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Oxidação cíclica em alta temperatura de ligas ferrosas fundidas de baixo custo / Cyclic oxidation of low cost iron-based cast alloys in high temperatureMalafaia, Artur Mariano de Sousa 25 October 2013 (has links)
A oxidação cíclica é um fenômeno que pode trazer problemas a diversas indústrias e, apesar de estudada em grande medida para materiais de alto desempenho, como superligas, pesquisas em materiais menos nobres são incipientes. Essa tese teve como objetivo investigar as propriedades de oxidação cíclica de materiais ferrosos de baixo custo e compará-las com as do aço inoxidável fundido ASTM A 297 grau HH modificado. A motivação surgiu de uma análise de falha de componente feito com aço HH e da possibilidade de pesquisar materiais com melhor relação custo-benefício em aplicações onde a principal solicitação seja a de resistência à oxidação cíclica. Seis ligas ferrosas com teores de cromo e níquel menores que o do aço HH, ou sem esses elementos, compuseram o estudo. Nestas ligas, os elementos silício e alumínio (1 liga) foram utilizados como alternativa para resistir à oxidação. As composições das ligas (% em peso) foram aproximadamente Fe-15Al-1,1C, Fe-14,5Si-4Cr-0,75C, Fe-5Si-5Cr-V-C, Fe-5Si-5Cr-4Ni-Nb-C, Fe-17Mn-5Si-10Cr-4Ni-V-C e Fe-12Mn-5Si-10Cr-4Ni-Nb-C, além do aço HH modificado (HH-mod). Foram realizados ensaios de oxidação cíclica nas temperaturas de 800, 900 e 1000 ºC e ensaios de dureza, tração e impacto. As ligas mostraram fragilidade, com exceção das ligas com alto teor de manganês que superaram o aço HH-mod em tenacidade. Em oxidação cíclica, as ligas apresentaram boa resistência, com taxas de variação de massa pequenas ou moderadas, e quando houve destacamento, este foi menor que o apresentado pelo aço HH-mod. Camadas oxidadas foram caracterizadas por técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia por dispersão de energia de raios-X (EDX) e difração de raios-X (DRX). Foi possível verificar a formação de óxidos protetores de Si, Cr ou Al, mas também de Fe, Cu e principalmente Mn. Por fim, a determinação das cinéticas de ganho de massa e destacamento mostrou que apesar de algumas ligas apresentarem kp maiores que os do aço HH-mod, todas sofreram menores destacamentos, o que ocorreu para o aço HH-mod nas três temperaturas, devido à diferença entre coeficientes de expansão térmica da matriz austenítica e dos óxidos. Dentre as demais ligas, Fe-15Al-1,1C e Fe-5Si-5Cr-4Ni-Nb-C não sofreram destacamentos e apresentaram baixo ganho de massa, devido às finas camadas de óxido e assim apresentando os melhores resultados. / The cyclic oxidation phenomenon can cause problems to several industries. Although studied in high performance materials, as superalloys, researches on less noble materials are incipient. The aim of this thesis was investigate the cyclic oxidation properties of low cost iron-based alloys and compare them with a cast stainless steel ASTM A 297 HH modified grade. The motivation was a failure analysis on a component made of HH and the possibility of research materials with a better cost-benefit ratio for applications where the main solicitation is the cyclic oxidation resistance. Six alloys with less chromium and nickel amount than HH steel, or without these elements, constituted the study. In these alloys, silicon and aluminum (1 alloy) were used to improve the oxidation resistance. The alloy compositions (weight %) were nearly Fe-15Al-1,1C, Fe-14,5Si-4Cr-0,75C, Fe-5Si-5Cr-V-C, Fe-5Si-5Cr-4Ni-Nb-C, Fe-17Mn-5Si-10Cr-4Ni-V-C and Fe-12Mn-5Si-10Cr-4Ni-Nb-C, and the HH steel modified (HH-mod). Cyclic oxidation tests were performed at 800, 900 and 1000 ºC and also hardness, impact and tensile tests. The alloys studied presented brittleness, and only the high Mn alloys had better mechanical properties than HH-mod steel. The alloys presented good results on cyclic oxidation, with low or moderate oxidation rates and when suffering spallation, it was less than HH-mod steel. Oxidized scales were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The formation of protective oxide of Si, Cr or Al was noticed, but also Fe, Cu and Mn oxides were found. Finally, the mass gain and spallation kinetics was determined, and spite the fact of some alloys having higher kp values than HH-mod, no alloys suffered more spallation than HH steel. The austenitic matrix was considered the responsible of this behavior in all temperatures, due to the high thermal expansion coefficient compared with oxides. The better results were found to Fe-15Al-1,1C and Fe-5Si-5Cr-4Ni-Nb-C alloy, with low mass gain and without spalling, on account of the thin oxide scales formed.
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Oxidação cíclica em alta temperatura de ligas ferrosas fundidas de baixo custo / Cyclic oxidation of low cost iron-based cast alloys in high temperatureArtur Mariano de Sousa Malafaia 25 October 2013 (has links)
A oxidação cíclica é um fenômeno que pode trazer problemas a diversas indústrias e, apesar de estudada em grande medida para materiais de alto desempenho, como superligas, pesquisas em materiais menos nobres são incipientes. Essa tese teve como objetivo investigar as propriedades de oxidação cíclica de materiais ferrosos de baixo custo e compará-las com as do aço inoxidável fundido ASTM A 297 grau HH modificado. A motivação surgiu de uma análise de falha de componente feito com aço HH e da possibilidade de pesquisar materiais com melhor relação custo-benefício em aplicações onde a principal solicitação seja a de resistência à oxidação cíclica. Seis ligas ferrosas com teores de cromo e níquel menores que o do aço HH, ou sem esses elementos, compuseram o estudo. Nestas ligas, os elementos silício e alumínio (1 liga) foram utilizados como alternativa para resistir à oxidação. As composições das ligas (% em peso) foram aproximadamente Fe-15Al-1,1C, Fe-14,5Si-4Cr-0,75C, Fe-5Si-5Cr-V-C, Fe-5Si-5Cr-4Ni-Nb-C, Fe-17Mn-5Si-10Cr-4Ni-V-C e Fe-12Mn-5Si-10Cr-4Ni-Nb-C, além do aço HH modificado (HH-mod). Foram realizados ensaios de oxidação cíclica nas temperaturas de 800, 900 e 1000 ºC e ensaios de dureza, tração e impacto. As ligas mostraram fragilidade, com exceção das ligas com alto teor de manganês que superaram o aço HH-mod em tenacidade. Em oxidação cíclica, as ligas apresentaram boa resistência, com taxas de variação de massa pequenas ou moderadas, e quando houve destacamento, este foi menor que o apresentado pelo aço HH-mod. Camadas oxidadas foram caracterizadas por técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia por dispersão de energia de raios-X (EDX) e difração de raios-X (DRX). Foi possível verificar a formação de óxidos protetores de Si, Cr ou Al, mas também de Fe, Cu e principalmente Mn. Por fim, a determinação das cinéticas de ganho de massa e destacamento mostrou que apesar de algumas ligas apresentarem kp maiores que os do aço HH-mod, todas sofreram menores destacamentos, o que ocorreu para o aço HH-mod nas três temperaturas, devido à diferença entre coeficientes de expansão térmica da matriz austenítica e dos óxidos. Dentre as demais ligas, Fe-15Al-1,1C e Fe-5Si-5Cr-4Ni-Nb-C não sofreram destacamentos e apresentaram baixo ganho de massa, devido às finas camadas de óxido e assim apresentando os melhores resultados. / The cyclic oxidation phenomenon can cause problems to several industries. Although studied in high performance materials, as superalloys, researches on less noble materials are incipient. The aim of this thesis was investigate the cyclic oxidation properties of low cost iron-based alloys and compare them with a cast stainless steel ASTM A 297 HH modified grade. The motivation was a failure analysis on a component made of HH and the possibility of research materials with a better cost-benefit ratio for applications where the main solicitation is the cyclic oxidation resistance. Six alloys with less chromium and nickel amount than HH steel, or without these elements, constituted the study. In these alloys, silicon and aluminum (1 alloy) were used to improve the oxidation resistance. The alloy compositions (weight %) were nearly Fe-15Al-1,1C, Fe-14,5Si-4Cr-0,75C, Fe-5Si-5Cr-V-C, Fe-5Si-5Cr-4Ni-Nb-C, Fe-17Mn-5Si-10Cr-4Ni-V-C and Fe-12Mn-5Si-10Cr-4Ni-Nb-C, and the HH steel modified (HH-mod). Cyclic oxidation tests were performed at 800, 900 and 1000 ºC and also hardness, impact and tensile tests. The alloys studied presented brittleness, and only the high Mn alloys had better mechanical properties than HH-mod steel. The alloys presented good results on cyclic oxidation, with low or moderate oxidation rates and when suffering spallation, it was less than HH-mod steel. Oxidized scales were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The formation of protective oxide of Si, Cr or Al was noticed, but also Fe, Cu and Mn oxides were found. Finally, the mass gain and spallation kinetics was determined, and spite the fact of some alloys having higher kp values than HH-mod, no alloys suffered more spallation than HH steel. The austenitic matrix was considered the responsible of this behavior in all temperatures, due to the high thermal expansion coefficient compared with oxides. The better results were found to Fe-15Al-1,1C and Fe-5Si-5Cr-4Ni-Nb-C alloy, with low mass gain and without spalling, on account of the thin oxide scales formed.
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Untersuchung atomarer Strukturen an geordnetem und nanokristallinem ternären Fe3Al / Studies of atomic scale structures of ordered and nanocrystalline ternary Fe3AlRademacher, Thomas 13 July 2011 (has links)
No description available.
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Étude du comportement de Fe3Al et son joint de grains Σ5(310)[001] en présence de Ti et Zr par méthodes ab initio avec prise en compte de l'effet de la température / Study of the behavior of Fe3Al and its grain boundary Σ5(310) [001] with Ti and Zr additions using ab initio methods by taking into account the effect of temperatureChentouf, Sara 18 January 2012 (has links)
Les alliages intermétalliques riches en fer du système fer-aluminium, Fe3Al, ont des caractéristiques très intéressantes pour des applications mécaniques à haute température. Ils possèdent, comme la plupart des composés intermétalliques, une résistance mécanique élevée, une bonne résistance à l'oxydation ainsi qu'une faible densité. Cependant, les principales raisons qui limitent leurs applications sont leur fragilité à température ambiante et une forte diminution de leur résistance pour des températures supérieures à 550° C. Un aspect intéressant de ces alliages est leur comportement envers les métaux de transition. Certains éléments, comme TI, peuvent augmenter la stabilité de la phase D03, en augmentant la transition D03/B2 vers des températures plus élevées. La situation est moins claire dans le cas du Zr. En effet, malgré l'effet bénéfique du dopage en Zr sur la cohésion des joints de grains et la ductilité, il n'existe pas de données expérimentales concernant son effet sur la stabilité de la structure D03 du composé Fe3Al. Ce travail de thèse vise à étudier l'effet de ces deux métaux de transitions Ti et Zr sur les propriétés du composé intermétallique D03-Fe3Al en utilisant des calculs pseudopotentiels ab initio basés sur la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT). Deux principaux thèmes ont été abordés : (i) la compréhension du rôle de ces deux métaux de transition en termes de stabilité de la phase D03 à la lumière de leur site préférentiel dans la structure D03-Fe3Al ; (ii) le comportement du Ti et Zr dans le joint de grains [sigma]5 (310)[001] ainsi que leur effet sur la stabilité structurale de cette interface. Un élément important pour étudier ces aspects est de prendre en compte l'effet de la température. Cela nécessite un traitement de type dynamique moléculaire des atomes dans la supercellule. La technique dynamique moléculaire ab initio (AIMD) résout ces problèmes en combinant des calculs de structure électronique avec la dynamique à une température finie. Ainsi, notre étude a été menée à la fois en utilisant des calculs ab initio statiques à 0K ainsi que la prise en compte de l'effet de la température jusqu'à 1100K (Dynamique Moléculaire Ab Initio) / Fe3Al-based intermetallic compounds are promising materials for structural applications at high temperature. Their advantageous properties originate from their low density and their high corrosion resistance in oxidizing and sulfidizing environments. However, because of their limited room temperature ductility and their low strength and creep resistance at higher temperatures (~ 550 °C), it is necessary to improve their properties to adapt them for structural applications. An interesting aspect of these alloys is their behaviour towards transition metal impurities. Some elements like Ti increase the stability of the D03 by increasing the D03/B2 transition towards higher temperature. The situation is less clear for Zr addition, indeed, despite the beneficial effect of small Zr addition on the grain boundary cohesion and ductility ; there is no experimental data available concerning its effects on the stability of the D03-Fe3Al compounds. In this thesis the effect of Ti and Zr transition metals on the D03-Fe3Al intermetallic compounds has been investigated by means of ab initio Pseudopotentials numerical simulations based on Density Functional Theory. Two main issues will be addressed : (i) the understanding of the rôle of these two transition metals in terms of stability of the bulk at the light of their site preference in the D03-Fe3Al structure ; (ii)the behaviour of Ti and Zr transition metals in the [sigma]5 (310) [001] grain boundary and their effect on the structural stability of this interface. An important issue when studying these aspects is to take into accounts the effect of temperature. This requires a molecular dynamics treatment of the atoms in the supercell. The technique known as ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) solves these problems by combining on the fly electronic structure calculations with finite temperature dynamics. Thus, our study was conducted both using the conventional static ab initio calculations (0K) as well as by taking into account the effect of temperature (ab initio molecular dynamics)
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