Relentless CMOS scaling coupled with lower design tolerances is making ICs increasingly susceptible to transient faults, wear-out related permanent faults and process variations. Decreasing CMOS reliability implies that high-availability systems which were previously restricted to the domain of mainframe computers or specially designed fault-tolerant systems may be come important for the commodity market as well. In this thesis we tackle the problem of enabling efficient, low cost and configurable fault-tolerance using Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs). Our work studies architectural fault detection methods based on redundant execution, specifically focusing on “leader-follower” architectures. In such architectures redundant execution is performed on two cores/threads of a CMP. One thread acts as the leading thread while the other acts as the trailing thread. The leading thread assists the execution of the trailing thread by forwarding the results of its execution. These forwarded results are used as predictions in the trailing thread and help improve its performance. In this thesis, we introduce a new form of execution assistance called critical value forwarding. Critical value forwarding uses heuristics to identify instructions on the critical path of execution and forwards the results of these instructions to the trailing core. The advantage of critical value forwarding is that it provides much of the speed up obtained by forwarding all values at a fraction of the bandwidth cost. We propose two architectures to exploit the idea of critical value forwarding. The first of these operates the trailing core at lower voltage/frequency levels in order to provide energy-efficient redundant execution. In this context, we also introduce algorithms to dynamically adapt the voltage/frequency level of the trailing core based on program behavior. Our experimental evaluation shows that this proposal consumes only 1.26 times the energy of a non-fault-tolerant baseline and has a mean performance overhead of about 1%. We compare our proposal to two previous energy-efficient fault-tolerant CMP proposals and find that our proposal delivers higher energy-efficiency and lower performance degradation than both while providing a similar level of fault coverage. Our second proposal uses the idea of critical value forwarding to improve fault-tolerant CMP throughput. This is done by using coarse-grained multithreading to mul-tiplex trailing threads on a single core. Our evaluation shows that this architecture delivers 9–13% higher throughput than previous proposals, including one configuration that uses simultaneous multithreading(SMT) to multiplex trailing threads. Since this proposal increases fault-tolerant CMP throughput by executing multiple threads on a single core, it comes at a modest cost in single-threaded performance, a mean slowdown between11–14%.

This diploma thesis deals with the design and creation of an algorithm for generating simulated signal data from a vibration diagnostics device. The first part is focused on theoretical acquaintance with vibration diagnostics and characteristics of individual defects of rotary machines. The next part deals with the possibilities of mathematical and kinematic simulations using a computer software. The main part of this work is dedicated to design and creation of software for generating simulated signal data. In the last part, the principle of simulation of specific defects of rotary machines is clearly demonstrated.

No description available.

Ένα μεγάλο ποσοστό των σφαλμάτων στα δίκτυα διανομής μέσης τάσης οφείλεται σε πλήγματα από κεραυνούς. Οι κεραυνοί μπορεί να προκαλέσουν στις γραμμές είτε απλές υπερτάσεις ή και καταστροφή των μονώσεων και του εξοπλισμού. Σαν αποτέλεσμα, τα σφάλματα μπορεί να είναι στιγμιαία (τα οποία αποτελούν και πλειοψηφία) ή μόνιμα που είναι και τα πιο σοβαρά και συνοδεύονται από οικονομικές επιπτώσεις. Σκοπός αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη της συμπεριφοράς των γραμμών σε καταπονήσεις από κεραυνούς. Αναλύονται οι βασικοί παράγοντες που σχετίζονται με τα σφάλματα από κεραυνούς όπως, η πυκνότητα των κεραυνών στο έδαφος (GFD), ο αριθμός των σφαλμάτων από άμεσα πλήγματα και από πλήγματα σε παραπλήσια αντικείμενα και η σχέση αυτών με το σύνολο των πραγματικών σφαλμάτων που έχουν καταγραφεί. Επίσης παρουσιάζονται κάποια διαγράμματα όπου συγκρίνεται το ποσοστό των σφαλμάτων από κεραυνούς με τα υπόλοιπα είδη σφαλμάτων και η συχνότητα των σφαλμάτων από κεραυνούς ανά εποχή του έτους. Στόχος της μελέτης είναι η εφαρμογή της μεθόδου, που θα χρησιμοποιήσουμε για τη θεωρητική εκτίμηση σφαλμάτων, σε ένα πραγματικό σύστημα και οι αποκλίσεις που παρουσιάζει από τα πραγματικά δεδομένα, η πρόβλεψη των σφαλμάτων από κεραυνούς στις γραμμές διανομής και ο εντοπισμός των «ευάλωτων» τμημάτων του δικτύου μέσης τάσης. Τα αποτελέσματα μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν για τη βελτίωση της συμπεριφοράς των γραμμών σε πλήγματα από κεραυνούς και την ελάττωση των σφαλμάτων. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο, γίνεται μια γενική περιγραφή των συστημάτων ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας (ΣΗΕ). Συγκεκριμένα, παρουσιάζεται η δομή των ΣΗΕ, οι βασικές τους λειτουργίες και τα είδη των σφαλμάτων που επηρεάζουν την λειτουργία τους και διαταράζουν την ευστάθειά τους. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο, αναλύεται το φαινόμενο του κεραυνού και οι βασικές έννοιες που τον διέπουν. Περιγράφεται ο τρόπος δημιουργίας των εκκενώσεων, τα είδη των κεραυνών και γίνεται μια αναφορά στη γενική αρχή λειτουργίας των αλεξικέραυνων. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζεται ο οδηγός του IEEE για την βελτίωση της συμπεριφοράς των γραμμών διανομής έναντι κεραυνών, πάνω στην οποία βασίστηκε και η συγκεκριμένη διπλωματική εργασία. Σκοπός του οδηγού αυτού είναι να προσδιορίσει τους παράγοντες που συνεισφέρουν στις βλάβες από κεραυνό στις εναέριες γραμμές διανομής και να παρουσιάσει εναλλακτικές λύσεις για την μείωση των βραχυκυκλωμάτων. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο, γίνεται η μελέτη των γραμμών διανομής της περιοχής των Τρικάλων. Αρχικά περιγράφεται το κλίμα και η μορφολογία της περιοχής που θα μελετηθεί. Στη συνέχεια, δίνεται η μεθοδολογία της μελέτης των γραμμών όπως συγκεντρώθηκε από τον οδηγό του προηγούμενου κεφαλαίου και στη συνέχεια γίνεται εφαρμογή της μεθοδολογίας αυτής στις γραμμές διανομής που τροφοδοτούν με ενέργεια τους οικισμούς και την πόλη των Τρικάλων. Τέλος, παρουσιάζονται συγκεντρωτικά τα αποτελέσματα για το δίκτυο μέσης τάσης για να δοθεί μια συνολική εικόνα και δίνονται κάποια στατιστικά σε σχέση με τις βλάβες από τα οποία θα εξάγουμε σημαντικά συμπεράσματα. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζονται τα συμπεράσματα που εξήχθησαν από τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης. Σχολιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της θεωρητικής εκτίμησης των σφαλμάτων και της σχέσης τους με τα πραγματικά δεδομένα. Επίσης, αναλύονται τα διαγράμματα της μελέτης που δείχνουν τον αριθμό των πραγματικών σφαλμάτων από κεραυνούς σε κάθε γραμμή, το πλήθος αυτών ανά εποχή του έτους και η σχέση των σφαλμάτων από κεραυνούς με τα υπόλοιπα καταγεγραμμένα σφάλματα του δικτύου. / A significant share of faults on overhead distribution lines is caused by lightning. Lightning strikes may cause overvoltage or total destruction of insulation and equipment. As a result, faults are considered temporary (the majority of them) or permanent which are the most severe and are followed by economic consequences. This diploma thesis studies the lightning performance of electric power overhead distribution lines. Some of the basic factors such as lightning intensity measured by ground flash density (GFD), the number of direct strokes, the number of induced voltages from nearby strokes and their relation with the actual faults on overhead lines, are thoroughly studied. Moreover, diagrams comparing the faults caused by lightning with the rest of the faults that occur on overhead distribution lines are presented and finally the density of lightning strikes on each season is analyzed. The purpose of this diploma thesis is the application of the guide (that will be used for the estimation of the number of faults by lightning) on a real distribution system, the divergence between the guide’s estimations and the actual faults that occurred on the lines, the provision of faults caused by lightning on overhead distribution lines and the detection of the “weak” parts on the distribution system. The results can be used for the improvement of the lightning performance of overhead distribution lines and the reduction of faults caused by lightning. The first chapter provides general information about the electrical power systems. The general structure, their basic functions and the faults that occasionally occur and disrupt their stability are presented. The second chapter analyzes the incidence of lightning and its basic characteristics. The production of lightning discharges, the types of lighting and the general function of the arresters is described. The third chapter presents the IEEE guide for the improvement of the lightning performance of electric power overhead distribution lines which is used on this diploma thesis. The purpose of the guide is to define the parameters that contribute to faults by lightning and to present alternatives for reducing lightning-caused flashovers on overhead distribution lines. The fourth chapter contains the application of the guide on the distribution lines in the area of Trikala-Greece. In the beginning, the climate and the morphology of the area is described. Also, the methodology of the calculations which was extracted from the IEEE guide is given in specific steps and it is applied on the distribution lines that provide with energy the villages and the city of Trikala-Greece. Additionally, the final results are organized and presented in order to provide an overview of the area’s distribution system and important statistics and diagrams are provided that lead to significant conclusions. The fifth chapter contains the conclusions that were extracted from the fourth chapter’s calculations. The results of the theoretical fault estimation and their relation with the actual faults that were detected on the distribution system are analyzed. Furthermore, the diagrams that present the number of the actual lightning-faults that were detected on each distribution line, the number of faults by lightning that occur on every season and the number of faults by lightning in comparison with the rest of the faults that were detected on the distribution system are also explained and analyzed.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Earth Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Applied Geosciences / Master / Master of Science

Automated fault location systems use power quality monitoring and circuit data to provide with a distance or impedance estimate to the fault. This can be used to avoid manual patrolling of the entire feeder in case of a main feeder lockout. It can also be used for circuits with repeated momentary interruptions to pinpoint the section of the circuit causing such problems. Self clearing sub cycle faults have been identified as the precursors of a number of sustained faults (requiring the operation of protective device) in utility distribution networks. The frequency of such incipient faults increases considerably as they are about to evolve into a full blown fault. This report proposes a modified and improved fault location algorithm that can be used to accurately identify sustained as well as temporary faults. The algorithm is based in the time domain and takes into account the arc voltage during a fault event. The proposed algorithm is developed, validated and applied to known distribution field data. Time domain simulation models are also used for validation purposes. The developed algorithm was observed to be very accurate when compared to other impedance based fault location algorithms proposed in the literature. Finally, sub cycle event identification and fault pre-location is proposed that can be very useful for electric utility operations. Highly accurate results were observed during this application study. For instance, a current waveform containing three incipient and one full fault event is shown in the figure given below. The estimated reactance to an incipient fault location is approximately 1.1 Ω. The fault location results obtained from the first three sub-cycle faults can be used to avert the final sustained fault event. / text

No description available.

<p>Disertacija obrađuje problematiku pronalaženja pouzdane tehnike analize signala mehaničkih vibracija s ciljem identifikacije analiziranih tipova oštećenja zupčastih parova. U disertaciji je predložen postupak redukcije dimenzionalnosti obeležja primenom metode analize glavnih komponenata. Istraživanje uspešno demonstrira primenu naprednih tehnika procesiranja signala vibracija i inteligentnih metoda u vibrodijagnostici zupčastih parova te omogućava osobama koje nisu specijalisti iz oblasti dijagnostike da procene stanje zupčastog para. Predložena su najuniverzalnija obeležja u vibrodijagnostici zupčastih parova baziranih na signalima vibracija prikupljenih na kućištu zupčastog prenosnika.</p> / <p>The dissertation deals with the issue of finding reliable signal analysis technique of mechanical vibrations to identify analyzed types of gear pair faults. The dissertation presents a method of reducing the dimensionality of features by using the method of principal components analysis. The study successfully demonstrates use of advanced signal processing techniques and artificial intelligent methods in diagnostics of gear pairs faults and allows engineers who are not specialists in the field to assess the condition of gear pair using vibration signals. The most universal features in diagnostics of gear pairs based on vibration signals collected on the gearbox housing are proposed.</p>

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Computing and Information Sciences / John M. Hatcliff / Medical devices have traditionally been designed, built, and certified for use as monolithic units. A new vision of "Medical Application Platforms" (MAPs) is emerging that would enable compositional medical systems to be instantiated at the point of care from a collection of trusted components. This work details efforts to create a development environment for applications that run on these MAPs. The first contribution of this effort is a language and code generator that can be used to model and implement MAP applications. The language is a subset of the Architecture, Analysis and Design Language (AADL) that has been tailored to the platform-based environment of MAPs. Accompanying the language is software tooling that provides automated code generation targeting an existing MAP implementation. The second contribution is a new hazard analysis process called the Systematic Analysis of Faults and Errors (SAFE). SAFE is a modified version of the previously-existing System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA), that has been made more rigorous, partially compositional, and easier. SAFE is not a replacement for STPA, however, rather it more effectively analyzes the hardware- and software-based elements of a full safety-critical system. SAFE has both manual and tool-assisted formats; the latter consists of AADL annotations that are designed to be used with the language subset from the first contribution. An automated report generator has also been implemented to accelerate the hazard analysis process. Third, this work examines how, independent of its place in the system hierarchy or the precise configuration of its environment, a component may contribute to the safety (or lack thereof) of an entire system. Based on this, we propose a reference model which generalizes notions of harm and the role of components in their environment so that they can be applied to components either in isolation or as part of a complete system. Connections between these formalisms and existing approaches for system composition and fault propagation are also established. This dissertation presents these contributions along with a review of relevant literature, evaluation of the SAFE process, and concludes with discussion of potential future work.