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The Effects of Superordinate Goals and Superordinate Identity on Outgroup Liking and Behavioral AggressionBudde, Emily H. 01 September 2020 (has links)
No description available.
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Igualdade tributária: a outorga de tratamento favorecido para as microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte sob o prisma da ponderação dos princípios constitucionaisFranco, Marcelo Rosa 08 June 2011 (has links)
Equality, considered as a corollary of Justice after a long and discussed philosophic evolution was nowadays raised to the condition of constitutional principle in most of occidental juridical ordinations. Its essence presupposes a unit to compare subjects related to each other in a factual situation chosen by a guider criterion which it is pertinent to, used with a specific finality which countersigns it. In Brazilian juridical order, this principle occupies a prominent position among the fundamental rights. It is considered by National Tributary System as one method of limiting the taxation power. In order to perform tax equality, the legislator has to elaborate some norm and the interpreter has to apply them properly to equal and unequal taxpayers. The quest for equality admits the imposition of differences, since there is a logical match between the factor used for discrimination and inequality established by it. This is what happens with the tax relief for small businesses, which are favored with a less burdensome taxation, due to their economic weakness. This apparent paradox between tax equality and favoring tax for small enterprises represents a problem to be solved by pondering the involved constitutional principles. As the weighing up is normally done by the Judiciary, it is up to perform the relevant evaluations and decide justly, rejecting unjustified inequalities or the assignment of hateful privileges. In this context, this theoretical search based on deductive method and a case study as an auxiliary proceeding, aims to analyze the application of tax equality principle, especially in juridical universe of small business enterprises, expecting to contribute for a deeper discussion on the importance of them in national social and economic development. / A igualdade, assim considerada como um corolário da justiça, após uma longa e debatida evolução jus filosófica foi alçada na contemporaneidade à condição de princípio constitucional na maioria dos ordenamentos ocidentais. Sua essência pressupõe uma unidade de comparação entre sujeitos que se relacionam em uma determinada situação fática, eleita por um critério sinalizador ao qual é pertinente, utilizada com uma finalidade específica que a referenda. Na ordem jurídica brasileira, essa norma-princípio ocupa posição de destaque entre os direitos fundamentais, alojada no Sistema Tributário Nacional como uma modalidade de limitação ao poder de tributar. Para realizar a igualdade tributária, o legislador deve elaborar as normas e o intérprete aplicá-las adequadamente aos contribuintes ―iguais‖ e aos contribuintes ―desiguais‖. A busca pela igualdade admite a imposição de diferenças, desde que haja uma correspondência lógica entre o fator de discriminação utilizado e a desigualdade por ele estabelecida. É o que ocorre com a concessão de benefícios fiscais para as pequenas empresas, que, por sua fragilidade econômica, são favorecidas com uma tributação menos onerosa. Esse aparente paradoxo entre igualdade tributária e favorecimento fiscal para as pequenas empresas representa uma problemática a ser dirimida pela ponderação dos princípios constitucionais envolvidos. Como o sopesamento em regra é feito pelo Poder Judiciário, cabe a ele realizar as valorações pertinentes e decidir com justiça, ou seja, rejeitando desigualdades injustificadas ou a atribuição de privilégios odiosos. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa teórica, pautada no método dedutivo e um estudo de caso como procedimento instrumental auxiliar, presta-se a analisar a aplicação do princípio da igualdade tributária, em especial no universo jurídico das pequenas empresas. Espera-se que essa investigação possa contribuir para um debate mais profundo sobre a importância dessas empresas no desenvolvimento socioeconômico nacional. / Mestre em Direito Público
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Le rapprochement du droit pénal des mineurs et des majeurs / The closening of the adult and the juvenile criminal justice systemsPeyrot, Angelique 14 December 2015 (has links)
La problématique soulevée par la délinquance juvénile, loin de se limiter au pré-carré des professionnels du droit, s’est imposée en véritable débat de société. Cet engouement est le fruit de l’évolution de la délinquance des mineurs, qui a tendance à croître, impliquant des auteurs plus jeunes.En réponse à ce phénomène, le législateur a opéré un tournant sécuritaire en 2002, marquant le point de départ du durcissement des dispositions relatives aux mineurs délinquants, notamment celles applicables à ceux âgés de seize à dix-huit ans. Il en découle un rapprochement du droit pénal des mineurs de celui des majeurs, malgré l’affirmation, la même année, par le Conseil constitutionnel d’un principe fondamental reconnu par les lois de la république qui consacre la spécificité du droit pénal des mineurs. Toutefois, il convient de s’interroger sur la portée de ce rapprochement textuel, qui est peu, voire pas mis en œuvre en pratique. Cette question se pose avec d’autant plus d’acuité depuis le changement de politique pénale impulsé en 2012 par le nouveau garde des Sceaux, qui est d’ailleurs à l’initiative d’un projet de réforme de l’ordonnance de 1945, qui entend réaffirmer la primauté de l’éducatif sur le répressif / Juvenile delinquency problem, far from being the sole issue of law professionals, has become a widely debated topic throughout the entire society. Such interest in the issue takes its roots in the delinquency's evolution, broadly on the rise, with ever younger criminals. Given the phenomenon, the lawmaker has moved towards a harsher approach in 2002, and the various laws have been toughening since then, especially those concerning young people aged between 16 and 18 year old. The consequence is that the body of law applicable to young people looks increasingly similar to that one applicable to adults, despite the solemn statement issued by the Constitutional Council the same year. This statement explains that there is a ground principle deduced from the laws of the Republic, recognizing the specificity of juvenile delinquency laws. It is however interesting to reflect on the true scope of this formal closening, which seems to happen to little or no avail. The issue is even more relevant with the changes in the criminal justice approach advocated by the new secretary of Justice since 2012, who is currently initiating a reform on the body of law applicable to young people, aiming at favoring education over repression
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