abstract: Over the last decade, scholars have become increasingly attentive to the role of procedural fairness in shaping police officer attitudes and behaviors. In Chapter 1, I review key developments within this research, and identify several theoretical and methodological issues present in the current literature. I then outline the issues I seek to address through the three studies presented in this dissertation. In Chapter 2, I explore a divergence in how scholars conceptualize and measure sources of internal procedural fairness (IPF) within police departments. I discuss the implications of these divergences, and then compare three conceptualizations of IPF sources. I find that officers appear to form separate IPF judgement for each source, and that each procedural fairness judgment has unique associations with several outcomes. In Chapter 3, I examine the relationship between internal procedural fairness and officer engagement in external procedural fairness (EPF). Drawing upon the group engagement model (GEM), I argue that the relationship between IPF and EPF is mediated by organizational identification. Comparing the GEM against the prevailing explanation for this relationship, I find that the GEM better accounts for the relationship between IPF and EPF. In Chapter 4, I explore the role of organizational emphasis in shaping police officer support for several different policing strategies. The GEM suggests that IPF will simply bond officers to organizational goals and norms; it is this bond that motivates officers to adopt the strategies emphasized by their department. Examining support for several policing strategies, I find that officers who are more committed to their agency are more sensitive to changes in the emphasis placed on specific strategies. In Chapter 5, I review the findings of the various studies presented in this dissertation and discuss the implications of this research. Collectively, these three studies offer several insights into how IPF shapes police officer attitudes and behaviors. They highlight the importance of officer identification with organizational norms and value in shaping police officer attitudes and behaviors and establish new avenues for IPF research within police organizations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Criminology and Criminal Justice 2020

Many taxing authorities, including those in the United States (U.S.), rely on voluntary tax compliance and continually search for ways to increase tax revenues. Most of these methods are costly and labor intensive, such as audits and penalties for noncompliance. Prior tax compliance research has heavily investigated the influence that economic factors, such as tax rates and penalties, have on individual compliance intentions. However, economic models fail to fully predict individual tax compliance. Psychology literature suggests that social factors may also play an important role in individual tax compliance decisions. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence that social and psychological factors have on individuals' tax compliance intentions. Specifically, a model of taxpayer compliance is hypothesized that suggests that norms, perceived fairness of the tax system, and trust in government have a significant influence on compliance intentions. Results of a survey of 217 U.S. taxpayers found support for the influence of social factors on tax compliance. This research concludes that social norms have an indirect influence on compliance intentions through internalization as personal norms. Specifically, as the strength of social norms in favor of tax compliance increase, personal norms of tax compliance also increase, and this leads to a subsequent increase in compliance intentions. This dissertation also finds that trust in government and the perceived fairness of the tax system have a significant influence on compliance intentions. Supplemental analyses indicate that trust in government fully mediates the relationship between perceived fairness of the tax system and compliance intentions. This research offers several contributions to accounting literature and provides valuable insight for taxing authorities. First, this study examines taxpayer compliance from a psychological, rather than an economics driven, perspective. The suggested model of taxpayer compliance posits that social norms have a significant influence on compliance intentions. This information may help taxing authorities develop less costly and more effective strategies for increasing taxpayer compliance. This study also examines the influence that perceived fairness of the tax system has on compliance intentions. This is a widely debated topic in the media and social settings and may have a particularly strong influence on compliance intentions during these times of political and social arguments regarding tax equity. Finally, trust in government around the world has seen a continual decline. The results indicate that decreased trust in government and decreased perceived fairness of the tax system lead to decreased intention to comply with tax laws. Such information may help governments understand actions they can take to improve tax compliance.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Manager fairness matters to employees and has important work outcomes. The current research explored whether differences exist in the rate of revision (change) of first impressions of a manager’s interactional and procedural fairness/unfairness. After observing impression-inconsistent information, participants’ initial impressions of interactional fairness/unfairness were hypothesized to exhibit greater amounts of impression revision than impressions of procedural fairness/unfairness. A 2 (fairness type: interactional vs. procedural) x 2 (initial behaviour: fair vs. unfair) x 2 (time of rating: initial vs. revised) experimental design involving 165 participants was implemented. Results show that the rate of change in ratings of interactional fairness over time was significantly greater than the rate of change in ratings of procedural fairness in the unfair initial-impression condition, as predicted. This was not true for the fair initial-impression condition. Unexpectedly, first impressions of fairness in general did not exhibit more revision than unfair first impressions. Implications are discussed.

The Internet is increasingly used to deliver multimedia service. To accommodate heterogeneous receivers and to adapt to congestion, it has been proposed to use adaptive rate control techniques to adjust the video traffic characteristics according to the available Internet resources, such as layered video multicast. A problem of layered video multicast is unable to provide fair bandwidth sharing between competing video sessions. In this thesis, we will introduce a better solution to achieve inter-session fairness for layered video multicast.

In this thesis, we propose a cell scheduling mechanism to overcome some drawback of Carry-Over Round Robin (CORR) algorithm. Compare with CORR, the modified scheme reduces complexity of implementation and allocates bandwidth more fairly. In general, it simplifies CORR algorithm, which applies some design to maintain the maximum frame size. We prove that the maximum frame size is not necessary for deriving end-to-end delay. We also show that it results in fair distribution of bandwidth. As long as the schedulers and traffic shapers work independently, significant underutilization is expected. In order to solve this problem, we borrow the concept of CORR which divides each allocation cycle into two subcycles¡Xa major cycle and a minor cycle. By designing some information feedback to shapers, schedulers can transmit more cells in minor cycles. Hence we can improve bandwidth utilization successfully.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1991. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-70). Also available via the Internet.

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Research on justice in social exchange distinguishes between fairness as a goal and fairness as an interpersonal influence strategy. Strategic fairness is considered to be epiphenomenal and explainable by more basic motives, most notably, self-interest; fairness as a goal is based only on Lerner’s (1982) model. Recent findings contribute to a new model which specifies that allocators of resources use fairness strategically while recipients treat justice as a goal by reacting to perceived injustice. This dissertation presents the model along with an experimental test of its predictions, which also addresses an ongoing debate in experimental economics on the role of fairness in ultimatum and dictator games. The experiment was designed to distinguish between fairness as an interpersonal strategy and fairness as a goal. Participants moved from allocator to recipient roles in various experimental conditions that varied their information and interdependence. Results show that ultimatum offerers made smaller offers when respondents knew how much they were dividing and larger offers when fairness was salient. Dictators made smaller offers than ultimatum offerers, but did not reduce their offers as much as ultimatum offerers when the respondent did not know how much was being divided. They appeared unaffected by the salience of fairness. Respondents rejected more small offers than large ones and more offers when they knew the amount being divided. The rejection rates of ultimatum and dictator offers did not vary. The results show substantive support for the idea that justice motives are role specific. Unexpected findings led to modifications of the model with respect to the interdependence of the actors. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the study of justice in general and for the specific case of fairness concerns in bargaining games.

Manager fairness matters to employees and has important work outcomes. The current research explored whether differences exist in the rate of revision (change) of first impressions of a manager’s interactional and procedural fairness/unfairness. After observing impression-inconsistent information, participants’ initial impressions of interactional fairness/unfairness were hypothesized to exhibit greater amounts of impression revision than impressions of procedural fairness/unfairness. A 2 (fairness type: interactional vs. procedural) x 2 (initial behaviour: fair vs. unfair) x 2 (time of rating: initial vs. revised) experimental design involving 165 participants was implemented. Results show that the rate of change in ratings of interactional fairness over time was significantly greater than the rate of change in ratings of procedural fairness in the unfair initial-impression condition, as predicted. This was not true for the fair initial-impression condition. Unexpectedly, first impressions of fairness in general did not exhibit more revision than unfair first impressions. Implications are discussed.