Brown trout Salmo trutta L. is a fish species with high socio-economic value, which is favourable among anglers and a successful invader worldwide. The aim of this thesis is to explore environmental factors affecting body growth and survival of brown trout with emphasis on density dependent selection in juvenile life stages. This thesis is specifically focused on: (1) effect of population density on growth and survival with respect to a dynamic of a local group of individuals (papers I and II); (2) effect of inter-individual differences in behaviour on the relationship between individuals life-history traits and available resources (papers III and IV); (3) link between demo-genetic structure of population and growth and mortality rates of individuals (papers V, VI and VII). Datasets for this thesis were collected during a long-term mark-recapture study on wild brown trout population (2005-2011) in the catchment of the Otava River in Šumava National Park (Czech Republic) and a set of field and laboratory studies conducted on wild populations in streams on west coast of Sweden. In accordance with some previous studies, this thesis showed that growth of juvenile brown trout is negatively affected by population density. Nonetheless, this thesis reveals that the negative effect of density dependent...

Purpose - The purpose of this research was to study millennial consumers' attention to online advertisements published by streetwear companies on social media. The aim was to investigate differences between consumers' attention to familiar products and unfamiliar products. Three hypotheses were constructed to test whether product familiarity affects consumers´ attention to advertisements: H1: Consumers who are familiar with the products are more likely to look at them in advertisements than consumers who are unfamiliar with the products. H2: Consumers who are familiar with the products will spend more time looking at them in advertisements than consumers who are unfamiliar with the products. H3: Consumers who are familiar with the products will find them faster from advertisements than consumers who are unfamiliar with the products. Method - The study applied between-subjects design by dividing 40 participants in two matched groups based on their gender. Both groups had 10 male and 10 female participants. During the eye-tracking experiment, participants in Group 1 were shown three product photos for two seconds and three advertisements containing the same products for four seconds. Participants in Group 2 were only presented with three advertisements for four seconds. The results of the study are presented in two parts. Firstly, heatmaps give an illustrative overview of the findings and Statistical analysis presents the results of statistical tests. Chi-square test was performed to test the first hypothesis and independent-samples t-tests were performed to test the second and third hypotheses. Results - The results of the study show that people who were familiar with the products were more likely to look at them in advertisements than consumers who were unfamiliar with the products. Also, people who were familiar with the products spent more time looking at them compared to people who were unfamiliar with the products. However, previous exposure to products did not result in faster identification of the products from advertisements.

La mémoire de reconnaissance nous permet à la fois de détecter rapidement un stimulus précédemment perçu (familiarité), et de récupérer des informations relatives au contexte de notre rencontre avec ce stimulus (recollection). Les modèles neuro-anatomiques d'Aggleton et Brown (1999) puis d'Aggleton et al. (2011) postulent que le noyau antérieur (NA) du thalamus et le tractus mamillo-thalamique (TMT) du fait de leurs connexions avec l'hippocampe font partie du circuit de la recollection tandis que le noyau dorso-médian (DM) participerait à la familiarité en raison de ses connexions avec le cortex périrhinal. Dans cette thèse nous avons testé cette hypothèse d'indépendance. 12 patients avec un infarctus thalamique gauche ont été recrutés ainsi qu'un groupe de sujets contrôles appariés. Tous les participants ont été soumis à un bilan neuropsychologique, à trois tâches expérimentales de mémoire de reconnaissance et à un examen d'IRM morphologique et d'IRM fonctionnelle de repos. Selon les tâches nous avons estimé la contribution de la recollection et de la familiarité à la réponse sur la base de la verbalisation de la source, du degré de confiance dans la réponse ou de la catégorisation des réponses. Les lésions thalamiques ont été quantifiées et localisées automatiquement grâce à une nouvelle approche méthodologique que nous avons développée. Le profil neuropsychologique des patients a mis en évidence une amnésie antérograde verbale et un trouble exécutif modéré (Etude 1). Les lésions atteignaient principalement le DM alors que le NA était intact chez tous. Le TMT était lésé chez les 7 patients les plus amnésiques (Etudes 1 et 2). La recollection était altérée chez les patients quelle que soit la tâche alors que la familiarité était préservée. De plus l'indice de recollection corrélait avec la lésion du DM (Etude 2). Enfin, des corrélations ont été trouvées dans l'étude en connectivité fonctionnelle entre la disconnexion thalamo-frontale et la recollection (Etude 3). En somme, ces résultats signifient i\ qu'une lésion du NA n'est pas nécessaire pour causer une amnésie ii\ qu'une lésion du DM est suffisante pour causer un défaut de recollection mais pas nécessaire pour atteindre la familiarité iii\ qu'une lésion du TMT prédit une amnésie sévère, enfin iv\ que le réseau reliant fonctionnellement le DM au cortex préfrontal semble être impliqué dans l'expérience subjective de la mémoire de reconnaissance plutôt que dans ses contenus. Ils suggèrent de plus que le modèle d'Aggleton et al (2011) devrait être révisé en ce qui concerne la relation familiarité / DM. / Recognition memory allows determining whether a stimulus has been previously encountered based on either a rapid detection process (familiarity) or a longer retrieval of the context associated with the stimulus (recollection). Aggleton and Brown's model (1999) and Aggleton and colleagues (2011) postulated that recollection and familiarity are anatomically and functionally independent. They hypothesized that the anterior nucleus (AN) / mamillothalamic tract (MTT) complex of the thalamus would be critical for recollection due to its connections with the hippocampus. The Mediodorsal (MD) nucleus would support familiarity owing to its links with the perirhinal cortex. In this thesis we tested this independence hypothesis. The 12 subjects with a pure left thalamic infarction were included along with a healthy matched control group. Every subject underwent a neuropsychological assessment, three experimental verbal recognition memory tasks, a high-resolution structural volumetric MRI scan and resting state functional imaging. Recollection and familiarity estimations were derived from subjective reports or responses categorization. We specifically developed the methods used to automatically analyse the volume and localization of the lesions. Patients performed worse than controls on verbal memory and to a lesser extent on executive tasks (Study 1). Most of the lesions were located in the MD while no lesion of the AN was found. The seven patients exhibiting MTT damage had the lowest memory performance (Studies 1 and 2). Recollection was lower in patients than in controls in all the three tasks whereas familiarity was systematically normal. In addition we found a significant correlation between the recollection index and the DM damage, suggesting that DM is directly involved in recollection (Article 2). Finally the functional connectivity results showed a correlation between recollection and a pattern of thalamofrontal disconnection in the patients, helping to understand the DM-recollection relationship. Overall, the findings of the different studies mean that i\ AN damage is rare and is not necessary to cause an amnesia, ii\ MD damage is sufficient to cause a recollection impairment but not necessary to impair familiarity, iii\ MTT damage predicts the severity of the amnesia, iv\ the network linking functionally the MD with the prefrontal cortex seems to be involved in the subjective experience associated with recognition memory.

There is an extensive debate in the adult literature on whether recognition memory can better be explained by a single- or a dual-process account. Single-process accounts assume that a single memory strength signal underlies recognition. Dual-process accounts propose two independent processes, namely recollection (slow and associated with contextual details) and familiarity (fast and automatic). The aim of this dissertation was to advance this debate using a cognitive developmental approach. By investigating age-related changes of recognition memory across childhood as a function of theoretically motivated experimental manipulations, predictions drawn from single- and dual-process models of recognition memory were tested. We adapted the Process Dissociation Paradigm (PDP; Jacoby, 1991) to disentangle processes underlying recognition memory in 5-, 7-, and 11-year-olds and adults using a Dual-Process Signal Detection cognitive modelling approach (DPSD; Yonelinas, 1996). Experiments 1 – 6 demonstrated that 5-year-olds are able to recollect items based on perceptual details. Consistent with dual-process theory, across all age groups a response time limit decreased recollection while leaving familiarity unaffected (Chapter 2). Converging evidence consistent with dissociations during childhood was found after repeated item presentation (Chapter 3). Finally, after a thorough empirical validation of our approach, the new paradigm was used to investigate the developmental perceptual to semantic shift (Chapter 4). These findings, using a double dissociation logic, have advanced the theoretical debate on the nature of recognition memory by showing that one process is insufficient to account for the developmental and experimental findings reported here. Recollection and familiarity follow different developmental trajectories and are affected by encoding and retrieval manipulations (i.e., repetition and time limits). This provides a challenge for existing theories of recognition memory.

Cette recherche exploratoire s’articule autour du concept d’expérience client et de sa mémorisation dans le contexte de la restauration gastronomique, spécifiquement dans les restaurants des Grands Chefs Relais & Châteaux. Cette thèse a pour objectif de comprendre ce qui constitue une expérience de repas gastronomique via l’étude des éléments mémorisés par les clients. Un dispositif méthodologique en trois temps est mis en place : deux phases d’entretiens qualitatifs (n=65) et une phase quantitative (questionnaire administré en ligne, n=1855). Les échantillons sont structurés autour du critère de langue (francophone, anglophone et germanophone) et de la fréquence de consommation. L’analyse des données collectées permet de dégager d’une part les rubriques qui composent l’expérience mémorisée par les clients, d’autre part de mesurer l’influence de la familiarité individuelle sur l’interprétation des composantes de l’expérience de repas. Ce travail aboutit à l’élaboration d’un outil opérationnel à destination des Grands Chefs et des managers de restaurants. / This research is integrated into the guest experience concept and its memorization in the area of Grands Chefs Relais & Châteaux’ restaurants. This thesis aims to understand the constitution of a gourmet meal experience according to guests’ memories. A three-step methodological approach is set up: a double qualitative phase (interviews, n=65) and a quantitative phase (on-line questionnaire, n=1855). Samples are structured regarding languages (French, English and German) and consumption frequency. Data analysis permits to identify categories describing a meal experience as memorized by guests, and to measure the influence of individual familiarity on the interpretation of experiential components. This work leads to the elaboration of an operational tool dedicated to Grands Chefs and restaurant managers.

Animals in distress can experience an attenuation of their stress response if provided companionship. This thesis studied the social support phenomenon in 72 nine-week old juvenile pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) of the crossbreed Yorkshire/Hampshire. Pigs were placed either alone or with a familiar or an unfamiliar age-matched conspecific of the opposite sex in a stunning box. Half of the groups were exposed to an air-filled foam inside of the box and the other half was exposed to an empty box. All pigs underwent an individual behaviour assessment at eight-weeks of age for a personality evaluation. The results of this thesis indicate that pigs were startled by the foam exposure as suggested by changes in activity, escape attempts and vocalisations. Indications of social buffering were found with regards to performance of escape attempts, altered activity patterns and engagement in affiliative social behaviours. Differences were observed in the social behaviour of familiar and unfamiliar pig pairs, suggesting that familiarity between pigs should be preferred from a welfare perspective. Correlations between possible personality traits and the pigs’ behaviour in the foam box study can be understood within the coping style framework. The results suggest that pigs show variation in their need for social support and that personality could have been a bias in interpreting the pigs’ behavioural response to the foam stunning situation. This thesis provide support that the welfare of pigs during foam stunning may be improved if pigs are stunned in groups of familiar individuals.

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Orientador: Luiz Henrique Florindo / Resumo: Atualmente é bem estabelecido que o hipocampo (HPC) possui um papel importante nos processamentos de aprendizagem e memória. No entanto, existem controvérsias sobre as funções das sub-regiões do Corno de Amon (CA) do HPC propriamente dito e em relação à lateralização funcional dessa estrutura. A partir disso, a função do hipocampo dorsal (HPCd) na memória de reconhecimento e espacial (recente e remota), foi analisada através da inativação direita, esquerda ou bilateral da área CA3. Foram utilizados 37 ratos Wistar distribuídos em quatro grupos: grupo GVe (n=8), que receberam injeção bilateral de tampão fosfato-salina (PBS - veículo) na região CA3 do HPCd; grupo HPCd-D (n=9), que receberam injeção do lesionador ácido ibotênico (IBO) na região do hemisfério direito; grupo HPCd-E (n=10), que receberam injeção de IBO na região do hemisfério esquerdo; e grupo HPCd-BI (n=10), que receberam injeção bilateral de IBO na região de ambos HPCd. Os animais foram submetidos ao labirinto aquático de Morris (LAM), teste de reconhecimento de objetos (TRO) e labirinto em T forçado. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de homogeneidade de Shapiro-Wilk, seguido de análise de variância (ANOVA), e pelo teste de Tukey para dados paramétricos, ou pelo teste de KruskalWallis seguido de teste de Dunn para dados não paramétricos. Foi admitido nível de significância para p<0,05. Nenhum dos animais apresentou comprometimento para realização de comportamentos exploratórios. Não houve diferenças entre os ani... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Currently the hippocampus (HPC) has a well established role in learning and memory processing. However, there are controversies about the functions of sub-regions of the Corno de Amon (CA) of the HPC itself and in relation to the functional lateralization of this structure. From this, the function of the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) in the recognition and spatial memory (recent and remote), was analyzed through the right, left or bilateral inactivation of the CA3 area. Thirty seven Wistar rats were distributed in four groups: group GVe (n = 8), with animals received bilateral injection of phosphate-saline buffer (PBS - vehicle) in the CA3 region of dHPC; group dHPC-R (n = 9), with animals received an injection of the ibotenic acid injury (IBO) in the right hemisphere region; group dHPC-L (n = 10), with animals received an IBO injection in the left hemisphere region; and group dHPC-BI, with animals received bilateral IBO injection in the region of both HPCd. The animals were submitted to the Morris water maze (MWM), object recognition test (ORT) and forced T maze. Data were by first analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk’s homogeneity test, followed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and by Tukey’s post-test for parametric data, or by Kruskal-Wallis’s test followed by Dunn's post-test for nonparametric data. Significance level was admitted for p <0.05. None of the animals was compromised to perform exploratory behaviors. There were no differences between the animals in relation to the allocentri... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Interactive digital technology has been increasingly used for the purpose of audiencedevelopment by art museums and galleries alike. However, existing research and practicehave provided limited insights on how to design virtual exhibitions, which provide richinteractions with digital artworks. This study explores how play and game design conceptscan be used to create new interactions when experiencing virtual exhibitions. Additionally,it explores how the familiarity of a virtualised space affects the interaction and theexperiences of interactive digital artwork. To do so, it draws on the concepts of play andgame mechanics, which together with the design of the virtual space and the interactiveartwork create an ‘experiential whole’. Methodologically, it employs the research throughdesign approach, utilising a combination of exploratory designs, playtests with audienceand semi-structured interviews. The main results from the playtests show that playfulinteractions have a positive effect on participants when they have more freedom in a virtualsetting and make the experience more memorable and meaningful in a familiar space. Thethesis is contributing to knowledge on the implementation of game mechanics, whichencourage the exploration and creation of playful interactions, that can be used by otherdesigners to enhance the connection with digital art, and create stronger ties between artinstitutions and visitors.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of loyalty in consumers’ selection of brand extensions in the presence of familiar competitors. The findings show that fit may not have a linear relationship with the choice of an extension when loyalty and brand familiarity are considered. Loyal consumers’ likelihood to choose high-fit and moderate-fit extensions is not much lower than their likelihood to choose products from familiar competitors. We also find an inverted-U-shaped relationship between choice behavior and degree of perceived fit for loyal and moderately loyal consumers. Moreover, brand concepts can make a brand more elastic and extendable, increasing loyal and moderately loyal consumers’ likelihood to choose moderate- and even low-fit extensions. However, disloyal consumers are highly unlikely to choose extensions over products from familiar competitors regardless of fit and types of similarity. Finally, the effect of similarity on consumers’ choice of extensions is fully mediated by loyalty and perceived risks.