In order to maintain a continuous power suppply, nowadays relays in transmission systems are required to be able to deal with complicated faults involving non-conventional connections, which poses a challenge to the short circuit analysis performed for the data settings of the relay. The traditional sequence domain method has congenital defects to treat such cases, which leads to a trend of using the actual phase domain method in fault calculation. Although the calculation speed of the phase domain method is not so fast and is memory consumable, it perfomrs well when handling complicated faults. Today more and more commercial software involves phase domain calculation in their short circuit analysis to treat complicated cases. With the advanced development of computers, there is a possibility to totally get rid of the sequence method. In this thesis, a short circuit analysis method based on phase domain is developed. After the three sequence admittance matrices of the system are built, all the data are transformed into phase domain to get the phase domain admittance matrix. The following fault calculations are performed purely in phase domain. The test results of different types of faults in 3 bus, 14 bus, and 30 bus transmission systems are presented and compared with the results of a commercial fault analysis software. The validation of this program is also presented.

This dissertation has focused on automated power system fault analysis. New contributions to fault section estimation, protection system performance evaluation and power system/protection system interactive simulation have been achieved. Intelligent techniques including expert systems, fuzzy logic and Petri-nets, as well as data from remote terminal units (RTUs) of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, and digital protective relays have been explored and utilized to fufill the objectives. The task of fault section estimation is difficult when multiple faults, failures of protection devices, and false data are involved. A Fuzzy Reasoning Petri-nets approach has been proposed to tackle the complexities. In this approach, the fuzzy reasoning starting from protection system status data and ending with estimation of faulted power system section is formulated by Petri-nets. The reasoning process is implemented by matrix operations. Data from RTUs of SCADA systems and digital protective relays are used as inputs. Experiential tests have shown that the proposed approach is able to perform accurate fault section estimation under complex scenarios. The evaluation of protection system performance involves issues of data acquisition, prediction of expected operations, identification of unexpected operations and diagnosis of the reasons for unexpected operations. An automated protection system performance evaluation application has been developed to accomplish all the tasks. The application automatically retrieves relay files, processes relay file data, and performs rule-based analysis. Forward chaining reasoning is used for prediction of expected protection operation while backward chaining reasoning is used for diagnosis of unexpected protection operations. Lab tests have shown that the developed application has successfully performed relay performance analysis. The challenge of power system/protection system interactive simulation lies in modeling of sophisticated protection systems and interfacing the protection system model and power system network model seamlessly. An approach which utilizes the "compiled foreign model" mechanism of ATP MODELS language is proposed to model multifunctional digital protective relays in C++ language and seamlessly interface them to the power system network model. The developed simulation environment has been successfully used for the studies of fault section estimation and protection system performance evaluation.

The increasing density and smaller length scales in integrated circuits (ICs) create resolution challenges for optical failure analysis techniques. Due to flip-chip bonding and dense metal layers on the front side, optical analysis of ICs is restricted to backside imaging through the silicon substrate, which limits the spatial resolution due to the minimum wavelength of transmission and refraction at the planar interface. The state-of-the-art backside analysis approach is to use aplanatic solid immersion lenses in order to achieve the highest possible numerical aperture of the imaging system. Signal processing algorithms are essential to complement the optical microscopy efforts to increase resolution through hardware modifications in order to meet the resolution requirements of new IC technologies. The focus of this thesis is the development of sparsity-based image reconstruction techniques to improve resolution of static IC images and dynamic optical measurements of device activity. A physics-based observation model is exploited in order to take advantage of polarization diversity in high numerical aperture systems. Multiple-polarization observation data are combined to produce a single enhanced image with higher resolution. In the static IC image case, two sparsity paradigms are considered. The first approach, referred to as analysis-based sparsity, creates enhanced resolution imagery by solving a linear inverse problem while enforcing sparsity through non-quadratic regularization functionals appropriate to IC features. The second approach, termed synthesis-based sparsity, is based on sparse representations with respect to overcomplete dictionaries. The domain of IC imaging is particularly suitable for the application of overcomplete dictionaries because the images are highly structured; they contain predictable building blocks derivable from the corresponding computer-aided design layouts. This structure provides a strong and natural a-priori dictionary for image reconstruction. In the dynamic case, an extension of the synthesis-based sparsity paradigm is formulated. Spatial regions of active areas with the same behavior over time or over frequency are coupled by an overcomplete dictionary consisting of space-time or space-frequency blocks. This extended dictionary enables resolution improvement through sparse representation of dynamic measurements. Additionally, extensions to darkfield subsurface microscopy of ICs and focus determination based on image stacks are provided. The resolution improvement ability of the proposed methods has been validated on both simulated and experimental data.

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No description available.

ITC/USA 2010 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Sixth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 25-28, 2010 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / Current failure analysis practices use diagnostic technology developed over the past 100 years of designing and manufacturing electrical and mechanical equipment to identify root cause of equipment failure requiring expertise with the equipment under analysis. If the equipment that failed had telemetry embedded, prognostic algorithms can be used to identify the deterministic behavior in completely normal appearing data from fully functional equipment used for identifying which equipment will fail within 1 year of use, can also identify when the presence of deterministic behavior was initiated for any equipment failure.

The analysis of power systems under fault condition represents one of the most important and complex tasks in power engineering. The study and detection of these faults are necessary to ensure that the reliability and stability of the power system do not suffer a decrement as a result of a critical event such as fault. The purpose of this thesis is to develop and to present an educational tool for students to model FACTS devices using Simulink. Furthermore, the development of this thesis provides the means for students to model different types of faults. The development is based on presenting a power system – the Test System - by its simplest form including generation, transmission, transformers, loads and STATCOM device as an example of the general FACTS devices. The thesis includes modeling of the Test System using Simulink and MATLAB program to produce the results for further analysis. The findings and development included in the thesis is intended to serve as an educational tool for students interested in the study of faults and their impact on FACTS devices. Students may use the thesis as the building block for developing models of larger and more complex power systems using Simulink and MATLAB programs for further study of impacts of FACTS devices in power systems.

A direct and rigid algorithm approach based on Equivalent Current Injection (ECI) for large-scale distribution power flow analysis is proposed in this dissertation. This algorithm used two primary matrices: BI and ZV-BC. Two matrices, which are built from the topological characteristics of distribution networks, are used to achieve the power flow solutions. BI matrix is the bus injection to branch current matrix and the ZV-BC matrix describes the relationship between the bus voltage mismatches and the branch current. The building algorithm is easily programmable and can be accomplished by a simple search technique with the two proposed matrices. Four connected cases are considered in this dissertation. The proposed algorithm is robust and accurate. Test results demonstrate the potential and validity of the proposed algorithm in distribution applications. Secondly, this thesis also presents a fault analysis with hybrid compensation for unbalanced distribution systems is proposed. The method employs the unbalanced three-phase model to analyze faults. BI and ZV-BC matrices containing information of the topological characteristics of distribution networks were built along with the proposed hybrid compensation method for analysis. Appropriate boundary conditions can be obtained for a fault to solve various types of single or simultaneous faults. The time-consuming LU decompositions, the Jacobian matrix, or the Y admittance matrix, required in the traditional algorithms, are not needed in the new development. Test results show that the proposed method is efficient, easy to program, also with advantages of high speed, robustness, improved accuracy, and lower memory requirements. This thesis also presents a hybrid programming (HP) technique to solve the reconfiguration problem for loss reduction and service restoration in Smart Grid application.

Στα κεφάλαια που ακολουθούν παρατίθενται στοιχεία για το δίκτυο υψηλής και υπερυψηλής τάσης της Δυτικής Ελλάδας. Τα στοιχειά αυτά καλύπτουν ένα διάστημα 14 ετών. Γίνεται επεξεργασία των στοιχείων αυτών με στόχο να αξιολογηθεί η λειτουργία της γραμμής σε σύγκριση με τις προδιαγραφές κατασκευής.Επίσης εξάγονται και αλλά χρήσιμα συμπεράσματα ακόμα και για τις μεθόδους που χρησιμοποιούνται για την αξιολόγηση της λειτουργίας του δικτύου γενικότερα. Στο 1ο κεφάλαιο αναφέρονται τα είδη σφαλμάτων(χωρίζονται σε κατηγορίες με βάση τη χρονική τους διάρκεια και τις επιπτώσεις αυτών στο δίκτυο) που παρουσιάζονται στις γραμμές και γίνεται επεξεργασία αυτών. Οι κατηγορίες των σφαλμάτων είναι • Παροδικά • Παραμένοντα • Μόνιμα Τα κριτήρια κατηγοριοποίησης είναι η διάρκεια των σφαλμάτων και το ύψος της ζημιάς που προκαλούν. Βέβαια οι δυο αυτές ποσότητες είναι αλληλένδετες και ανάλογες. Μια ζημιά που θα καταστρέψει παραδείγματος χάρη έναν πυλώνα θα διαρκέσει ως βλάβη, στην καλύτερη περίπτωση, μερικές μέρες. Έτσι τα παροδικά σφάλματα διαρκούν το πολύ μερικά δευτερόλεπτα και το δίκτυο στο οποίο εμφανίζεται το σφάλμα επανέρχεται σε λειτουργία από μόνο του, δίχως την ανάγκη παρέμβασης. Τα μόνιμα σφάλματα είναι τα σοβαρότερα και τα πλέον απευκταία. Απαιτούν την παρέμβαση συνεργείου της Δ.Ε.Η. στη συντριπτική πλειονότητα των περιπτώσεων τους. Τα παροδικά είναι τα σφάλματα με χαρακτηριστικά κάπου ενδιάμεσα των δυο προηγούμενων κατηγοριών. Στο 2ο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα αιτία που προκαλούν τα σφάλματα στις γραμμές και γίνεται εκτενέστερη αναφορά στις ατμοσφαιρικές υπερτάσεις. Όσον αφορά τις τελευταίες ακολουθεί μέσα στο κεφάλαιο ποιοτικη και ποσοτική ανάλυση των δεδομένων. Η πλειονότητα των σφαλμάτων προκαλείται εξαιτίας κακών ατμοσφαιρικών συνθηκών. Με τον όρο αυτό στη συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση εννοούμε κυρίως τα κεραυνικά πλήγματα πάνω σε μια γραμμη ή πολύ κοντά σε αυτή. Αρκετά πιο σπάνια μπορεί να προκαλέσει σοβαρό σφάλμα σε μια γραμμη ο δυνατός αέρας. Όχι πως και αυτό το ενδεχόμενο είναι απίθανο. Είναι δυνατό ο αέρας με την άσκηση δύναμης πάνω σε μια γραμμη είτε με άμεσο είτε με έμμεσο τρόπο (να ξεριζώσει ένα δέντρο και αυτό να πέσει πάνω στη γραμμη ) να προκαλέσει σοβαρή ζημιά στη γραμμη. Παρατηρείται πως ο αριθμός των σφαλμάτων εμφανίζει ομαλές αυξομειώσεις εκτός εξαιρετικών περιπτώσεων , όπως αποτελεί στην περίπτωση μας το έτος 1993 κατά το οποίο αυξάνονται ραγδαία τα σφάλματα ενώ το αμέσως επόμενο έτος επανέρχονται στα προ δυο ετών επίπεδά τους. Στο 3ο κεφάλαιο γίνεται σύντομη αναφορά στο κλίμα της Ελλάδας , στην κεραυνική συχνότητα και σε βασικά χαρακτηριστικά των γραμμών και των πυλώνων στο υπό εξέταση δίκτυο. Το κλίμα της Ελλάδος βέβαια δεν είναι ανεξάρτητο του κλίματος σε παγκόσμια κλίμακα. Επομένως , συνυπολογίζοντας τα δεδομένα που έχουν διαμορφωθεί τα τελευταία χρόνια με τις απότομες διακυμάνσεις του καιρού, είναι φυσιολογικό κάποιες παραδοχές που έχουμε κάνει στα πλαίσια της εργασίας αυτής να μην επιβεβαιώνονται πάντα. Ο χάρτης ισοκεραυνικών καμπύλων που παρατίθεται είναι μέρος του παγκοσμίου χάρτη ισοκεραυνικών καμπύλων. Και σε αυτήν την περίπτωση έχουν γίνει κάποιες παραδοχές και γενικεύσεις από τους επιστήμονες που έχουν σχεδιάσει αυτούς τους χάρτες και είναι λογικό να παρουσιάζονται αποκλίσεις στην πραγματικότητα. Τέλος τα χαρακτηριστικά του δικτύου είναι μια ευγενική παραχώρηση της Δ.Ε.Η. όπως βέβαια και όλα τα στοιχειά που εξετάζουμε. Στο 4ο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται η μέθοδος ANACOM η οποία θα χρησιμοποιηθεί για την εξαγωγή θεωρητικών δεδομένων , τα οποία θα αντιπαρατεθούν στη συνέχεια με τα πραγματικα. Η μέθοδος αυτή είναι μια εξέλιξη παλαιοτέρων μεθόδων και χρησιμοποιείται ευρύτατα σε θέματα σφαλμάτων γραμμών μεταφοράς ρεύματος. Επίσης υπολογίζει τα σφάλματα θωράκισης καθώς και τα ανάστροφα σφάλματα. Κατά τον υπολογισμό των σφαλμάτων πρέπει να λάβουμε υπόψη μας πολλούς παράγοντες όπως αριθμό μονωτήρων ,αντίσταση γείωσης πυλώνων ,τάση δικτύου ,αριθμό αγωγών προστασίας ,ημέρες καταιγίδας ,μήκος της γραμμής αλλά ταυτόχρονα κάνουμε και ορισμένες παραδοχές όπως το ποσοστό των κεραυνών που παρακάμπτουν τον αγωγό προστασίας και πλήττουν τη γραμμη. Στο 5ο κεφάλαιο παρατίθεται αναλυτικά ο υπολογισμός σφαλμάτων σε όλα τα τμήματα του δικτύου. Το υπό εξέταση δίκτυο χωρίζεται σε μεγάλο αριθμό μικρότερων τμημάτων. Ακόμα και στην περίπτωση που το δίκτυο έχει ακριβώς τα ίδια χαρακτηριστικά εκατέρωθεν , ας πούμε , ενός υποσταθμού ,πάλι υπολογίζουμε ξεχωριστά τα αναμενομενα σφάλματα. Η τμηματοποίηση αυτή είναι απαραίτητη κυρίως γιατί έτσι είναι καταγεγραμμένα τα στοιχειά που έχουμε λάβει από τη Δ.Ε.Η.. Το κεφάλαιο αυτό είναι καθαρά υπολογιστικό αλλά είναι απολύτως απαραίτητο για να γίνει η περαιτέρω επεξεργασία των στοιχείων. Στο 6ο κεφάλαιο αναλύεται και εξηγείται η απόκλιση μεταξύ αναμενόμενων και πραγματικών σφαλμάτων. Στο τελικό αποτέλεσμα παρατηρούμε μια πολύ σημαντική απόκλιση μεταξύ των αναμενόμενων και των πραγματικών σφαλμάτων. Η απόκλιση αυτή έχει διάφορες αιτίες που την προκαλούν : • Όπως προαναφέραμε έχουν γίνει κάποιες παραδοχές και στρογγυλοποιήσεις οι τιμές των οποίων είναι πάντα μεγαλύτερες της μέσης εκτιμημένης. • Αρκετά τμήματα της γραμμής τέμνουν περισσότερες από μια ισοκεραυνικές καμπύλες. Αφενός είναι εξαιρετικά δύσκολο να βρούμε το ακριβές νούμερο ‘ήμερων καταιγίδας ‘ αφετέρου είναι προτιμότερο οποιαδήποτε στρογγυλοποίηση να μη γίνει χαμηλότερα του επιπέδου μέσης τιμής αλλά υψηλοτέρα αυτής αφού ασχολούμαστε με την προστασία πολύ ακριβών συσκευών και ενός κοινωνικού αγαθού όπως είναι το ηλεκτρικό ρεύμα. • Η τιμή της αντίστασης των πυλώνων θεωρείται σταθερή για όλο το μήκος κάθε τμήματος. Αυτό είναι ιδιαίτερα απίθανο. Η τιμή της αντίστασης του εδάφους μεταβάλλεται σε απόσταση μερικών μέτρων πόσο δε μάλλον σε αποστάσεις εκατοντάδων μέτρων όπως είναι το άνοιγμα μεταξύ των πυλώνων. Επίσης η ειδική τιμή της αντίστασης εδάφους μεταβάλλεται και κατά τη διάρκεια ενός έτους κυρίως λόγω της μεταβολής της υγρασίας του εδάφους. • Τέλος δεν πρέπει να ξεχνάμε ότι αναφερόμαστε σε ανθρώπινες κατασκευές οπότε δεν είναι εφικτό να πετύχουμε ακριβώς τα ίδια χαρακτηριστικά. Στο 7ο κεφάλαιο τέλος αναπτύσσεται διεξοδικότερα και με τη χρήση παραδείγματος ,ο ρόλος που παίζει η διαδρομή της γραμμής ( routing ) στην αντικεραυνική συμπεριφορά των γραμμών υψηλής τάσης. Το παράδειγμα σύγκρισης που παρατίθεται (Αχελώος- Δίστομο και Αχελώος – Πουρνάρι )είναι χαρακτηριστικό γιατί αφορά δυο τμήματα του δικτύου με πολλά κοινά χαρακτηριστικά. Ίδια τιμή αντίστασης γείωσης , ίδιο αριθμό πυλώνων , ίδια τάση μεταφοράς ,ίδιο τύπο και αριθμό αγωγών. Συν τοις άλλοις τα δυο αυτά τμήματα έχουν κοινό σημείο ‘ εκκίνησης’ τον Αχελώο απλά έχουν αντίθετες κατευθύνσεις. Οι μοναδικές διαφορές είναι τα μήκη των τμημάτων και ο αριθμός των ήμερων καταιγίδας,παράγοντες οι οποίοι βέβαια συνυπολογίζονται στη θεωρητική εκτίμηση των σφαλμάτων. Στην πράξη όμως αποδεικνύεται μια απόκλιση 15% υπέρ της γραμμής που είναι κατασκευασμένη σε πιο προστατευμένο περιβάλλον(Αχελώος – Δίστομο). Βρίσκεται σε πλαγιές ορεινών όγκων και όχι σε πεδιάδες. Επίσης κανένα κομμάτι δεν διέρχεται από κορυφή βουνού όπως συμβαίνει αναγκαστικά στη δεύτερη περίπτωση. / In the capitals that follow are mentioned elements for the high voltage network of Western Greece. The elements cover one interval of 14 years. A treatment of these elements in order to evaluate the operation of line compared to its construction specifications. There are also exported useful conclusions even on the methods that are used for the evaluation of operation of network in general. In the 1st chapter are reported the types of faults (are separated in categories with base their time duration and the repercussions of these in the network) that are presented in the lines and takes place treatment of these. The categories of faults are • Transitory • Remaining the • Permanently The criteria of categorization are the duration of faults and the height of damage that they cause. Of course these two quantities are interrelated and proportional. A damage that will destroy for example pylon will last as damage, in better, case certain days. Thus the transitory faults lasts at maximum certain seconds and the network in which is presented the fault is back on line on his own, without the need of intervention. The permanent faults are most serious. They require the intervention of repair crew of Δ.Ε.Η. in the overwhelming majority of their cases. Transitory are the faults with characteristically somewhere in-between the two previous categories. In the 2nd chapter are presented the reason that cause the faults in the lines and becomes a more extensive report in the atmospheric hypertensions. With regard to the last ones follows in to the capital, qualitative and quantitative analysis of data. The majority of faults are caused because of the bad atmospheric conditions. With this term in the particular case we mainly mean the thunder strokes on a line or a lot near it. Enough more seldom it can cause serious fault in a line the strong air wind. It is possible the wind with the exercise of force on a line either with direct or with indirect way (it eradicates a tree and this it falls on the line) will cause serious damage in the line. It is observed that the number of faults presents smooth fluctuations except exceptional cases, as it constitutes in our case the year 1993 at which are increased rapidly the faults while the immediately next year falls down in the two years ago levels. In the 3rd chapter follows short report in the climate of Greece, in the thunder frequency and in basic characteristics of lines and pylons in the network under review. The climate of Greece of course is not independent of the climate in world scale. Consequently, taking under consideration the data that have been shaped in the past few years with the abrupt fluctuations of climate, it is logical that certain admissions that we have made in the frames of this work will not always be confirmed. The map of thunder density that is presented is part of a similar world map. In this case also there have been certain admissions and generalizations from the scientists that have drawn these maps and are the reason that are presented divergences in reality. Finally the characteristics of network are a polite concession of Δ.Ε.Η. as of course and the data that we examine. In the 4th chapter is presented the method ANACOM which will be used for the export of theoretical data, which afterwards will be compared with real data. This method is a development of older methods and is used very widely on issues concerning the faults in current transport lines. Also it calculates the faults of armoring as well as the backstroke faults. At the calculation of faults we should take into consideration a lot of factors such as number the ground resistance of pylons, the voltage of the network, the number of protection conductors, the days of storm, the length of line but simultaneously we must make certain admissions as the percentage the lightings that surpass the protection line and strike the line. In the 5th chapter is mentioned analytically the calculation of faults in all the departments of the network. The network under review is separated in a large number of smaller departments. Even in the case where the network has precisely the exact same characteristics at both sides, for example, of a substation, nevertheless we calculate separately the expected faults. This segmentation is essential mainly because thus it is organized the database that we have received from Δ.Ε.Η.. This capital is clearly a calculating one but is absolutely essential in order to precede the further analysis of data. In the 6th chapter is analyzed and is explained the divergence between expected and occurred faults. In the final conclusion we observe a very important divergence between the expected also real faults. This divergence has various reasons that cause it: As we mentioned before there have been certain admissions and approximations of the values. Enough departments of line go through from more than one thunder map lines. On one side it is exceptionally difficult to find a precise number `of days of storm ` on the other hand it is preferable any approximation not to lower than the level of medium price but greater than this considering that we deal with the protection of very expensive appliances and a social good such as the electric current. The level of resistance of pylons is considered constant for all the length of each department. This is particularly improbable. The price of resistance of ground is altered in distance of certain meters not to mention in distances of hundreds of meters as is the opening between the pylons. In the 7th chapter is developed more extensively with the use of example, the role that plays the path of the line (routing) in the protection of lines of high voltage. The example of comparison that is mentioned (Acheloos Distomo and Acheloos - Poyrnari) is characteristic because it concerns two departments of network with a lot of common characteristics. Same price of ground resistance, same number of pylons, same voltage level, same type and number of conductors. Plus this two departments have common point `of departure' Acheloos and simply have opposite directions. The sole differences are the lengths of departments and the number of days of storm, factors which of course are included in the theoretical estimate of faults. Into practice however is proved a divergence 15% in favor of the line that is manufactured in more protected environment (Acheloos - Distomo). It is found in the side of mountains and not in plains.

Avoidable rework constitutes a large part of development projects, i.e. 20-80 percent depending on the maturity of the organization and the complexity of the products. High amounts of avoidable rework commonly occur when having many faults left to correct in late stages of a project. In fact, research studies indicate that the cost of rework could be decreased by up to 30-50 percent by finding more faults earlier. However, since larger software systems have an almost infinite number of usage scenarios, trying to find most faults early through for example formal specifications and extensive inspections is very time-consuming. Therefore, such an approach is not cost-effective in products that do not have extremely high quality requirements. For example, in market-driven development, time-to-market is at least as important as quality. Further, some areas such as hardware dependent aspects of a product might not be possible to verify early through for example code reviews or unit tests. Therefore, in such environments, rework reduction is primarily about finding faults earlier to the extent it is cost-effective, i.e. find the right faults in the right phase. Through a set of case studies at a department at Ericsson AB, this thesis investigates how to achieve early and cost-effective fault detection through improvements in the test process. The case studies include investigations on how to identify which improvements that are most beneficial to implement, possible solutions to the identified improvement areas, and approaches for how to follow-up implemented improvements. The contributions of the thesis include a framework for component-level test automation and test-driven development. Additionally, the thesis provides methods for how to use fault statistics for identifying and monitoring test process improvements. In particular, we present results from applying methods that can quantify unnecessary fault costs and pinpointing which phases and activities to focus improvements on in order to achieve earlier and more cost-effective fault detection. The goal of the methods is to make organizations strive towards finding the right fault in the right test phase, which commonly is in early test phases. The developed methods were also used for evaluating the results of implementing the above-mentioned test framework at Ericsson AB. Finally, the thesis demonstrates how the implementation of such improvements can be continuously monitored to obtain rapid feedback on the status of defined goals. This was achieved through enhancements of previously applied fault analysis methods. / Avhandlingen handlar om hur en mjukvaruutvecklingsorganisation kan hitta fel tidigare i utvecklingsprocessen. Fokus ligger på att hitta rätt fel i rätt fas, d.v.s. när det är som mest kostnadseffektivt. Avhandlingen presenterar en samling fallstudier utförda inom detta området på Ericsson AB. Nyckelord: processförbättring, felanalys, tidig feldetektering