Auswertung der Buchführungsergebnisse ökologisch wirtschaftender Betriebe der ostdeutschen Bundesländer - Wirtschaftsjahr 2003 / 2004

D. Tech. Business Administration / The objective of the study is to explore factors that affect the adoption of agroforestry (here after AF) technology in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Contrary to what is known about most of the countries in the Southern African (SADC) region, the practice of agro forestry (AF) is not well developed in South Africa. This problem is directly related to the dualistic nature of the agriculture sector in the country, and this fact has led to bias against smallholder farmers. The Eastern Cape Province was selected for the study due to its vast potential for agricultural development in general, and AF practices in particular.

The Pampanga province is one of the largest pork-producing provinces in the Philippines. Half of the province's pigs are reared in so-called back-yard farms. At these farms, there are no regulations regarding manure management and because of this, large amounts of manure are dumped close to the stables. These actions lead to spontaneous emission of greenhouse gases, eutrophication of rivers and groundwater pollution. In addition, the spread of manure contributes to inadequate sanitation and increased risks of disease among the inhabitants of the province. LPG and wood are the most popular fuels for cooking in the Philippines. LPG is most common in the cities, while more than 60 percent of the rural population still relies on firewood for cooking. LPG is a fossil fuel that, when burned, contributes to an enhanced greenhouse effect. The use of wood increases the pressure on the local biomass and increases the risk of lung diseases for the user. Anaerobic digestion of pig manure under contributes to a more sustainable manure management. At the same time, energy in form of biogas is produced. Biogas is a renewable energy source, which is considered carbon neutral. If pig manure is co-digested with kitchen waste, a more efficient and stable digestion process may be achieved. This study aims to contribute to sustainable development at backyard pig farms in the Pampanga province by demonstrating how pig manure and kitchen waste can be utilized for biogas production. In order to develop an appropriate composition of pig manure and kitchen waste for anaerobic digestion, batch digestion of pig manure and kitchen waste was performed at laboratory scale. During a field study, the substrate composition was digested in test plants under local conditions in Pampanga. During the field study, several field trips to backyard pig farms were performed. Based on prevailing conditions and available materials in the province, a full-scale biogas digester was designed. The digester was sized to produce enough biogas to fulfil one family’s daily requirement of cooking fuel. If the daily biogas production reaches 2.5 m3 it is possible to replace 178 kg LPG or 9855 kg of firewood every year. The reduction of LPG prevents 2700 kg carbon dioxide equivalents from being emitted to the atmosphere every year. The reduction of LPG use also results in an annual saving of 9062 PHP (1672 SEK) for a family. This number corresponds to 11 procent of the total investment cost of the digester. / Pampangaprovinsen är en av de största producenterna av fläskkött i hela Filippinerna. Hälften av provinsens grisar föds upp på så kallade backayard farms. På dessa gårdar finns inga restriktioner gällande gödselhantering. Därför dumpas stora mängder gödsel i gårdarnas närområde vilket leder till spontana utsläpp av växthusgaser, övergödning i vattendrag och förorenat grundvatten. Dessutom leder spridning av gödslet till försämrad hygien och ökad sjukdomsspridning bland provinsens invånare. Gasol och ved är de mest populära bränslena för matlagning i Filippinerna. Gasol är mest utbrett i städerna medan drygt 60 procent av landsbygdens befolkning fortfarande förlitar sig på ved vid matlagning. Gasol är ett fossilt bränsle som vid förbränning bidrar till en förstärkt växthuseffekt. Användning av ved ökar trycket på den lokala biomassan och vid förbränning är risken för sjukdomar i luftvägarna hos användaren stor. Anaerob rötning av grisgödsel möjliggör en mer hållbar gödselhantering samtidigt som energi i form av biogas produceras. Biogas är en förnyelsebar energikälla som dessutom anses vara koldioxidneutral. Grisgödsel kan med fördel samrötas med matavfall för att uppnå en effektivare och mer stabil rötprocess. Den här studien syftar till att bidra till hållbar utveckling inom Pampangaprovinsens backyard pig farms genom att demonstrera hur grisgödsel tillsammans med matavfall kan användas för biogasproduktion. Under studiens inledande del utfördes satsvis rötning av grisgödsel och matavfall i laborativ skala, i syfte att ta fram en lämplig sammansättning av de båda substraten. Substratsammansättningen rötades därefter i testanläggningar vid lokala förhållanden under en fältstudie i Pampangaprovinsen. Under fältstudien genomfördes även studiebesök till olika backyard pig farms. Baserat på rådande förhållanden och tillgängliga material i provinsen designades slutligen en rötkammare. Rötkammaren dimensionerades så att den kunde förse en familj med bränsle för matlagning. Om den dagliga biogasproduktionen når 2.5 m3 är det möjligt att ersätta 178 kg gasol eller 9855 kg ved per år. Minskningen av gasol resulterar i en årlig reducering av växthusgasutsläpp med minst 2700 kg koldioxidekvivalenter. Minskningen av gasol resulterar också i en årlig besparing på 9062 PHP (1672 SEK). Denna siffra motsvarar 11 procent av den totala investeringskostnaden för rötkammaren.

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This dissertation assesses the role of small-scale farming in reducing poverty in rural areas using household data collected from Kanyayo and interviews with Department of Agriculture, Bizana Local Municipality and other key community members. The reviewed literature confirmed that small-scale farming has a potential to reduce poverty if well supported. This support includes the eradication of problems facing small-scale farming, while at the same time empowering small-scale farmers through connecting them to reliable market outlets. The findings of the study indicated that small-scale farming in Kanyayo is faced by many problems. These problems include: labour shortage which is attributed to lack of youth involvement, laziness and sicknesses; insufficient rainfall; poor infrastructure and inadequate access to services; lack of connectedness to market outlets; lack of farming information. These obstacles to small-scale farming tend to constrain smallscale farming potential and thereby exacerbate poverty levels. Arising from the research several recommendations were put forward. These include: development of the labour force; irrigation schemes and construction of dams; delivering of services and infrastructure; market arrangements; accessible to farming information center. The study concludes that small-scale fanning has a power to reduce poverty in rural areas but that power is based on removal of barriers to small-scale farming. / Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

The superior growth of Grand fir (Abies grandis) compared to Douglas-fir (Pseudostuga menziesii) on suitable coastal sites has previously been recognized on the basis of qualitative observations with little empirical evidence. For example, D.E. McMullan (1977, pers. comm.) reported 18% higher volume for a grand fir tree of the same height and age as a 108-year old Douglas-fir plus tree (No. 622) This study was undertaken by Bernardy (1988) to examine possible differences in the growth of grand fir and Douglas-fir growing in a mixed 40-year-old plantation of unknown origin. Trends in height, diameter and annual volume increment between the two species over time were examined. Expected growth performance (i.e. volume and form) of each species was inferred from trends identified at time of sampling.

The purpose of this study was to increase the level of knowledge in the field of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for wind power. The study includes six wind power farms in the County of Västerbotten in northern Sweden. The main questions were: What are the real dimensions of roadways and land claims for both roads and wind power turbines? How do those dimensions correlate with the dimensions stated in the EIA? Are there any differences in values of the dimensions between the wind power farms that are included in this study? The width of the roadways and the land claims for both roads and wind turbines in wind power farms were examined on site. The results from the examinations were compared with the dimensions available in the EIA for each wind power farm. When comparison was possible the outcome was that the measurements for roadways matched with the dimensions but measurements for land claims for roads and wind turbines exceeded the dimensions. The values of the measured dimensions vary within and in certain cases between the wind power farms. From the findings of this study it can be concluded that it is difficult to in advance estimate how much land roads and wind turbines in wind farms will claim. In addition the study shows that it is of great importance to specify the dimensions of roadways and land claims for roads and wind turbines in the EIA for wind power farms.

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Requirements for the development of sustainable farm systems include the generation of site-specific management practices and heightened levels of awareness and empowerment within the farming community. The current model of technology development and transfer does not adequately facilitate the development of these characteristics. This study elaborates an alternative, participatory approach for agricultural extension, and presents the experiences of a group consisting of six farmers and a university co-research team, who employed this approach over a 17-month period to develop more ecologically sustainable farm systems. / The stages of a "process of development model" are: General Systems Description, Convergence, Implementation, Exchange, and Monitoring and Evaluation. This model is proposed as a means to expand the potential of participatory extension strategies to facilitate the development of sustainable agricultural systems. The primary implications of the participatory extension approach for the future roles of agricultural extension workers are outlined.