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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
361

Assessment of small-holder farmers' vulnerability to the 2004/2005 drought in Makhado municipality

Nethavhani, Ntavhanyeni G. 14 June 2013 (has links)
A research report for the partial fulfillment of Masters degree in the school of Geography and Environmental studies, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2007. / Unable to load abstract
362

Socio-economic impact of land restitution in the Ehlanzeni district, Mpumalanga

Nxesi, T W 10 August 2016 (has links)
This paper is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Master‟s Degree in the Department of Public and Development Management March 2015 / This research presents an assessment of the socio-economic impact of land restitution on people‟s livelihoods with specific reference to the Ehlanzeni District. South Africa`s constitution since the advent of democracy, accompanied by the adoption of its post-apartheid legislative framework, provides for restitution of the land as a way of correcting historical imbalances. More specifically, section 25(7) of the South African constitution provides the opportunity for people who were dispossessed of their land after the 19th June 1913 to have their land rights restored by means of restitution. South Africa‟s land restitution process is predicated on restorative forms of historical redress, which is counter to retributive forms of historical redress. The lodging of land claims requires historical evidence of dispossession, and in most rural cases claims are lodged collectively by communities rather than individual citizens. This may be problematic due to social differentiation that may have been caused by years of societal breakdown. Land dispossession was one of the most important determinants of the social and economic configurations in South Africa; therefore land restitution constitutes a central aspect of correcting historical injustice and a clear understanding of the restitution processes is necessary in order to understand the impact of restitution programmes. This study adopted qualitative research methods since the issues to be researched are people‟s experiences, which are dynamic and complex phenomena. An assessment of the claims was done; semi-structured interviews were conducted with the purpose of assessing the implications of the restitution, including interviewing the farming community to understand their experiences after restitution had taken place and their perception of the impact of restitution projects on their livelihoods. ii The interviews revealed a great deal of improvement in the ownership, greater access to infrastructure and to an extent, the ability of the beneficiaries to run farms. However, even when participants expressed their commitment and satisfaction, the socio-economic impact on their livelihoods are limited. The study recommends an in depth interrogation of the small-scale farming model and particular emphasis placed on monitoring of projects.
363

Technical cost of operating a PV installation as a STATCOM during nightime. / Avaliação do custo técnico da operação de uma fazenda solar fotovoltaica como um STATCOM no período da noite.

Lourenço, Luís Felipe Normandia 01 August 2017 (has links)
Reactive power support by photovoltaic farms has been under discussion in several countries. This kind of operation has been proposed because the photovoltaic farm converter is an expensive asset that is often used well below its power rating. This paper proposes a methodology for estimating the reactive power support capability and the associated technical cost of operating a photovoltaic installation as a STATCOM at nighttime. The technical cost is related to the need to buy active power from the grid to compensate for power losses. A precise estimation of this cost is of interest for both photovoltaic farm owners and grid operators to be able to evaluate the economic feasibility of this kind of operation. In order to illustrate the proposed methodology, a 1.5 MWp photovoltaic farm is considered. By evaluating the losses of each component (converter, tie reactor, filter and transformer), a reactive power support capability map integrating the technical cost for each point of operation is obtained. The analysis outlines key points to operate a PV farm as a STATCOM at nighttime: the system must include a blocking diode, the capability map is asymmetric, an operation with variable DC-link voltage is desirable and can lead to savings of up to 8.9 % in comparison with operation at fixed nominal DC-link voltage. / O suporte de potência reativa por fazendas solares fotovoltaicas está sob discussão em diversos países. Este tipo de operação foi proposta pois o conversor das fazendas solares é um equipamento de custo elevado que é usualmente utilizado abaixo de sua potência nominal. Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para estimar a capabilidade de suporte de reativos e o custo técnico associado na operação de uma fazenda solar fotovoltaica como um STATCOM durante o período da noite. O custo técnico desta operação está associado à necessidade da compra de potência ativa da rede elétrica para suprir as perdas de energia para compensar as perdas nos equipamentos. Uma estimativa precisa deste custo técnico é de interesse tanto dos empreendedores que possuem fazendas fotovoltaicas como dos operadores da rede elétrica para que se avalie a viabilidade econômica deste tipo de operação. Para ilustrar a metodologia proposta, uma fazenda solar fotovoltaica de 1.5 MWp é considerada. Através da avaliação das perdas em cada componente (conversor, reator, filtro e transformador), um mapa de capabilidade de suporte de potência reativa é obtido integrando os custos técnicos para cada ponto de operação. A análise realizada neste trabalho destaca os pontos chave para a operação noturna de uma fazenda solar como STATCOM: o sistema deve incluir um diodo de bloqueio, o mapa de capabilidade é assimétrico, a operação com tensão do circuito CC é desejável e resulta em economia de energia de 8.9 % em comparação com operação com a operação em tensão nominal fixa do circuito CC.
364

Riftwalking: the dissolution of socio-ecological resilience and the role of resilience thinking in metabolic rifts

Broe, Ryan 29 May 2019 (has links)
This thesis asks what effects concepts of resilience may have on political action and the ongoing ecological crises we see developing throughout the world. Specifically, it addresses disruptions in wild salmon migration, spawning, and fisheries brought about by industrial aquaculture in the so-called Broughton Archipelago in unceded Kwakwaka’wakw territories on the north east coast of Vancouver Island. These disruptions will be looked at as examples of resilience thinking in action. Through this example this thesis will examine the relationship between manifestations of resilience thinking and the emergence of metabolic rifts between nature and society that bring with them ecological crises. This thesis will begin by tracing the genealogy of resilience thinking from its origins in systems ecology to its depoliticizing formation in political-economic development. Through this it will show where resilience has been split from its origins as a socio-ecological concept, into purely social and ecological formations that interact in a zero-sum relationship. As a depoliticizing force, resilience works through the aforementioned cleavage to atomize individuals and distance them from their connections to socio-ecological communities, favouring instead marketized relations that reinforce capitalism, colonialism, and the state form. Following this, this thesis will argue that this cleavage and resilience thinking more broadly also generate sites of metabolic rifts within and between nature and society and are factors in their reproduction and geographic spread. Resilience however need not be a fully depoliticizing force. Taking up from the work of Roberto Esposito on relational community and immunization, this thesis ends with an exploration of how resilience thinking can return to its socio-ecological roots and be used in emancipatory, decolonial, and ecologically sound ways that will help in the reconstituting of the metabolic cycles within and between nature and society disrupted by rifts. Understanding how resilience thinking plays a role in depoliticization and the generation and reproduction of metabolic rifts makes space for turning this mentality on its head. Reconstructing a more holistic socio-ecological form of resilience helps to provide the necessary political tools to challenge underlying structures of domination and exploitation that put our socio-ecosystems at risk. / Graduate
365

Remoção  de amônia  gerada em granjas avícolas e sua utilização em células à combustível e uso como fertilizante / Removal of ammonia generated from farm poultry and their use in the fuel cells and as fertilizer

Ferreira, João Coutinho 07 July 2010 (has links)
A amônia presente em galpões fechados de criação de frangos afeta a saúde tanto dos animais como dos tratadores, além de ser um grave problema ambiental. O processo aqui recomendado faz uso de um material com grande capacidade de retenção tanto da amônia gasosa como na forma de seu hidróxido, NH4OH. Este absorvedor, um trocador catiônico sólido, preparado para a retenção seletiva da amônia, é inodoro, insípido e atóxico. Uma vez saturado com amônia, passa por um tratamento químico para a remoção deste composto, podendo ser reutilizado muitas vezes sem perda de sua capacidade retentora, tornando o processo mais econômico. A remoção deste material pode-se dar na forma de um sal de amônio que poderá ser utilizado como fertilizante. Ressalta-se ainda que a amônia recuperada nestes galpões avícolas, quando submetida a uma decomposição térmica catalítica, gera hidrogênio para uso em células a combustível, podendo fornecer energia elétrica no próprio local do trabalho. / The process here stressed uses a cátion exchange material. The aim of the present work has been to prepare a suitable cation exchanger material with excepecinally high selectivity for ammonia, as the cation NH4+ or as aqueous ammonia solution containing NH4OH hyroxide as well. Aliquots of the abovementioned exchangers were set up inside an chiken farm production near São Paulo city. Periodically the exchanger was removed to the laboratory and eluted with a convenient acid to regenerate the exchanger for the new cicle. The ammonia retention was quite high and presents no dificulty for its elution. The selected exchanger is a solid material, non toxic, without smell and have good physical properties. The first results encouraged us and our plants to do large experiments that in progress. This process is a contribution to remediation of the avicola local, removing the ammonia gas and suppressing grettly its smell and bad effect to the animals and even to workers
366

Conectando florestas e primatas: as mudanças no uso da terra para a conservação do muriqui-do-norte (Brachyteles hypoxanthus Kuhl, 1820) em propriedades rurais / Connecting primates and forests: land use changes to conserve the spider monkey (Brachyteles hypoxanthus Kuhl, 1820) in rural properties

Crepaldi, Maria Otávia Silva 05 October 2015 (has links)
As mudanças no uso e na cobertura da terra, principalmente em áreas florestais, causam alterações ambientais em diversas escalas. Uma das suas consequências negativas é a fragmentação de habitats, que causa desequilíbrio nos diversos ecossistemas e perda de espécies e populações. Investigar os fatores que influenciam o aumento da cobertura florestal e as suas consequências para a conservação da biodiversidade é fundamental para o planejamento de políticas públicas ambientais, principalmente em regiões de ocorrência de espécies ameaçadas de extinção. No caso do muriqui-do-norte (Brachyteles hypoxanthus), um primata neotropical criticamente em perigo de extinção, a existência de conectividade entre fragmentos florestais remanescentes é um dos maiores limites para a sua conservação, pois mudanças no uso e na cobertura da terra serão necessárias. A conservação desse primata requer estratégias mais integradas do que apenas a criação de áreas protegidas, sendo necessário o envolvimento dos proprietários rurais, juntamente com os tomadores de decisão. A aplicação de instrumentos políticos econômicos, como compensações e pagamentos por serviços ambientais, pode ser uma estratégia para estimular proprietários rurais a participarem de programas de conservação da biodiversidade em terras privadas. O problema da pesquisa deste trabalho foi identificar os fatores que levaram ao aumento de áreas florestadas em propriedades rurais em regime familiar de exploração e as suas consequências à conservação da biodiversidade. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no município de Santa Maria de Jetibá, ES, onde ocorrem populações do muriqui-do-norte e predominam as propriedades agrícolas familiares, nas quais tem ocorrido aumento de áreas florestadas, muitas delas fragmentadas. O trabalho foi dividido em três partes: Análise das mudanças de uso e da cobertura da terra entre 1970 e 2005, identificando os principais indutores do aumento da cobertura florestal em uma região de ocorrência do muriqui-do-norte; Descrição do perfil socioeconômico, da percepção e das motivações dos proprietários rurais para a conservação de serviços ecossistêmicos; Proposição de corredores estruturais para sete populações de muriqui-do-norte, baseada na permeabilidade da matriz e na aceitação dos donos da terra. Foram utilizados mapas de uso e cobertura da terra, censos agropecuários, entrevistas semiestruturadas, métodos de valoração e compensação de serviços ambientais baseados no mercado de bens substitutos e na preferência declarada, além de simulações dos corredores ecológicos no programa LORACS. A decisão de deixar áreas naturais na propriedade rural é fortemente influenciada por fatores econômicos. O aumento da produtividade, possibilitada pela tecnificação agrícola, permitiu a ampliação da cobertura florestal no município de Santa Maria de Jetibá. O perfil socioeconômico dos agricultores entrevistados e as características das propriedades nos permitem inferir sobre a importância dos instrumentos políticos econômicos, do tipo de agricultura praticada e da percepção ambiental para criar oportunidades de conservação da biodiversidade. Programas de conservação que têm como meta a efetivação de corredores de vegetação em áreas privadas e, consequentemente, a perda de áreas produtivas, podem utilizar instrumentos políticos econômicos, baseados na disposição a receber, no custo de oportunidade da terra e no custo de restauração ecológica, para serem mais atrativos aos proprietários rurais, motivando-os a romper as barreiras para sua aceitação. / The changes imposed in land use and land cover, especially in forest areas, produce environmental changes at various levels. One negative consequence is the habitat fragmentation, followed by disturbance in many ecosystems, such as the loss of species and its populations. The study of factors influencing the increase of forest cover and its consequences for the conservation of biodiversity is essential for the planning of environmental policies, particularly for the regions where endangered species occur. One critical factor for the conservation of the spider monkeys (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) - a neotropical primate critically endangered, is the connectivity between remaining forest fragments, because necessary changes in land use and land cover will happen. The above mentioned conservation requires more integrated strategies than just the creation of protected areas, whereas the involvement of landowners and decision makers are needed. The use of economic policy instruments, such as compensation and payments for environmental services, can provide a strategy to encourage landowners to participate in biodiversity conservation programs on their lands. The present research consists in identifying the leading factors to the increase of forested areas on lands in family regime of exploitation and its consequences for biodiversity conservation. This study has been conducted in Santa Maria de Jetibá, a county of Espírito Santo, Brazil, where there are populations of spider monkeys inside little farms, whose forested areas have been increased, but fragmented. This work comprehends three parts: - Analysis of land use and land cover change between 1970 and 2005, identifying the main drivers of forest cover increase, in a region where spider monkeys occur; - Study of the socioeconomic profile, the perception and motivations of landowners for the conservation of ecosystem services; - Proposition of structural corridors for seven populations of spider monkeys, based on the matrix permeability and acceptance of landowners. The employed resources are: land cover maps, agricultural census, semi-structured interviews, and methods of valuation and compensation of environmental services based on the market of substitute goods and the declared preference, as well as simulations of ecological corridors in LORACS program. The decision to leave natural areas on the farm is strongly influenced by economic factors. The increase in productivity enabled by agricultural mechanization, allowed the expansion of forest cover in farms of Santa Maria de Jetibá. The socioeconomic profile of farmers and the characteristics of their properties prompted the influence of economic policy instruments, the type agriculture and the environmental conscience among farmers, to create biodiversity conservation opportunities. Conservation programs aiming to lay vegetation corridors in private land and, consequently, the loss of productive areas, can be implemented by economic policy instruments, based on the economical compensation, in the land opportunity cost and cost of ecological restoration, bring down barriers of landowners against conservational programs.
367

Caracterização e análise da rede de movimento de bovinos no Estado de Mato Grosso / Characterization and analysis of the network of animal movements in the Mato Grosso State

Negreiros, Rísia Lopes 09 December 2010 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os dados de movimentação de bovinos, gerando informações úteis à vigilância epidemiológica do Estado de Mato Grosso. Analisou-se, para 2007, a distribuição de rebanhos nas propriedades, a movimentação por ecossistema de origem e destino, por finalidade (engorda, abate ou reprodução), e por época do ano. Observou-se que 81,54% do rebanho está concentrados em 20% das propriedades, indicando a existência de poucas propriedades com intensa comercialização para abate, engorda ou reprodução e muitas propriedades com pouca comercialização. Das 72.149 propriedades (de um total de 112.924) que realizaram algum tipo de movimentação, 65.773 movimentaram bovinos. A maioria das movimentações ocorreu internamente em cada ecossistema (Pantanal, Cerrado e Amazônia). O Pantanal recebeu o menor número de bovinos (4,98% dos animais recebidos, incluindo movimentação interna) e o Cerrado foi o que mais recebeu bovinos provenientes dos outros ecossistemas e o que enviou o menor número de bovinos (318.253, 25,79% do total de bovinos enviados a outro ecossistema). Observou-se uma redução do movimento em maio e novembro (vacinação contra febre aftosa), janeiro e fevereiro (férias dos frigoríficos e estação chuvosa) e setembro (manejo de natalidade, ausência da safra do boi gordo e desmama de bezerros). O percentual de movimentação interestadual foi de 2,65% dos animais movimentados, predominando as movimentações intraestaduais. Na análise de 539.526 documentos em 76.277 estabelecimentos calculou-se o grau de comercialização entre os estabelecimentos, para o semigrau interior a média e mediana foram (1 e 3) e para o semigrau exterior(2 e 3) respectivamente. As distâncias médias para movimentação de bovinos provenientes das propriedades da fronteira internacional e daquelas sabidamente positivas para brucelose foram 73,75 e 60,43 km respectivamente. Distâncias médias para movimentos destinados a frigoríficos, propriedades e eventos agropecuários foram inferiores a 116,70 km mostrando movimentação proveniente do próprio Estado. Em redes com características livre de escala supõe-se que a distribuição de grau P(k) pode ser ajustada pela lei de potência, no entanto observou-se que alguns estabelecimentos não seguiram o previsto para redes livre de escala. O ajuste de P(kin) mostrou que estabelecimentos que compraram maior quantidade de bovinos ultrapassaram o esperado pela lei de potência, o que pode estar relacionado ao comportamento de compra por frigoríficos e confinamentos. Para o ajuste de P(kout), a proporção de propriedades que venderam para muitos estabelecimentos (por exemplo, próximo a 100 estabelecimentos) está abaixo do previsto pela lei de potência, como também aquelas que venderam para menos de 10 outros estabelecimentos. As propriedades de subsistência, que movimentam poucos animais, influenciaram os valores de P(kin) e de P(kout) para valores baixos de kin e kout, respectivamente. Observou-se uma correção negativa (r= -0,54) entre o grau médio dos primeiros vizinhos e o grau do estabelecimento mostrando que estabelecimentos com grau elevado (volume elevado de compra e/ou venda) comercializam com estabelecimentos cujo grau é em média baixo (volume baixo de compra e/ou venda) e vice-versa. Essa característica da rede de movimentação de bovinos pode ter implicações no espalhamento de doenças infecciosas nos rebanhos, em função do contato entre grandes e pequenos estabelecimentos. / This study has as objective to analyze the movement data of bovine, generating useful information for epidemiologic surveillance for Mato Grosso State. It was analyzed, for 2007, the herds distribution in the farm holdings, the movement according to origin and destination ecosystem, for purpose (fattens, slaughters or reproduction), and for year\'s time. It was observed that 81.54% of the herd was concentrated on 20% of the farm holdings, indicating the existence of few farm holdings with intense commercialization for slaughters, fattens or reproduction and many farm holdings with little commercialization. Of the 72.149 farm holdings (of a total of 112.924) that accomplished some type of movement, 65.773 moved bovine. Most movements occurred internally in each ecosystem (Pantanal, Cerrado and Amazônico). The Pantanal received the smaller number of bovine (4,98% of the received animals, including internal movement) and the Cerrado received most bovine from of the other ecosystems and sent the smaller number of bovine (318.253, 25.79% of the bovine sent to other ecosystem). It was observed a decrease in movement in May and November (vaccination against Foot and Mouth Disease), January and February (slaughterhouse vacation and rainy station) and September (birth rate handling, absence of cattle for slaughterhouse and weaning calves). The percentage of interstate movement was 2.65% of the animals moved, predominating the movements within the state This factor associated to the difficulty of maintaining updated records in complex territory motivated of the characterization of cattle network making available to the defense\'s service and epidemiological vigilance a tool that makes possible retrospective and prospectively the measures application adapted in specific situations. In the analysis of 539.526 documents in 76.277 establishments it calculated the commercialization degree between establishments. For indegree the average and median were (1 and 3) and for outdegree (2 and 3) respectively. Average distances for bovine movement with origin in the farms holdings of the international border and the farms holdings known positive for brucellosis were 73.75 and 60.43 km respectively. Average distances from farm holdings to slaughter establishments, farms holdings and agricultural events were lower than 116.70 km showing movement originating within the state. In scale-free networks, the degree distribution P(k) it can be fitted by the power law, however some establishments do not follow the foreseen for networks free-scale. The fitting of P(kin) showed that establishments that buy larger quantity of bovine overtake what is expected for power law, what can be related to purchase behavior for slaughter establishments and confinements. For the fitting of P(kout), the proportion of the farms holdings that sell for lots of establishments (for example, near to 100 establishments) is below the expected by the power law, as well as those that sell for less than 10 other establishments. The subsistence farms holdings, that move few animals, influence the values of P(kin) and of P(kout) for low values of kin and kout, respectively. A negative correlation (r= -0.54) was observed between the average degree of nearest neighbors and the degree of establishments, showing that establishments with high degree of purchase and/or sells, commercialize with establishments whose degree is, on average, low (low quantity of purchase and/or sells) and vice versa. This characteristic of the network of bovine movement may have implications in the spread of infectious diseases within the herds, depending on the contact between big and small establishments.
368

Velhas fazendas da Ribeira do Seridó / Seridó´s old farms

Diniz, Nathália Maria Montenegro 24 November 2008 (has links)
O Seridó é uma microrregião do semi-árido do Rio Grande do Norte, caracterizada por uma vegetação de caatinga e terra muito erodida, devido ao regime de escassez e desigual distribuição de chuvas. O povoamento iniciou-se no século XVII. A pecuária foi a atividade que levou ao assentamento das famílias no sertão potiguar e o cultivo do algodão, que se apresentou posteriormente como atividade econômica bastante rentável, foi o ampliador e fortalecedor da fixação da população no Seridó. As fazendas de gado existentes na região constituem-se em exemplares de grande relevância para o patrimônio arquitetônico do Brasil, embora construídas com formas modestas e sem assinatura de arquitetos. Infelizmente, esse acervo fundamental para a identidade da região e para o Rio Grande do Norte, vem sendo dilapidado, por isso essa pesquisa visa contribuir para a preservação e divulgação da cultura, da tradição e do patrimônio edificado rural do Seridó-RN. / Seridó is a Rio Grande do Norte semiarid microregion, characterized by a caatinga vegetation and eroded land due to the scarcity and unequal rainfall distribution. The population process began in the 17th century. The families settlemend in the potiguar hinterland was led by Cattle breeding activity followed by cotton cultivation, wich appeared as a very profitable economic activity enlarging and consolidating of Seridós population. The cattle breeding farms existing in the region constitutes a relevant Brazilian heritage architecture example, although constructed with simple shapes and unsigned by architects. Unfortunately this heritage, fundamental for the region and Rio Grande do Norte identity, has been dilapidated, therefore this research aims at contributing for the preservation and dissemination of culture, tradition and heritage buildings and structures of rural Seridó-RN.
369

The emergence of agrarian capitalism in early modern England : a reconsideration of farm sizes

Barker, Joseph David January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
370

Agricultural intensification and smallholder crop-livestock integration in Rwanda

Kim, Sung Kyu January 2018 (has links)
This thesis is about agricultural intensification and the role of smallholder farmers in the future of agriculture in Rwanda. Intensification of agriculture has been the central objective of policy in Rwanda since independence in 1962. Over five decades, one of the dominant approaches to achieving this goal has been through mixed farming, i.e. the integration of crop and livestock production. However, despite continued efforts to transform agricultural and rural livelihood through mixed farming, many farmers have not achieved intensification. Thus, there seems to be a critical disjuncture between the government's vision of modern agriculture based on increasing levels of intensification and commercialisation, and the ability of many smallholders to engage with this intensification and commercialisation agenda. In this thesis, I argue that the disjuncture between the long-standing policy objective and Rwanda's rural realities poses serious repercussions to the rural development and the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers. I substantiate the argument by addressing the following question: “how does the integration of crop and livestock production contribute to agricultural intensification for smallholder farmers in Rwanda?” Firstly, I situate the research context within the historical development of agricultural policies promoting the mixed farming agenda. Secondly, I study two villages in Rwamagana district as rural and peri-urban cases. Various patterns of interactions between crop and livestock production systems are identified, characterised and analysed within the broader household livelihood strategies. Thirdly, I incorporate the life history accounts of farmers with diverse background and capabilities to engage in mixed farming to better understand the wide-ranging issue of livestock-based asset accumulation which is crucial for the crop-livestock integration. Finally, I discuss the implications for the government's continued efforts to transform agriculture and rural livelihoods through mixed farming and possible ways to assist many farmers who lack the resources required for intensification through integrated crop-livestock production.

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