No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

The aim of this work was to investigate techniques for controlling the movement of free-ranging rainbow trout. In the first part of the study groups of 50 rainbow trout were successfully conditioned to aggregate at a loudspeaker and feeding point in a 3.5m x 3.5m x 3.5m enclosure in response to a pulsed 140-Hz sound signal played for 10s prior to and during feeding. The development of the response was quantified using three techniques and a study of the factors involved in conditioning showed that, (1) the number of trials was the important criteria in establishing the conditioned response, (2) other fish and the visual cues associated with the experimental environment, as well as the sound signal, were used to mediate the conditioned response and (3) an increase in the size of the conditioning enclosure adversely affected the rate of conditioning. Additional experiments showed that the sound signal amplitude was positively correlated with the number and activity of fish attracted to feed and that conditioned fish "generalized" to frequencies of between 50 and 380Hz. Anaesthesia and handling, and 24 days without training, did not adversely 'affect the conditioned response. In the second part of the study naive fish and fish pre-conditioned to a sound signal were released into an 8-acre loch in two separate experiments. These experiments examined the movements of rainbow trout in relation to an artificial feeding station and showed that fish were attracted to and remained close to the feeding station even in the absence of a sound signal. Preconditioned fish were not attracted to feed using sound although the experimental conditions prevailing at the time of this experiment could have adversely affected the results. A food delivery was, however, a very successful altractant and the possibility of feeding sounds being used in this attraction was investigated, but rejected. The role of other possible cues are discussed. Further experiments quantified the dial changes in the number of fish and the size of the area covered by the group of fish at the feeding station and showed that ration size controlled the numbers aggregating there. The diet and return of stocked rainbow trout were analysed and compared with previous studies. An additional study carried out in an 185acre loch showed that a rainbow trout cage farm had a significant effect on the distribution of rainbow trout within the loch because the cages acted (unintentionally) as supplementary feeding points. Their behaviour is discussed in relation to the results from the previous experiments. Some observations on the swimming behaviour of rainbow ttout in sea cages are also discussed.

A series of in vitro investigations was conducted to study the effects that polyphenolic compounds exerted toward rumen cellulolytic micro-organisms. The effect of the complexing of tannins with proteins on the ruminal degradation and intestinal digestibility of protein was also tested. Five polyphenolic compounds of known molecular mass were selected as representative of hydrolysable tannin (tannic acid) or their molecular components (gallic acid and ellagic acid) and components of condensed tannin (catechin and epicatechin). The effects of polyphenolic compounds on the degradation of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) and ryegrass and on the formation of gas and VFAs by mixed rumen micro-organisms undergoing rumen-like fermentation (consecutive batch culture, CBC) were studied. On a molar and weight basis, tannic acid was the most inhibitory compound towards cellulose degradation and on the production of VFAs followed by ellagic acid, catechin and epicatechin. Low concentrations (up to 10 mM) of gallic acid caused a significant (P < 0.05) stimulation of cellulolysis, gas and VFA formation. This was probably due to the presence of gallate-degrading bacteria in the rumen. The ability of the ruminal fungus Neocallimastix frontalis to degrade cellulose in two different media, to adhere to cellulose, to utilize glucose and to form colonies from zoospores was assessed, in the presence and absence of polyphenolic compounds. The compounds tested were more inhibitory towards fungi grown in a defined medium rather than in a peptide and rumen fluid-containing medium, presumably due to the interactions between the proteins in the medium and the tested compounds. The adhesion of three fractions of the fungi to cellulose was inhibited by the presence of phenolic compounds in the medium.

No description available.

LD2668 .T4 1949 V6 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1957 V82 / Master of Science