Group-living, within the Hymenoptera, is restricted to taxa in which females return to their nests repeatedly with food for their offspring (multiple provisioning), increasing the opportunities for helping (e.g. by guarding the nest). Some solitary wasps provide only one large prey item per cell (single provisioning). <i>Ammophila sabulosa</i> (Sphecidae) females provision half of their cells singly and half multiply. The costs and benefits of these two alternatives are compared in terms of : a. Total weight of prey (caterpillars) provided. b. Time taken to capture and transport prey. c. The probability of intraspecific theft of prey from cells. d. The incidence of parasitism by miltogrammine flies. There is no evidence that either strategy is more successful than the other. An advantage of flexible provisioning is suggested by a study of <i>Anoplius viaticus</i> (Pompilidae), females of which provision all cells singly with spiders. Despite provisioning prey of a smaller size range than does <i>Ammophila</i>, total prey weight in <i>Anoplius</i> cells is more variable and dependent upon seasonal changes in prey availability. <i>Ammophila</i> females steal caterpillars from each others' nests, and both they and <i>Anoplius</i> females brood-parasitize cells of conspecifics. Intraspecific parasitism as an alternative nesting strategy is discussed and compared with work on other solitary wasps. Patterns of resource utilization are documented for the guild of spider-hunting pompilid wasps at one site. Data were collected on : a. Microhabitat utilization. b. Seasonal occurrence. c. Female size distributions. d. Prey species and sizes. Observed patterns of utilization and overlap are compared with 'neutral' models of guild structure in which various aspects of the species x resources utilized matrix are randomized. Some of the results are consistent with the idea that interspecific competition has partly determined pompilid guild structure, but problems of methodology and interpretation are discussed.

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As práticas alimentares maternas constituem um dos fatores primordiais para o adequado estado nutricional das crianças e para o seu pleno crescimento e desenvolvimento. Entretanto, elas são influenciadas pela questão socioeconômica, escolaridade materna, acesso a serviços de saúde e pelos valores e crenças do entorno cultural das famílias. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever as práticas alimentares de crianças menores de dois anos de idade com baixo peso e baixa estatura para a idade em seguimento em unidades de saúde e analisar relatos maternos acerca da alimentação e desnutrição infantil. Foi realizado um estudo exploratório descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, buscando uma aproximação com os sujeitos pesquisados e um olhar para as experiências maternas no cotidiano. O estudo foi desenvolvido na cidade de Guarapuava-PR e os participantes foram oito crianças, na faixa etária dos 6 aos 24 meses de idade, e suas mães. As técnicas de investigação foram a observação participante e a entrevista semi-estruturada e, a partir da análise temática, buscou-se apreender as estruturas de relevância das práticas alimentares observadas e dos relatos maternos, agrupando em quatro temas: As crianças e mães estudadas, A alimentação da criança no cotidiano dos domicílios, A alimentação na infância: âmbito familiar e social, A alimentação e o cuidado à saúde da criança. Foi possível apreender as características maternas e das crianças, do ambiente e da família; aspectos sobre a história da amamentação, introdução de alimentos complementares, a alimentação da criança, destacando quem prepara, o que prepara, como prepara, os horários, rotinas e local; a alimentação da família, mostrando como ela é diferenciada da alimentação da criança, a situação social das famílias, particularmente com relação à disponibilidade de alimentos nos domicílios, e os programas e equipamentos sociais aos quais as crianças estão vinculadas; além de aspectos ligados à interação entre mães e crianças nos momentos da alimentação, cuidados e percepção das mães com relação à saúde e ao estado nutricional das crianças. Observou-se que a alimentação das crianças era monótona, predominantemente láctea no café da manhã e lanches, e no almoço com alimentos considerados básicos, como arroz, feijão, macarrão, batata e algumas vezes carnes; as hortaliças e frutas eram escassas. Neste estudo, houve um entendimento de que o estado nutricional da criança está ligado a vários aspectos, relativos à amamentação, introdução de alimentos complementares em idade oportuna, alimentação adequada em quantidade e qualidade, higiene, situação social da família, programas sociais e políticas públicas abrangentes, cuidados cotidianos e com a saúde. As famílias trazem valores de sua cultura, que nem sempre estão em consonância com as recomendações dos organismos internacionais e nacionais sobre a saúde e alimentação das crianças. Conhecer o ambiente onde as famílias vivem, a situação de vida e os seus valores e crenças pode ajudar os profissionais de saúde na promoção de práticas alimentares saudáveis e no direcionamento do tratamento de distúrbios nutricionais. Essa aproximação a uma realidade contextualizada e compartilhada pode trazer elementos ricos para a integralidade da atenção à saúde da criança e sua família. / The maternal feeding practices are one of the essential factors for the children\'s right nutritional state as well as for enhancing their physical development. However, they are influenced by the socioeconomical background, the maternal schooling, the access to health public services and by the values and beliefs of the home environment. This work aims to depict the feeding practices of children under 2 years and who have low weight and height for their age. The survey was carried out through observation in Health Units as well as through the analysis of accounts about undernourished children and their feeding. An investigative and descriptive study with a qualitative research was undertaken in order to obtain more detailed and more accurate information about the people who were being investigated and also to have a look at the maternal experience in daily life. This approach was carried out in the City of Guarapuava-PR and the people who joined in it were eight children whose age group was from 6 to 24 months of age and their mothers. The investigation techniques used were the participant observation and semi-structured interviews and, from the thematic analysis, the research intends to seize the significant structures connected with the feeding practices observed and with the maternal reports, ranking them in four subjects: The children and mothers studied, The children\'s feeding in their home\'s daily life, The feeding during the childhood in the family and social circle, The child\'s health care. It was possible to understand the home environment and the surroundings features; to have information on the breastfeeding story, on the introduction of complementary food, as well as on the baby\'s feeding highlighting who prepares it, what is prepared, how it is prepared, the time when it is prepared, the routines and places. The study also enabled to know about the family\'s feeding pointing out how it is different from the child\'s feeding and about the social situation of the families, especially when it is related to the availability of food in the residences, about the social benefit plans people got; furthermore it was possible to check aspects linked with the interaction among the mothers and the children during the feeding, the mother\'s care and awareness of the children\'s health and nutritional condition. It was noted that the children\'s diet was fairly routine with a prevailing consumption of milk for breakfast; snacks and basic food like rice, beans, pasta, potato and sometimes meat for lunch; vegetable and fruit were hardly ever consumed. From this study one is able to realize that the child\'s nutritional condition is connected with many aspects related to the breast-feeding, the introduction of complementary food in the appropriate age, the correct quantity and quality in feeding, the hygiene, the family\'s social situation, the social benefit plans and comprehensive government\'s policies, ordinary cares for the health. Families bring values from their background that not always follow practices recommended by National and International Organizations on children\'s daily cares for the health. It may be useful to health care professionals to know the surroundings where these families live, their life situation, values and beliefs so that it will be easier to establish healthy diet habits and to treat nutritional disorders. This approach is a reality inside a context and if it is shared it can help to have a broader look at the family\'s and at the kids\' health.

The feeding habits and reproduction of Utastansburiana, Crotaphytus collaris and Cnemidophorus tigris during spring and summer 1976 are described. Feeding habits are expressed in percent total number and volume of prey items and frequency of occurrence of each prey category . Importance Values are also calculated. These values better i llustrate the feeding habits of the lizard species than either percent total number and volume and frequency of prey category occurrence. Lizards consume a variety of food items throughout the growing season. Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera and Arachnida are the major prey categories of Q. s t ansburiana . The major prey categories of C. collaris and C. tigris are Orthoptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera and Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Arachnida, respectively. Dietary overlap between species and food species diversities (numbers and volume) are also used to illustrate the feeding habits. Reproduction is assessed by clutch size and frequency . Clutch size of Q. stansburiana , f· collaris and f· tigris is 2.99, 5.38 and 3.07, respectively. All species laid one clutch of eggs in 1976.

As práticas alimentares maternas constituem um dos fatores primordiais para o adequado estado nutricional das crianças e para o seu pleno crescimento e desenvolvimento. Entretanto, elas são influenciadas pela questão socioeconômica, escolaridade materna, acesso a serviços de saúde e pelos valores e crenças do entorno cultural das famílias. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever as práticas alimentares de crianças menores de dois anos de idade com baixo peso e baixa estatura para a idade em seguimento em unidades de saúde e analisar relatos maternos acerca da alimentação e desnutrição infantil. Foi realizado um estudo exploratório descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, buscando uma aproximação com os sujeitos pesquisados e um olhar para as experiências maternas no cotidiano. O estudo foi desenvolvido na cidade de Guarapuava-PR e os participantes foram oito crianças, na faixa etária dos 6 aos 24 meses de idade, e suas mães. As técnicas de investigação foram a observação participante e a entrevista semi-estruturada e, a partir da análise temática, buscou-se apreender as estruturas de relevância das práticas alimentares observadas e dos relatos maternos, agrupando em quatro temas: As crianças e mães estudadas, A alimentação da criança no cotidiano dos domicílios, A alimentação na infância: âmbito familiar e social, A alimentação e o cuidado à saúde da criança. Foi possível apreender as características maternas e das crianças, do ambiente e da família; aspectos sobre a história da amamentação, introdução de alimentos complementares, a alimentação da criança, destacando quem prepara, o que prepara, como prepara, os horários, rotinas e local; a alimentação da família, mostrando como ela é diferenciada da alimentação da criança, a situação social das famílias, particularmente com relação à disponibilidade de alimentos nos domicílios, e os programas e equipamentos sociais aos quais as crianças estão vinculadas; além de aspectos ligados à interação entre mães e crianças nos momentos da alimentação, cuidados e percepção das mães com relação à saúde e ao estado nutricional das crianças. Observou-se que a alimentação das crianças era monótona, predominantemente láctea no café da manhã e lanches, e no almoço com alimentos considerados básicos, como arroz, feijão, macarrão, batata e algumas vezes carnes; as hortaliças e frutas eram escassas. Neste estudo, houve um entendimento de que o estado nutricional da criança está ligado a vários aspectos, relativos à amamentação, introdução de alimentos complementares em idade oportuna, alimentação adequada em quantidade e qualidade, higiene, situação social da família, programas sociais e políticas públicas abrangentes, cuidados cotidianos e com a saúde. As famílias trazem valores de sua cultura, que nem sempre estão em consonância com as recomendações dos organismos internacionais e nacionais sobre a saúde e alimentação das crianças. Conhecer o ambiente onde as famílias vivem, a situação de vida e os seus valores e crenças pode ajudar os profissionais de saúde na promoção de práticas alimentares saudáveis e no direcionamento do tratamento de distúrbios nutricionais. Essa aproximação a uma realidade contextualizada e compartilhada pode trazer elementos ricos para a integralidade da atenção à saúde da criança e sua família. / The maternal feeding practices are one of the essential factors for the children\'s right nutritional state as well as for enhancing their physical development. However, they are influenced by the socioeconomical background, the maternal schooling, the access to health public services and by the values and beliefs of the home environment. This work aims to depict the feeding practices of children under 2 years and who have low weight and height for their age. The survey was carried out through observation in Health Units as well as through the analysis of accounts about undernourished children and their feeding. An investigative and descriptive study with a qualitative research was undertaken in order to obtain more detailed and more accurate information about the people who were being investigated and also to have a look at the maternal experience in daily life. This approach was carried out in the City of Guarapuava-PR and the people who joined in it were eight children whose age group was from 6 to 24 months of age and their mothers. The investigation techniques used were the participant observation and semi-structured interviews and, from the thematic analysis, the research intends to seize the significant structures connected with the feeding practices observed and with the maternal reports, ranking them in four subjects: The children and mothers studied, The children\'s feeding in their home\'s daily life, The feeding during the childhood in the family and social circle, The child\'s health care. It was possible to understand the home environment and the surroundings features; to have information on the breastfeeding story, on the introduction of complementary food, as well as on the baby\'s feeding highlighting who prepares it, what is prepared, how it is prepared, the time when it is prepared, the routines and places. The study also enabled to know about the family\'s feeding pointing out how it is different from the child\'s feeding and about the social situation of the families, especially when it is related to the availability of food in the residences, about the social benefit plans people got; furthermore it was possible to check aspects linked with the interaction among the mothers and the children during the feeding, the mother\'s care and awareness of the children\'s health and nutritional condition. It was noted that the children\'s diet was fairly routine with a prevailing consumption of milk for breakfast; snacks and basic food like rice, beans, pasta, potato and sometimes meat for lunch; vegetable and fruit were hardly ever consumed. From this study one is able to realize that the child\'s nutritional condition is connected with many aspects related to the breast-feeding, the introduction of complementary food in the appropriate age, the correct quantity and quality in feeding, the hygiene, the family\'s social situation, the social benefit plans and comprehensive government\'s policies, ordinary cares for the health. Families bring values from their background that not always follow practices recommended by National and International Organizations on children\'s daily cares for the health. It may be useful to health care professionals to know the surroundings where these families live, their life situation, values and beliefs so that it will be easier to establish healthy diet habits and to treat nutritional disorders. This approach is a reality inside a context and if it is shared it can help to have a broader look at the family\'s and at the kids\' health.

El presente proyecto de un parfait a base de Yogurt Griego, Mix de Frutos Secos, Mix de Frutos Premium y como complemento miel o algarrobina tiene como fin ser una alternativa de desayuno o snack ante el problema de la falta de tiempo en las mañanas para tomar desayuno. Nuestro público objetivo son personas que trabajan o estudian que suelen desayunar y que sus centros de labores y/o estudios se encuentren dentro de la “zona 7”. Se identificó que al público le interesa mucho el embace, cantidad y facilidad de acceso al producto para que pueda cumplir de manera satisfactoria como alternativa para el desayuno. Como canales de venta se ha planteado visitas programadas a empresas, aprovechando la red de contactos que nos brindó la visita a “BNI”, visita a universidades e institutos dentro de la zona 7 y de manera no tradicional por redes sociales. Teniendo a Facebook, Instagram y correo electrónico corporativo como punto de exposición y contacto con los clientes. Para la validación del proyecto se realizó entrevistas, Focus Group, encuestas; así mismo, se realizó la evaluación de proveedores, competidores directos e indirectos, movilidades, entre otros. Lo mencionado, líneas arriba, permitió la elaboración del Plan Financiero, Plan de Recursos Humanos, Plan de Operaciones, Plan de Marketing y Plan de Responsabilidad Social. / The present project of a parfait based on Greek Yogurt, Mix of Nuts, Mix of Premium Fruits and as a complement honey or carob is intended as an alternative of breakfast or snack before the problem of lack of time in the morning to take breakfast. Our target audience are people who work or study who usually have breakfast and that their work centers and / or studies are within the “zone 7”. It was identified that the public is very interested in the package, quantity and ease of access to the product so that it can meet satisfactorily as an alternative for breakfast. As sales channels, planned visits to companies have been proposed, taking advantage of the network of contacts that the visit to “BNI” gave us, visits to universities and institutes within zone 7 and in a non-traditional way through social networks. Having Facebook, Instagram and corporate email as a point of exposure and contact with customers. For the validation of the project, interviews were conducted, Focus Group, surveys; Likewise, the evaluation of suppliers, direct and indirect competitors, mobilities, among others, was carried out. The above mentioned, allowed the preparation of the Financial Plan, Human Resources Plan, Operations Plan, Marketing Plan and Social Responsibility Plan. / Trabajo de investigación

This study is based upon information taken from stomach analysis of 302 black crappie and 561 white crappie; the following data will be presented: 1. Food of adults and fingerlings; 2. Diet variation in relation to food availability; 3. Seasonal variation of feeding habits; 4. Diet variation in relation to size of crappie. Collections were made from ten lakes located in North, East, Central, and South Texas.