Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Environmental & Life Sciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2005. / Bibliography: leaves 202-224. / Introduction -- Geological setting of the New England Fold Belt -- Regional geophysical investigation -- Data acquisition and reduction -- Modelling and interpretation of magnetic data over the Peel Fault -- Modelling and interpretation of magnetic data over the Mooki Fault -- Gravity modelling of the Tamworth Belt and Gunnedah Basin -- Interpretation and discussion -- Conclusions. / This thesis presents new magnetic and gravity data for the Southern New England Fold Belt (SNEFB) and the Gunnedah Basin that adjoins to the west along the Mooki Fault in New South Wales. The SNEFB consists of the Tamworth Belt and Tablelands Complex that are separated by the Peel Fault. The Tablelands Complex to the east of the Peel Fault represents an accretionary wedge, and the Tamworth Belt to the west corresponds to the forearc basin. A total of five east-north-east trending gravity profiles with around 450 readings were conducted across the Tamworth Belt and Gunnedah Basin. Seven ground magnetic traverses of a total length of 60 km were surveyed across the bounding faults of the Tamworth belt, of which five were across the Peel Fault and two were across the Mooki Fault. The gravity data shows two distinct large positive anomalies, one over the Tamworth Belt, known as the Namoi Gravity High and another within the Gunnedah Basin, known as the Meandarra Gravity Ridge. All gravity profiles show similarity to each other. The magnetic data displays one distinct anomaly associated with the Peel Fault and an anomaly immediately east of the Mooki Fault. These new potential field data are used to better constrain the orientation of the Peel and Mooki Faults as well as the subsurface geometry of the Tamworth Belt and Gunnedah Basin, integrating with the published seismic data, geologic observations and new physical properties data. --Magnetic anomalies produced by the serpentinite associated with the Peel Fault were used to determine the orientation of the Peel fault. Five ground magnetic traverses were modelled to get the subsurface geometry of the serpentinite body. Modelling results of the magnetic anomalies across the Peel Fault indicate that the serpentinite body can be mostly modelled as subvertical to steeply eastward dipping tabular bodies with a minimum depth extent of 1-3 km, although the modelling does not constrain the vertical extent. This is consistent with the modelling of the magnetic traverses extracted from aeromagnetic data. Sensitivity analysis of a tabular magnetic body reveals that a minimum susceptibility of 4000x10⁻⁶cgs is needed to generate the observed high amplitude anomalies of around 2000 nT, which is consistent with the susceptibility measurements of serpentinite samples along the Peel Fault ranging from 2000 to 9000 x 10⁻⁶ cgs. Rock magnetic study indicates that the serpentinite retains a strong remanence at some locations. This remanence is a viscous remanent magnetisation (VRM) which is parallel to the present Earth's magnetic field, and explains the large anomaly amplitude over the Peel fault at these locations. The remanence of serpentinite at other localities is not consistent enough to contribute to the observed magnetic anomalies. A much greater depth extent of the Peel Fault was inferred from gravity models. It is proposed that the serpentinite along the Peel Fault was emplaced as a slice of oceanic floor that has been accreted to the front of the arc, or as diapirs rising off the serpentinised part of the mantle wedge above the supra subduction zone. / Magnetic anomalies immediately east of the Mooki Fault once suggested to be produced by a dyke-like body emplaced along the fault were modelled along two ground magnetic traverses and three extracted aeromagnetic lines. Modelling results indicate that the anomalies can be modelled as an east-dipping overturned western limb of an anticline formed as a result of a fault-propagation fold with a shallow thrust step-up angle from the décollement. Interpretation of aeromagnetic data and modelling of the magnetic traverses indicate that the anomalies along the Mooki Fault are produced by the susceptibility contrast between the high magnetic Late Carboniferous Currabubula Formation and/or Early Permian volcanic rocks of the Tamworth Belt and the less magnetic Late Permian-Triassic Sydney-Gunnedah Basin rocks. Gravity modelling indicates that the Mooki Fault has a shallow dip ( ̃25°) to the east. Modelling of the five gravity profiles shows that the Tamworth Belt is thrust westward over the Sydney-Gunnedah Basin for 15-30 km. --The Meandarra Gravity Ridge within the Gunnedah Basin was modelled as a high density volcanic rock unit with a density contrast of 0.25 tm⁻³, compared to the rocks of the Lachlan Fold Belt in all profiles. The volcanic rock unit has a steep western margin and a gently dipping eastern margin with a thickness ranging from 4.5-6 km, and has been generally agreed to have formed within an extensional basin. --The Tamworth Belt, being mainly the product of volcanism of mafic character and thus has high density units, together with the high density Woolomin Association, which is composed chiefly of chert/jasper, basalt, dolerite and metabasalt, produces the Namoi Gravity High. Gravity modelling results indicate that the anomaly over the Tamworth Belt can be modelled as either a configuration where the Tablelands Complex extends westward underthrusting the Tamworth Belt, or a configuration where the Tablelands Complex has been thrust over the Tamworth Belt. When the gravity profiles were modelled with the first configuration, the Peel Fault with a depth extent of around 1 km can only be modelled for the Manilla and Quirindi profiles, modelling of the rest of the gravity profiles indicates that the Tablelands Complex underthrust beneath the Tamworth belt at a much deeper location. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / xi, 242 leaves ill., maps

Thèse (D.R.Min.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2005. / Bibliogr.: f. 368-390. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

La faille Nord-Anatolienne est une faille décrochante dextre de 1500 km et la frontière de plaque entre l’Anatolie au sud et l’Eurasie au nord. Le mouvement vers l’Ouest de l’Anatolie par rapport à l’Eurasie à une vitesse de 21 mm/an est accommodé par le jeu de cette faille. Durant le 20ième siècle, cette faille a rompu d’est en ouest lors d’une séquence de larges tremblements de terre qui ont eu lieu à intervalles rapprochés. De nombreux géologues ont cherché à mieux comprendre l’histoire récente de cette faille, et plus parti-culièrement son histoire sismique ou paléosismologique. La recherche en paléosismologie consiste à contraindre en utilisant l’enregistrement sédimentaire existant la nature et la distribution des tremblements de terre passés. Dans cette thèse, j’ai effectué 4 investi-gations paléosismologiques le long de la faille Nord-Anatolienne dans des lieux où à chaque tremblement de terre la faille forme des escarpements à contre-pente et constitue un piège à sédiment. En étudiant la composition et la distribution des sols enfouis et ex-posés dans de larges tranchées creusées au travers de ces pièges sédimentaires, on peut identifier des « horizons sismiques » (c’est-à-dire la surface terrestre lors du séisme). En datant par le radiocarbone les matériaux déposés au-dessous (avant) et au-dessus (après) d’un horizon sismique, on peut contraindre à quel moment un paléoséisme a eu lieu. Fi-nalement dans cette thèse, j’ai compilé une base de donnée des chronologies de l’ensemble de paléoséismes documentés sur la faille Nord-Anatolienne. Grâce à cette base de données, j’ai pu déterminer l’occurrence des séismes avec une méthodologie cohérente, et analyser la chronologie obtenue à la fois qualitativement et quantitativement. L’analyse des données révèle que la faille Nord-Anatolienne ne rompt habituellement pas en cascade comme durant le 20ième siècle, et que l’activité de la faille est fortement influencé par les trois principaux régimes tectoniques existant en Turquie. Les variabilités d’activité le long de la faille pourraient résulter de contraintes normales à la faille, qui décroissent d’une façon générale de l’Est vers l’Ouest. Une décroissance des contraintes normales à la faille diminuerait localement le seuil de contrainte requis pour déclencher un séisme. Ceci explique l’observation que le temps de récurrence des séismes est plus court à l’Ouest. A l’Est, les ruptures sont plus variables, et le temps de récurrence est bimodal. Ceci peut être lié à des variations temporelles des contraintes normales à la faille, peut-être induites par le jeu sismique des failles Est-Anatolienne et de la Mer Morte. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Science, 1982. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science / Bibliography: leaves 79-82. / by James Louis Muller. / M.S.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1981. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Vita. / Includes bibliographies. / by Steven William Roecker. / Ph.D.

No description available.

The Glass Buttes volcanic complex is a cluster of bimodal (basalt-rhyolite), Miocene to Pleistocene age lava flows and domes located in Oregon's High Lava Plains province, a broad region of Cenozoic bimodal volcanism in south-central Oregon. The High Lava Plains is deformed by northwest-striking faults of the Brothers Fault Zone, a diffuse, ~N40°W trending zone of en echelon faults cutting ~250 km obliquely across the High Lava Plains. Individual fault segments within the Brothers Fault Zone are typically <20 km long, strike ~N40°W, have apparent normal separation with 10-100 m throw. A smaller population of ~5-10 km long faults striking ~N30°E exhibits mutually crosscutting relationships with the dominant northwest striking faults. Basaltic volcanic rocks in the Glass Buttes area erupted during the late Miocene and Pleistocene. The oldest and youngest lavas are 6.49±0.03 Ma and 1.39±0.18 Ma, respectively, based on ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of five basaltic units. Numerous small mafic vents both within and around the margins of the main silicic dome complex are commonly localized along northwest-striking faults of the Brothers Fault Zone. These vents erupted a diverse suite of basalt to basaltic andesite lava flows that are here differentiated into 15 stratigraphic units based on hand sample texture and mineralogy as well as major and trace element geochemistry. The structural fabric of the Glass Buttes area is dominated by small displacement, discontinuous, en echelon, northwest-striking fault scarps that result from normal to slightly oblique displacements and are commonly linked by relay ramps. Northwest alignment of basaltic and rhyolitic vents, paleotopography, and cross-cutting relationships suggest these faults have been active since at least 6.49±0.03 Ma, the age of the rhyolite lavas in the eastern Glass Buttes are. Faults displace Quaternary sedimentary deposits indicating these structures continue to be active into the Quaternary. Long-term extension rates across northwest-striking faults calculated from 2-5 km long cross section restorations range from 0.004 – 0.02 mm/yr with an average of 0.12 mm/yr. A subordinate population of discontinuous northeast-striking faults form scarps and exhibit mutually cross-cutting relationships with the dominant northwest-striking population. Cross-cutting relationships indicate faulting on northeast-striking faults ceased sometime between 4.70±0.27 Ma and 1.39±0.18 Ma. Gravity data at Glass Buttes reveals prominent northwest- and northeast-trending gravity gradients that closely parallel the strikes of surface faults. These are interpreted as large, deep-seated, normal faults that express themselves in the young basalts at the surface as the discontinuous, en echelon fault segments seen throughout the study area and BFZ in general. Elevated geothermal gradients are localized along these deep-seated structures at two locations: (1) where northwest- and northeast-striking faults intersect,(2) along a very prominent northwest-striking active normal fault bounding the southwest flank of Glass Butte. High average heat flow and elevated average geothermal gradients across the High Lava Plains, and the presence of hydrothermal alteration motivated geothermal resource exploration at Glass Buttes. Temperature gradient drilling by Phillips Petroleum and others between 1977-1981 to depths of up to 600 m defined a local geothermal anomaly underlying the Glass Buttes volcanic complex with a maximum gradient of 224 °C/km. Stratigraphic constraints indicate that near-surface hydrothermal alteration associated with mercury ores ceased before 4.70±0.27 Ma, and is likely associated with the 6.49±0.03 Ma rhyolite eruptions in the eastern part of Glass Buttes. The modern thermal anomaly is not directly related to the pre-4.70±0.27 Ma hydrothermal system; rather it is likely a result of deep fluid circulation along major extensional faults in the area. / Graduation date: 2013 / Includes accompanying DVD with digital data supplement (8 GB).

From the Proceedings of the 1971 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 22-23, 1971, Tempe, Arizona / The distribution of groundwater having temperature considered to be higher than normal is examined on a regional basis. Much of the work was done by searching the literature and examining USGS records. The geographic distribution of the thermal waters is reviewed; relation to structure, geothermal gradients and water quality are discussed. Current and past utilization of thermal water from both springs and wells of the state has never been very extensive. Conclusions were: (1) the occurrence of thermal water in the state is closely allied to major structural elements, especially major fault zones; (2) geothermal gradients vary widely from place to place; (3) the extent of 'bedrock' influence on thermal water occurrence is difficult to ascertain; (4) most thermal water in southern Arizona is derived from meteoric water.

Durante a perfuração de poços de petróleo, a determinação do perfil de temperaturas no poço é importante para tomada de decisões relativas ao processo de cimentação, para a seleção de revestimento do poço e equipamentos e, sobretudo, na identificação de zonas de influxo e perda de circulação. Neste trabalho é proposto um modelo matemático da transferência de calor em regime transitório do escoamento de fluido de perfuração em poços fraturados com perda de circulação. O poço é representado de maneira simplificada através de um cilindro anular concêntrico, cuja parede externa (interface poço-formação) apresenta uma ou mais fraturas discretas. Para a obtenção do modelo térmico é realizado um balanço de energia com foco nas trocas de calor entre a coluna de perfuração, região anular e formação rochosa. A característica principal do modelo proposto é a possibilidade de detecção da posição e número de fraturas a partir do perfil do gradiente térmico da região anular ao longo poço. Para tanto, com o código numérico, obtido via método dos volumes finitos, investiga-se a influência de parâmetros: da fratura (profundidade relativa, perda de circulação, número e distância entre fraturas), físicos (tempo de circulação) e do regime de escoamento (número de Reynolds e viscosidade dos fluidos de perfuração). As variáveis-resposta principais analisadas são a temperatura da região anular e o gradiente térmico. Como variáveis-resposta secundárias são utilizadas as evoluções térmicas da temperatura no fundo do poço e na saída da região anular. É constatado que o aumento da profundidade relativa ou número de fraturas diminui a temperatura do fundo do poço, sem causar variação significativa na temperatura de saída do anular. Para a variação da perda de circulação, o efeito na temperatura do fundo do poço é similar ao da variação do aumento da profundidade relativa da fratura, no entanto são observadas diferenças na temperatura de saída. Além disso, é verificado que, conforme se aumenta o número de fraturas distribuídas ao longo da profundidade do poço, a temperatura do poço tende ao caso de poço não fraturado. De maneira similar é evidenciada a tendência de que a diminuição na distância entre fraturas se aproxima dos resultados para um poço com uma única fratura. Finalmente, o aumento da perda de circulação facilita a detecção de fraturas devido a respectiva mudança na descontinuidade do perfil do gradiente térmico da região anular. / During oil drilling operations, the wellbore temperature profile is used when selecting well casing materials, making cementation related decisions, and, most importantly, to identify loss zones. In this work, a transient heat transfer mathematical model for a fractured wellbore is proposed. The well has its geometry simplified to a concentric annular cylinder which has one or more discrete fracture in its external wall (wellformation interface). In order to obtain the thermal model an energy balance is used, focusing the heat transfer between the pipe, the annular region and the formation. The key characteristic of the model is the fracture detection through thermal gradient graphical analysis. The thermal gradient is an output of the solution of the discretized energy equation in the domains, obtained through the finite volume method. The following parameters are investigated: fracture depth, fracture number, fracture interference, loss circulation, circulation time, Reynolds number and drilling fluid viscosity. The analysis is done through the analysis of the annular region temperature profile and its gradient, along with the thermal evolution of both the bottomhole and outlet temperatures. It is verified that increasing the fracture relative depth or number decreases the bottomhole temperature, while having no significant impact in the outlet temperature. The same bottomhole temperature effect is noted when increasing loss rate, however outlet temperature changes are observed. In a similar way, when decreasing the distance between fractures, the temperature profile in the annular region trends to a wellbore with a single fracture. Finally, increasing loss rate favors fracture detection, since the discontinuity in the annular region thermal gradient profile is intensified.

Durante a perfuração de poços de petróleo, a determinação do perfil de temperaturas no poço é importante para tomada de decisões relativas ao processo de cimentação, para a seleção de revestimento do poço e equipamentos e, sobretudo, na identificação de zonas de influxo e perda de circulação. Neste trabalho é proposto um modelo matemático da transferência de calor em regime transitório do escoamento de fluido de perfuração em poços fraturados com perda de circulação. O poço é representado de maneira simplificada através de um cilindro anular concêntrico, cuja parede externa (interface poço-formação) apresenta uma ou mais fraturas discretas. Para a obtenção do modelo térmico é realizado um balanço de energia com foco nas trocas de calor entre a coluna de perfuração, região anular e formação rochosa. A característica principal do modelo proposto é a possibilidade de detecção da posição e número de fraturas a partir do perfil do gradiente térmico da região anular ao longo poço. Para tanto, com o código numérico, obtido via método dos volumes finitos, investiga-se a influência de parâmetros: da fratura (profundidade relativa, perda de circulação, número e distância entre fraturas), físicos (tempo de circulação) e do regime de escoamento (número de Reynolds e viscosidade dos fluidos de perfuração). As variáveis-resposta principais analisadas são a temperatura da região anular e o gradiente térmico. Como variáveis-resposta secundárias são utilizadas as evoluções térmicas da temperatura no fundo do poço e na saída da região anular. É constatado que o aumento da profundidade relativa ou número de fraturas diminui a temperatura do fundo do poço, sem causar variação significativa na temperatura de saída do anular. Para a variação da perda de circulação, o efeito na temperatura do fundo do poço é similar ao da variação do aumento da profundidade relativa da fratura, no entanto são observadas diferenças na temperatura de saída. Além disso, é verificado que, conforme se aumenta o número de fraturas distribuídas ao longo da profundidade do poço, a temperatura do poço tende ao caso de poço não fraturado. De maneira similar é evidenciada a tendência de que a diminuição na distância entre fraturas se aproxima dos resultados para um poço com uma única fratura. Finalmente, o aumento da perda de circulação facilita a detecção de fraturas devido a respectiva mudança na descontinuidade do perfil do gradiente térmico da região anular. / During oil drilling operations, the wellbore temperature profile is used when selecting well casing materials, making cementation related decisions, and, most importantly, to identify loss zones. In this work, a transient heat transfer mathematical model for a fractured wellbore is proposed. The well has its geometry simplified to a concentric annular cylinder which has one or more discrete fracture in its external wall (wellformation interface). In order to obtain the thermal model an energy balance is used, focusing the heat transfer between the pipe, the annular region and the formation. The key characteristic of the model is the fracture detection through thermal gradient graphical analysis. The thermal gradient is an output of the solution of the discretized energy equation in the domains, obtained through the finite volume method. The following parameters are investigated: fracture depth, fracture number, fracture interference, loss circulation, circulation time, Reynolds number and drilling fluid viscosity. The analysis is done through the analysis of the annular region temperature profile and its gradient, along with the thermal evolution of both the bottomhole and outlet temperatures. It is verified that increasing the fracture relative depth or number decreases the bottomhole temperature, while having no significant impact in the outlet temperature. The same bottomhole temperature effect is noted when increasing loss rate, however outlet temperature changes are observed. In a similar way, when decreasing the distance between fractures, the temperature profile in the annular region trends to a wellbore with a single fracture. Finally, increasing loss rate favors fracture detection, since the discontinuity in the annular region thermal gradient profile is intensified.