Following excavations in the Promontory Caves and at several open sites in the Provo River Delta region, Steward (1937) characterized the Promontory culture as large game hunters. He based this on the high number of bison bones recovered within the Caves. Excavations at additional Promontory sites along the Wasatch Front contain faunal assemblages which differ significantly from those in the caves, showing that people living at open sites relied more heavily on small game, waterfowl, and aquatic resources than large game. These differences have been mostly attributed to Steward's sampling strategy and lack of screening, but faunal material recovered during 2011 excavations at the caves support Steward's initial assessment: the people living in the caves were hunting large game and little else. Using faunal data from seven sites, I discuss how the faunal assemblages differ and the implications of hunting practices in discussions of Promontory culture.

Diet change over time is assessed for a Malabar II period (900 C.E. to 1565 C.E.) Ais indigenous community in Cape Canaveral, Florida, at the Penny Plot site (8BR158). To this end, 7,760 faunal fragments were examined, with 1,876 identified at the species, genus, or family level. Through identification and analysis of faunal remains, it can be concluded that, while the amounts of overall remains left behind as a whole increased, there were no significant changes in the types of fauna utilized or patterns of consumption. This suggests that the indigenous people who occupied this site managed their resources very effectively for a long period of time and likely passed on management strategies through generations to allow for plentiful food for years. This area of Florida has received little serious attention from scholars in the past, and through studying sites such as the Penny Plot site we are starting to paint a picture of precontact and colonial era Indigenous life in coastal Central Florida. Thus, we are better educating ourselves about the people who came first to Florida and their complex relationship with their surrounding environment, paralleling that of modern Floridians.'

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Fossil localities across the state of Tennessee and the data related to those sites were compiled from Tennessee Division of Geology Bulletin 84, titled “Tennessee’s Prehistoric Vertebrates,” and stored in a Microsoft Access geodatabase housed by the Department of Collections at the East Tennessee State University Museum of Natural History located at the Gray Fossil Site. Included in the database are forms to enter new site localities, view information about those already entered, view and add data to a master faunal list for the state, view sites repository information and store and add documents that are key-word searchable from the main menu. This database was compiled to give researchers a straightforward and easy to use means of analyzing known information about paleontological sites across the state, with the potential to be expanded worldwide. Conservation of data is crucial and can be lost over time unless data preservation efforts are made.

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Este trabalho teve por objetivo o conhecimento dos padrões sazonais de abundância e o potencial para associações positivas e negativas entre espécies do gênero Anastrepha e Ceratitis capitata. As coletas foram realizadas na estação experimental do Polo Regional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico dos Agronegócios do Leste Paulista/Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (PRDTALP/APTA), em Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, Brasil. As moscas-das-frutas foram coletadas em armadilhas tipo McPhail contendo torula, em pomares de goiaba (Psidium guajava), nêspera (Eriobotrya japonica) e pêssego (Prunus persica), de janeiro de 2002 a janeiro de 2004. Em cada pomar, foram instaladas três armadilhas, cujo atrativo alimentar era substituído semanalmente. Os espécimes de Anastrepha e C. capitata foram sexados, contados, etiquetados e fixados em etanol 70%. A identificação específica de Anastrepha foi feita, exclusivamente, nos caracteres morfológicos das fêmeas. As comunidades de moscas-das-frutas foram caracterizadas por parâmetros faunísticos (dominância, abundância, frequência e constância), índices de diversidade (H\'), riqueza e equitabilidade (E). A influência dos pomares na flutuação populacional das espécies predominantes foi avaliada pelos índices fisiográficos. Com base em modelos nulos, foram estudadas, pela primeira vez no Brasil, a sobreposição de nicho e a coocorrência de populações de mocas-das-frutas. Em 106 coletas, nos três pomares, foram obtidos 25.872 espécimes de Ceratitis capitata (21.252 fêmeas e 4.620 machos) e 89.958 do gênero Anastrepha (48.042 fêmeas e 41.916 machos). Treze espécies de Anastrepha foram capturadas no pomar de goiaba, 19 no de nêspera e seis no de pêssego, além de C. capitata. As espécies predominantes, portanto, classificadas como super nos quatro parâmetros quantitativos, foram A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. sororcula Zucchi, A. bistrigata Bezzi, A. obliqua (Macquart) e C. capitata (Wiedemann). Houve diferença significativa quanto ao índice fisiográfico e umidade relativa apenas para A. bistrigata e C. capitata no pomar de goiaba e para A. fraterculus, A. bistrigata e C. capitata, no pomar de nêspera. No pomar de pêssego, não houve diferença significativa para as espécies estudadas. Anastrepha fraterculus foi a espécie mais representativa nos pomares de goiaba e de nêspera e C. capitata, no pomar de pêssego. As características da comunidade (diversidade, riqueza e equitabilidade) sofreram alterações de ano para ano. Além dos fatores climáticos e da disponibilidade hospedeira, a competição interespecífica também interferiu na dinâmica populacional de moscas-das-frutas. Ceratitis capitata e A. pseudoparallela ocorreram com pouca ou nenhuma frequência, respectivamente, com as espécies de Anastrepha nos pomares de goiaba e nêspera. No entanto, no pomar de pêssego, C. capitata ocorreu em agregações significativas com algumas espécies de Anastrepha. Anastrepha fraterculus não foi fortemente influenciada por fatores interespecíficos na estação experimental em Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, Brasil. / The main objective of this study was to know the seasonal patterns of abundance and the potential for positive and negative associations among fruit fly species belong to Anastrepha and Ceratitis capitata. The collecting sites were at experimental station of the Polo Regional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico dos Agronegócios do Leste Paulista/Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (PRDTALP/APTA), in Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, Brazil. Fruit flies were collected in McPhail-type traps baited with torula hung in trees of guava (Psidium guajava), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) and peach (Prunus persica), from January 2002 to January 2004. Three traps were distributed in each orchard, and the bait was replaced weekly. Specimens of Anastrepha and C. capitata were sexed, quantified, labeled, and conserved in 70% ethanol. The identification of Anastrepha species was based exclusively on females. Communities of fruit flies were characterized by faunal indices such as dominance, abundance, frequency and constancy, diversity (H\'), richness and evenness (E). The influence of orchards on the population dynamics of the dominant fruit fly species was estimated by physiographic indices. Based on null models, the niche overlap and co-occurrence of population of fruit flies were studied, for the first time in Brazil. From 106 collections, were obtained 25,872 specimens of Ceratitis capitata (21,252 females and 4,620 males) and 89,958 of the genus Anastrepha (48,042 females and 41,916 males). Thirteen species of Anastrepha were collected in guava, 19 in loquat, and 6 in peach orchard. The predominant species, classified as a super on the four quantitative parameters, were A. fraterculus (Wiedemann), A. sororcula Zucchi, A. bistrigata Bezzi, A. obliqua (Macquart) and C. capitata (Wiedemann). There were significant differences in the physiographic index and humidity only to A. bistrigata and C. capitata in guava orchard and A. fraterculus, A. bistrigata and C. capitata in loquat orchard. In the peach orchard, there was no significant difference for the species studied. Anastrepha fraterculus was the most significant species in the orchards of guava and loquat, and C. capitata was the most significant species in peach orchard. The community characteristics (diversity, richness and evenness) changed from year to year. Further on climatic factors and host availability, interspecific competition also interfered with the population dynamics of fruit flies. Ceratitis capitata and A. pseudoparallela showed little or no frequency, respectively, together other Anastrepha species in guava and loquat orchards. However, in the peach orchard, C. capitata occurred in significant aggregations with some species of Anastrepha. Anastrepha fraterculus was not strongly influenced by interspecific factors at the experimental station in Monte Alegre do Sul, SP, Brazil.

Previous research has shown that a range of physical and biological drivers can influence the composition of faunal assemblages occupying localities within streams. There is much debate in the literature about which of these is more important. Descriptive and experimental field studies were conducted in two relatively undisturbed, second order rainforest streams in southeast Queensland, Australia. The principal objectives were to describe spatial and temporal patterns in pool fauna and explore relationships between these patterns and physical attributes of habitat, disturbance and biotic interactions. The macroinvertebrate and vertebrate fauna of 12 small stream pools were sampled approximately monthly over a period of 15 months. Samples were collected from all major within-pool habitat types and concurrent measurements of potentially important environmental parameters were made at landscape scales of stream, pool and habitat patch. Faunal assemblages were consistently different between the two streams and between the various within-pool habitat types, although the latter may partially be explained by differences in sampling protocols applied in the different habitat types. However, spatial and temporal variation in faunal assemblages within habitat types was large at the scales of whole pools and within-pool habitats, and this variation occurred apparently independently of variation in physical habitat attributes. These results indicated that very little of the local scale faunal variation could be explained by abiotic drivers and that some other factors must be responsible for the observed faunal patterns. Previous research had indicated that atyid shrimps can play a significant ecological role in rainforest streams, where they act as 'ecosystem engineers' by removing fine sediment from hard surfaces. This subsequently alters algal dynamics and faunal composition in streams. A pool-scale manipulative experiment was conducted to investigate the role of the atyid Paratya australiensis, which is an abundant and conspicuous component of the fauna. Removal of shrimp from pools had no effect on sediment accrual on hard surfaces and consequently did not affect algal biomass or faunal assemblages. The lack of effect on sediment accumulation was attributed to the low rate of deposition in these streams, which was an order of magnitude lower than in streams where atyids have been demonstrated to play a keystone role. The fish Mogurnda adspersa was found to be the primary predator of pool fauna in the study streams, where it preyed on a wide variety of taxa. Dietary analyses revealed that an ontogenetic shift occurred in both diet and the within-pool habitat where fish fed. Within this general framework, individual fish had strong individual prey preferences. Significant correlations were found between the natural abundance of Mogurnda in pools and faunal assemblage patterns in both gravel habitat and pools in general, indicating that predation had an effect on pool fauna. The nature of this effect varied between habitats. A direct density dependent response was observed in gravel habitat. In contrast, the response in pools varied considerably between individual pools, perhaps reflecting the differing prey preferences of individual fish. Despite these correlations, an experimental manipulation of the density of Mogurnda at a whole-pool scale did not conclusively identify a predation effect. This may have been due to problems with fish moving between treatments, despite attempts to constrain them, and low experimental power due to the inherent high variability of pool fauna. Overall, the results of the study indicated that there was considerable spatial and temporal variation in pool fauna despite similarities in the physical attributes of pools and their close proximity. This variation appeared to occur at random and could not be explained by abiotic or biotic factors. Predation had a small effect, but could not explain the overall patterns, whereas disturbance by spates had very little effect at all. Stochastic processes associated with low level random recruitment were identified as a possible and plausible explanation for observed patterns. These conclusions are discussed in terms of their implications for our understanding of the ecology and management of streams.