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Intact chloroplasts were isolated from Euglena gracilis variety bacillaris, and aliquots were exposed to several different chemical cross-linking reagents. The reagents penetrated the triple membrane of Euglena chloroplasts. This was shown by gradient acrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. The activity of the nonaggregated fatty acid synthetase of Euglena was located within the chloroplast stroma, and the effects of dimethylsuberimidate cross-linking on the activity of the enzyme system were examined. The acyl-carrier protein concentration in the chloroplast was measured at about 0.24 mM.

The composition, size, and peptide structure of a fatty acid synthetase aggregate from etiolated Euglena gracilis was studied. The fatty acid synthetase was a lipoprotein containing about 40% lipid. Low-angle laser light scattering of the native fatty acid synthetase yielded a molecular weight of 6 · 106 up to concentrations of about 30 μg fatty acid synthetase/ml; at higher concentrations, the molecular weight increased to 11 · 106. Viscometry of the synthetase solutions yielded results that suggested that the asymmetric fatty acid synthetase aggregate formed a 'dimer' at concentrations above 30 μg fatty acid synthetase/ml by side-to-side interaction. The peptide structure of the fatty acid synthetase prepared in the presence of a variety of proteinase inhibitors included at least six peptides of Mr 150000 or less. More than 68% of the protein was in peptides of less than Mr 150000. N-terminal amino acid analysis gave eight different residues all present in integral amounts, seven at about 11% and one at 24% of the total α-N-dansyl amino acids. The Euglena-aggregated fatty acid synthetase appears to be a very large true multienzyme complex.

As shown by recent reports, number of obese people in recent years has been on the increase, there are about 4 million people in Taiwan who are considered to be overweight. World Health Organization (WHO) and United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publicly announced that: Obesity will be the greatest health killer of this century, its damage to personal health is comparable to that of cigarettes. Obesity can cause heart problems, diabetes, artery diseases, high blood pressure, increased chances of cancer occurrence, condition increase and deteriora- tion of Alzheimer¡¦s disease, gall bladder diseases, and shortening of life span. The cause of obesity is due to a fault in adipocytes metabolism functions, and because of this, research into adipocytes molecular regulation is becoming more popular and valued. The process of adipogenesis, the formation of adipose tissue, has become better understood by the studies of several cell types that can be induced to undergo differentiation into adipocytes. The first, and the best characterized, model of adipogenesis in vitro is the 3T3-L1 cell line, a substrain of Swiss 3T3 mouse cell line. 3T3-L1 cells propagated under normal conditions have a fibroblastic phenotype. However, when treated with a combination of dexamethasone, isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX or MIX) and insulin, 3T3-L1 cells adopt a rounded phenotype and within 5 days begin to accumulate lipids intracellularly in the form of lipid droplets. Treatment of cells with dexamethasone activates the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer -binding protein £] (C/EBP£]). IBMX inhibits soluble cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and results in increased intracellular cAMP levels. At the nuclear level, treatment with IBMX results in activation of the related transcription factor C/EBP£_. Immediately after exposure to exogenous inducers, the gene expression of C/EBP£] and C/EBP£_ significantly and transiently increases, C/EBP£] and C/EBP£_ may also regulate the expression of C/EBP£\ and PPAR£^. C/EBP£\ and PPAR£^ are considered to play a prominent role in regulating the gene expression of proteins necessary for the development fo the functional mature adipocyte. Within 3 days of exposure to inducers, the cells undergo two rounds of mitosis, termed mitotic clonal expansion, which are required for differentiation. Insulin or insulin-like growth factor-1 promote adipocyte differentiation by activating PI3-kinase and Akt activity. Modulation of the activity of the forkhead transcription factor Foxo1 appears to be necessary for insulin to promote adipocyte differentiation. C/EBP£\ and PPAR£^ direct the final phase of adipogenesis by activating expression of adipocyte-specific genes, such as fatty acid synthetase, fatty acid binding protein, leptin and adiponectin. The identification of regulators of adipogenesis raises the prospect of preventing or reversing obesity through pharmacological means. My research is aimed at investigating the adipocytes differentiation and regeneration adaptive mechanisms of mice 3T3L-1 preadipocytes and human processed lipoaspirate cells (PLA). By using adipocytes culture techniques in conjunction with adipocytes growth induction and gene delivery techniques to further study obesity related genes, POMC and PTEN, and downstream regulators , PPAR£^ and Adiponectin, in regards to their roles in the process of adipocytes differentiation.

Orientador: Edgard Graner / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T22:05:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_LucianaYamamotode_M.pdf: 2240916 bytes, checksum: ea05e547ca468707eb304c81344a3fbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A enzima ácido graxo sintase (FASN), responsável pela síntese endógena de ácidos graxos, está presente em grande quantidade em diversas neoplasias malignas e lesões pré-malignas. Sua inibição farmacológica parece estar relacionada com a morte celular seletiva de células tumorais. Orlistat (Xenical®), uma droga anti-obesidade, que possui também propriedades anti-neoplásicas por inibir irreversivelmente FASN, sendo estes efeitos claramente demonstrados em cânceres de mama, próstata, estômago e melanoma. Embora as propriedades antitumorais do Orlistat ocorram devido a um efeito direto sobre as células malignas, até o momento, possíveis mecanismos indiretos sobre o sistema imunológico não foram estudados. Células imunes, como linfócitos T CD8+ (LTCD8+), células natural killer (NK) e células dendríticas (CD), estão envolvidas no processo de defesa antitumoral, por promover a morte de células neoplásicas. Como não há informações na literatura sobre uma possível relação entre FASN e o sistema imunológico, nosso trabalho teve como objetivo principal estudar o efeito da inibição da enzima FASN com Orlistat sobre o fenótipo e porcentagem de LTCD8+, células NK e CDs presentes nos tumores primários e suas respectivas metástases para linfonodos mediastínicos, em modelo de melanoma murino (B16-F10 / C57/Bl6). Adicionalmente, avaliou-se o estado de ativação das CDs CD11c+ presentes nos linfonodos mediastínicos metastáticos, através da expressão de MHC I (complexo maior de histocompatibilidade de classe I) e das moléculas co-estimulatórias CD80 e CD86 na superfície destas células. Através de citometria de fluxo, foram analisadas as porcentagem de LTs CD3+CD8+, células NK CD3-CD49b+ e CDs CD11c+ nos tumores e metástases. A ativação dos LTCD8+ e células NK foi avaliada pela expressão de granzima b e perforina em RNA total obtido dos linfonodos mediastínicos metastáticos, através da reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (qRT-PCR). Além disso, as células NK presentes nas metástases linfonodais também foram avaliadas quanto à expressão do receptor inibitório Ly49A, através de citometria de fluxo. Após o tratamento com Orlistat, houve redução de cerca de 30 % na quantidade de metástases, em comparação com os grupos controle. Os tumores primários do grupo controle apresentaram um baixo percentual de LTs CD3+CD8+ (0,36%) e de células NK CD3-CD49b+ (0,27%). No grupo tratado, não foi possível detectar a presença destas células na massa tumoral, sugerindo uma supressão desta população pelo Orlistat. Além disso, CDs CD11c+ não puderam ser avaliadas nestes tumores. Nos linfonodos mediastínicos metastáticos, houve um discreto aumento de CDs CD11c+, acompanhado de menor expressão das proteínas de superfície MHC I, CD80 e CD86, além de uma redução percentual das células T CD3+CD8+ e NK CD3-CD49b+. A expressão de RNAs mensageiros para granzima b e perforina também foi menor no grupo de camundongos tratados. Finalmente, em relação a Ly49A, sua expressão foi maior nas NKs dos linfonodos metastáticos de animais tratados. Em conjunto, nossos resultados indicam que a inibição de FASN com Orlistat interfere no fenótipo, porcentagem e estado de ativação das células imunológicas intratumorais e dos linfonodos metastáticos, sugerindo possível atividade imunossupressora / Abstract: Fatty acid synthase (FASN), the enzyme responsible for the endogenous synthesis of fatty acids, is highly expressed in several malignant neoplasms and premalignant lesions. Its pharmacological inhibition promotes apoptosis in tumor cells. Orlistat (Xenical ®), an anti-obesity drug, has anti-neoplastic properties by irreversibly inhibiting FASN, which were demonstrated in malignant neoplasms from breast, prostate and stomach and melanoma. Although the known antitumor properties of Orlistat are consequence of a direct effect on malignant cells, indirect mechanisms on the immune system were not described. Immune cells, such as CD8+ T lymphocytes (CD8+ TL), natural killer (NK) and dendritic cells (DC) are involved in the defense against cancer cells. Since there is no information in literature about a relationship between FASN activity and the immune system, our work aimed to study the effect of Orlistat on the phenotype and percentage of CD8+TL, NK and DC present in the primary tumors and their metastases to mediastinal lymph nodes in a experimental model of spontaneous melanoma metastasis (B16-F10 / C57/Bl6). Additionally, we evaluated the activation of CD11c+ DCs present in the metastatic mediastinal lymph nodes, through the expression of MHC I (major histocompatibility complex class I) and costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 on cell surface. By using flow cytometry, we analysed the effects of Orlistat on the percentage of CD3+CD8+ TLs, CD3-CD49b+ NK cells, and CD11c+ DCs in primary tumors and lymph node metastases. Activation of CD8+ TLs and NK cells was evaluated through the expression of granzyme b and perforin in the metastatic mediastinal lymph nodes by quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, NK cells present in lymph node metastases were also evaluated regarding the expression of Ly49A by flow cytometry. Orlistat was able to reduce in aproximately 30% the number of metastatic lymph nodes. Control primary tumors had a low percentage of CD3+CD8+ TLs (0.36%) and CD3-CD49b+ (0.27%), which were not detected in the treated tumors, suggesting a supression of this population. In addition, CD11c+ DCs could not be assessed in both treated and control tumors. Regarding metastatic lymph nodes, there was a slight increase of CD11c+ DCs, associated with a lower expression of the surface proteins MHC I, CD80 and CD86. CD3+CD8+ TLs and CD3-CD49b+ NK cells were reduced in the metastases from the treated animals. Moreover, the expression of granzyme b and perforin was lower in the metastases of treated mice. Finally, the expression of of Ly49A on NK cells was higher in metastatic lymph nodes of treated animals. Taken together, our results indicate that inhibition of FASN with Orlistat changes the phenotype, percentage and activation state of intratumoral and lymph node immune cells, suggesting a immunosuppressive activity / Mestrado / Estomatologia / Mestre em Estomatopatologia

The effect of exogenous unsaturated fatty acids on cellular fatty acid biosynthesis in mammary cells was examined. Under normal situations, even though the diet of a dairy cow contains considerable amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, viz. oleic acid (18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2), the major 18-carbon fatty acid that enters the circulation post-ruminally for delivery to the mammary gland is saturated fatty acid, viz. stearic acid (18:0). This is due to extensive ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids. Studies have indicated that saturated fatty acids such as 18:0 are enhancers and that certain unsaturated fatty acids are inhibitors of de novo fatty acid synthesis in tissues such as the liver and adipose tissue. The present study investigated the effect of cis and trans isomers of 18:1 and 18:2 on de novo fatty acid synthesis and desaturation in mouse and bovine mammary epithelial cell cultures, and compared it with the effect caused by 18:0. In the first experiment 12.5, 25, 50 or 100 micromoles stearic acid (SA), oleic acid (OA), elaidic acid (EA), trans-vaccenic acid (TVA), linoleic acid (LA) or conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were supplemented in the media of mouse mammary epithelial (MME) cells that were grown to confluence in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM). As indicated by cellular palmitic acid (16:0) content and fatty acid synthetase (FAS) activity, when compared with SA all unsaturated fatty acid treatments inhibited de novo fatty acid synthesis in MME cells. In addition, OA at all concentrations and LA and CLA at 50 and 100 micromoles inhibited cellular stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity and mRNA abundance. However, EA and TVA, when compared with SA, enhanced SCD activity and mRNA abundance at 12.5 and 25 micromoles. In the second experiment 25, 50 or 100 micromoles SA, OA, TVA, LA or CLA were supplemented in the media of bovine mammary epithelial cells that were grown to confluence in DMEM. As indicated by cellular 16:0 content, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) activity and FAS activity, treatment with the unsaturated fatty acids inhibited de novo fatty acid synthesis at all concentrations, when compared with SA. Unsaturated fatty acid treatments also reduced the abundance of ACC and FAS mRNA in the cells. When compared with SA at all treatment-concentrations, OA and LA inhibited whereas TVA and CLA enhanced cellular SCD activity and mRNA abundance in the bovine cells. In both cell types, CLA and TVA appeared to be the most potent inhibitors of saturated fatty acid biosynthesis. / Ph. D.

Orientadores: Anibal Eugenio Vercesi, Karina Gottardello Zecchin / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T13:27:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rossato_FrancoAparecido_M.pdf: 961339 bytes, checksum: eb647604d3856b3e12d36a8143d26540 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Ácido graxo sintase (FASN - EC 2.3.1.85) é a enzima responsável pela síntese endógena de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa a partir dos precursores acetil-CoA e malonil-CoA. Diversos estudos mostram que a FASN é altamente expressa em vários tipos de neoplasias malignas humanas, tais como de próstata, mama, melanoma e, em alguns destes tumores, a alta expressão de FASN está associada a um pior prognóstico. O tratamento com inibidores específicos de FASN, como cerulenina, C75 e orlistat, diminui a capacidade de proliferação e induz apoptose em linhagens celulares derivadas de neoplasias malignas de próstata, mama e cólon, porém pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos desses inibidores em células não tumorais. Recentemente mostramos que a inibição de FASN com orlistat reduz a proliferação e induz apoptose em células B16-F10 de melanoma murino (Carvalho et al. 2008). Considerando que (1) pouco é conhecido sobre os efeitos de inibidores de FASN em células "normais", inclusive melanócitos e (2) dados iniciais mostram que o tratamento com orlistat ou cerulenina também induz elevados níveis de apoptose em células "normais", este estudo teve por objetivo principal verificar os mecanismos envolvidos na morte induzida pela inibição da FASN em linhagem celular não-tumorigênica derivada de melanoblastos de camundongos (melan-a). O tratamento in vitro de células melan-a com 5 µg/mL de cerulenina ou com 30 µM de orlistat induziu expressiva porcentagem de apoptose, mas não necrose. As células tratadas também apresentaram redução da proliferação, além de discretas ativação de caspase-3 e liberação de citocromo c. Como o silenciamento de FASN através de RNA de interferência (RNAi) não resultou em apoptose, investigamos o possível envolvimento mitocondrial na morte induzida pelos inibidores de FASN. De fato, o tratamento com cerulenina ou orlistat resultou em diminuição do ??m, além de mais de 50% de inibição da velocidade de respiração das melana no estado de repouso. Paralelamente também foi constatado que esses mesmos inibidores de FASN induzem apoptose e reduzem a proliferação de células derivadas de queratinócitos não tumorigênicos, HaCaT. O presente trabalho mostra, portanto, que os inibidores de FASN, cerulenina e orlistat, apresentam efeitos nocivos sobre células não tumorais, conseqüência da ação sobre a respiração mitocondrial. / Abstract: Fatty acid synthase (FASN - EC 2.3.1.85) is the enzyme responsible for endogenous synthesis of long chain fatty acid palmitate derivate from precursors acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. Studies have shown that FASN is highly expressed in several types of human malignancies, such as prostate, breast, melanoma, and in some of these tumors, high expression of FASN is associated with a poor prognosis. FASN inhibitors, such as cerulenin, C75, and orlistat, decrease cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in prostate, breast, and colon tumor cells lines. Recently we demonstrated that inhibition of FASN with orlistat reduced proliferation and induced apoptosis in cells B16-F10 murine melanoma (Carvalho et al. 2008). Consider that (1) little is known about the effects of FASN inhibitors in normal cells, including melanocytes and (2) previous data show that treatment with orlistat or cerulenin also induces high levels of apoptosis in normal cells, the aim of this study was to analyze the mechanisms involved in FASN inhibitioninduced cell death in cell line derived from non-tumorigenic mice melanoblasts (melana). In vitro treatment of melan-a cells with 5 µg/mL cerulenin or 30 µM orlistat induced a significant percentage of apoptosis, but not necrosis. Treated cells also showed reduced proliferation, and moderate activation of caspase-3 and release of cytochrome c. As FASN silencing through RNA interference (RNAi) did not result in apoptosis, we investigated the possible involvement of mitochondria in FASN inhibition-induced cell death. Cerulenin or orlistat treatment of melan-a cells decreased ?? m and inhibited more than 50% the respiration rate in rest state. We also detected significant apoptosis and reduced proliferation in cells derived from non-tumorigenic keratinocyte, HaCaT, after incubation with the same FASN inhibitors. In conclusion, this study shows that FASN inhibitors, cerulenin and orlistat, have adverse effects on non-tumor cells, as a consequence of direct action on mitochondrial respiration. / Mestrado / Biologia Estrutural, Celular, Molecular e do Desenvolvimento / Mestre em Fisiopatologia Médica

Orientadores: Anibal Eugênio Vercesi, Karina Gottardelo Zecchin / Texto em português e inglês / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T16:40:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rossato_FrancoAparecido_D.pdf: 7526681 bytes, checksum: 3768c017da7bde02ddd95e8e41881438 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Recentemente mostramos que os inibidores da enzima ácido graxo sintase (FASN - EC 2.3.1.85), cerulenina e orlistat, reduzem a proliferação e induzem apoptose em células B16-F10 de melanoma murino via mecanismos mitocondriais. Neste presente estudo investigamos os efeitos desses inibidores de FASN em linhagem celular não-tumorigênica derivada de melanoblastos de camundongos (melan-a). O tratamento in vitro de células melan-a com 5 µg/mL de cerulenina ou com 30 µM de orlistat inibiu a proliferação celular, com acúmulo da proteína supressora de tumor p21WAF1/Cip1, assim como induziu a via intrínseca da apoptose com liberação de citocromo c e ativação de caspases-3 e -9, sem ativação da caspase-8. Os inibidores de FASN não alteram o conteúdo de ácidos graxos livres nas células melan-a, verificados por espectrometria de massas, sugerindo que o tratamento com cerulenina ou orlistat induz apoptose independente da inibição desta enzima. Análise das funções da bioenergética mitocondrial das células melan-a mostraram inibição da respiração, seguido por aumento da produção de superóxido. A inibição da respiração, promovida pelo tratamento com cerulenina ou orlistat, foi restrita à oxidação de substratos ligados a NADH (39,9% DMSO x cerulenina; ou 60,8% EtOH x orlistat) e succinato (45,8% DMSO x cerulenina; ou 51,8% EtOH x orlistat), e não foi significativa quando as mitocôndrias estavam respirando com substrato do complexo IV, N,N,N',N'-tetrametil-p-fenilenodiamina. A proteção conferida pelo sequestrador de radicais livres N-acetil cisteína (NAC) sugere que a disfunção mitocondrial provocada por estes compostos está associada a estresse oxidativo e é provável que seja mediada pela ação de superóxido na cadeia respiratória nos níveis de complexos de I e II. Análise proteômica de mitocôndria dessas células também mostra alterações ligadas ao estresse oxidativo. Nossos dados em conjunto sugerem que cerulenina e orlistat induzem apoptose em células não tumorais como resultado de uma disfunção mitocondrial e de maneira independente de FASN / Abstract: We have previously reported that the fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibitors, cerulenin or orlistat, induce apoptosis in B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells mediated by mitochondria. Here we investigate the effects of these inhibitors on the non-tumorigenic mouse cell line melan-a. Cerulenin or orlistat treatment decreased cells proliferation, accompanied by increased amounts of the tumor suppressor protein p21WAF1/Cip1, as well as induced apoptosis, but not necrosis, in melan-a cell line. Mitochondrial cytochrome c release and activation of caspases-9 and -3 were detected in melan-a-treated cells. siRNAi for FASN did not culminate in apoptosis, and FASN inhibitors treatment did not alter free fatty acids content in the non-tumorigenic cells, as verified by mass spectrometry, suggesting that cerulenin or orlistat induces apoptosis independent on FASN inhibition. Analysis of energy-linked functions of melan-a mitochondria showed inhibition of respiration followed by large stimulation of superoxide production. Respiratory inhibition after cerulenin or orlistat treatment, respectively, was restricted to the oxidation of NADH-linked substrates (39.9 or 60,8%) and succinate (45.8 or 51.8%) and was not significant when mitochondria were respiring on the complex IV substrate, N,N,N?,N?-tetramethyl-p-phenylendiamine. The protection conferred by the free radical scavenger NAC suggests that the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by these compounds is associated with oxidative stress and is mediated by the action of superoxide on the respiratory chain at the levels of complexes-I and II. Proteomic analysis of mitochondria melan-a cells also indicate major changes linked to oxidative stress. Taken together, the present results show that cerulenin or orlistat induces apoptosis in non-tumorigenic cells via mitochondrial dysfunction, independent on FASN inhibition / Doutorado / Fisiopatologia Médica / Doutor em Ciências