt, Weibull ou lognormal; (ii) expressões gerais para a taxa e duração médias de desvanecimento do combinador de diversidade por seleção pura em canais de desvanecimento arbitrários; (iii) expressões gerais para a taxa e duração médias de desvanecimento dos combinadores de diversidade por seleção pura, ganho igual e razão máxima em canais Ricianos correlacionados e (iv) simulador de envoltória para canais de desvanecimento Nakagami, aplicável a valores arbitrários do parâmetro de desvanecimento e cenários anisotrópicos de propagação / Abstract: This work provides the following contributions to the study of fading channels: (i) closed-form approximations to the probability density function and the cumulative distribution function of sums of independent envelopes under Nakagami, Rice, Hoyt, Weibull, or lognormal fading; (ii) general expressions for the average fade rate and the average fade duration of pure selection combining over arbitrary fading channels; (iii) general expressions for the average fade rate and the average fade duration of pure selection, equal-gain, and maximal-ratio combining over correlated Ricean channels, and (iv) envelope simulator for Nakagami fading channels, applicable to arbitrary values of fading parameter and nonisotropic propagation scenarios / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

The paper deals with the channel coding and modulation in DVB-H and DVB-SH and with the simulation of the components in MATLAB. In the case of DVB-H the document also discuss the influence of different types of transmission channels on the transmission process. The first part of this work describes the channel coding and inner modulation in DVB-H and DVB-SH. The next part describes applications created in MATLAB for settings and simulation of the transmission in the standards DVB-H and DVB-SH. The last part of this document graphically presents selected results of the simulation of the transmission and discuss them.

Being one of the fastest growing fields of engineering, wireless has gained the attention of researchers and commercial businesses all over the world. Extensive research is underway to improve the performance of existing systems and to introduce cutting edge wireless technologies that can make high speed wireless communications possible. The first part of this dissertation deals with discrete channel models that are used for simulating error traces produced by wireless channels. Most of the time, wireless channels have memory and we rely on discrete time Markov models to simulate them. The primary advantage of using these models is rapid experimentation and prototyping. Efficient estimation of the parameters of a Markov model (including its number of states) is important to reproducing and/or forecasting channel statistics accurately. Although the parameter estimation of Markov processes has been studied extensively, its order estimation problem has been addressed only recently. In this report, we investigate the existing order estimation techniques for Markov chains and hidden Markov models. Performance comparison with semi-hidden Markov models is also discussed. Error source modeling in slow and fast fading conditions is also considered in great detail. Cognitive Radio is an emerging technology in wireless communications that can improve the utilization of radio spectrum by incorporating some intelligence in its design. It can adapt with the environment and can change its particular transmission or reception parameters to execute its tasks without interfering with the licensed users. One problem that CR network usually faces is the difficulty in detecting and classifying its low power signal that is present in the environment. Most of the time traditional energy detection techniques fail to detect these signals because of their low SNRs. In the second part of this thesis, we address this problem by using higher order statistics of incoming signals and classifying them by using the pattern recognition capabilities of HMMs combined with cased-based learning approach. This dissertation also deals with dynamic spectrum allocation in cognitive radio using HMMs. CR networks that are capable of using frequency bands assigned to licensed users, apart from utilizing unlicensed bands such as UNII radio band or ISM band, are also called Licensed Band Cognitive Radios. In our novel work, the dynamic spectrum management or dynamic frequency allocation is performed by the help of HMM predictions. This work is based on the idea that if Markov models can accurately model spectrum usage patterns of different licensed users, then it should also correctly predict the spectrum holes and use these frequencies for its data transmission. Simulations have shown that HMMs prediction results are quite accurate and can help in avoiding CR interference with the primary licensed users and vice versa. At the same time, this helps in sending its data over these channels more reliably. / Ph. D.