The purpose of this study was to evaluate the treatment efficiency of phenol contaminated soils by electrokinetic (EK) process conducted in sand boxes (60 cm¡Ñ30 cm¡Ñ30 cm; L¡ÑW¡ÑH). The electric field strength, electrode polarity reverse, and Fenton reagent were employed as the experimental factors in this study to assess the variations of soil characteristics, potential difference, and residual phenol concentration distribution during a treatment period of 20 days and after the treatment. It was found that the anode reservoir pH decreased to around 2 and the cathode reservoir pH increased to approximately 12 after 2~3 days of treatment in the no electrode polarity reverse system. However, the variation of pH in the anode and cathode reservoirs was less obvious in the case with electrode polarity reverse. No matter a constant potential system or a constant current system was employed, a general trend of a lower pH at the anode reservoir and a higher pH at the cathode reservoir would be found. The acid front generated at the anode reservoir flushed across the soil specimen toward the cathode and the base front advanced toward the anode. However, in the central region of sand box, unsaturated and saturated soil specimen maintain neutral. For EK or EK-Fenton experiments, under the constant potential conditions, the potential difference relative to the cathode versus the distance from anode was found to have a linear relationship at the beginning of the electrical potential application. As the treatment time elapsed, the potential gradient became non-linear. Nevertheless, there was no remarked potential gradient change in the case with electrode polarity reverse. Although capillarity has resulted in an increase of the moisture content of unsaturated soil (from 25.34% to 30% after 20 days), electroosmotic (EO) flow was not obvious in the unsaturated zone. For the experiments with electrode polarity reverse, they had a much greater EO flow quantity, the electroosmotic permeability coefficients for constant potential and constant current systems were 6.42¡Ñ10-6 cm2/V¡Es and 9.47¡Ñ10-6 cm2/V¡Es, respectively. It was also found that the existence of contaminants did reduce the EO flow quantity. Regardless of the employment of a constant potential or constant current system, the maximum destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of phenol was obtained for EK-Fenton process. The maximum DRE values of phenol for both constant potential and constant current systems were found to be 78.06% and 80.11%, respectively. However, the DRE of phenol was found to be much lower for the system with electrode polarity reverse. It was postulated that the destruction efficiency of phenol was less obvious than the removal efficiency in the electrode polarity reverse system. In addition, a frequent reverse of electrode polarity also resulted in a frequent change of EO flow direction. Thus, a flow hysteresis of phenol in the soil compartment was found.

In industrial wastewater, there are usually many kinds of organics and heavy metals and can cause damage on human health and environment without well treatment. Printed Circuit Board (PCB) industrial wastewater is a typical example due to the complicated manufacture processes and the use of specific chemicals. In this study, the PCB industrial wastewater is collected and then treated by the combination of Fenton method and Ferrite Process (or called Fenton-Ferrite Process, FFP). Moreover, the recycling possibility of sludge generated from FFP is also studied. Through this study, the treatment procedure of wastewater containing organics heavy metals is established and the direction of sludge reuse is also provided. To realize the characteristic of PCB industrial wastewater, the wastewater from some PCB factory in southern Taiwan was firstly collected and analyzed to identify the pollution concentrations and then treated by FFP. The experimental results showed that the optimum parameters of Fenton method in FFP were pH = 2, [Fe2+]= 500 mg/L, [H2O2]= 3000 mg/L, reaction time= 60 min and batch dosing, and the residual COD and TOC were 84.9 mg/L and 58.3 mg/L under the COD regulation standard 120 mg/L. Meanwhile, the proper conditions of Ferrite Process in FFP were pH= 10, reaction temperature= 80¢J, reaction time= 40 min, aeration rate= 3 L/min/L wastewater, Fe/Cu molar ratio= 10 and three-stage reaction. Under that circumstance, the residual [Cu2+] in wastewater was 0.18 mg/L and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test of sludge from FFP was 4.58 far below the effluent standard 3 mg/L and TCLP standard 15 mg/L. The properties of sludge were further investigated by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID). The pattern of XRD indicated that the major structures were Fe3O4 and CuFe2O4; the figure of SEM showed that the surface of sludge was composed of many round particles and the distribution of particle size was from 50 nm-100 nm; the magnetic property analyzed by SQUID showed that the saturation moment was 62.85 emu/g. In the research of sludge applied in catalytic incineration, the o-xylene conversion was 97 % by sludge but only 31 % by quartz sand at 400 ¢J. Moreover, in the 72 hr-decay test of catalyst, the results clearly indicated that the performance did not obviously decline and there were no any byproducts but CO2. Therefore, the investigation revealed that the sludge had great potential in catalytic reaction. The catalytic performance of various ferrospinels generated from different manufactured conditions was also studied. Through the screening of catalysts, the order of various ferrospinels activity was Cu-ferrite > Mn-ferrite > ferrite ¡Ü Zn-ferrite and the most effective Cu-ferrite was manufactured at pH= 9 and T= 90 ¢J. After 72 hr test, the decay of catalyst was not also found. In the examination of Cu-ferrite physical property, the XRD pattern showed that the structure was CuFe2O4; the figure of SEM illustrated that there was no difference between the surface of fresh and used catalyst; the magnetic property measured by SQUID showed that the saturation moment was 30.89 emu/g.

Sediments are transported by the flowing water then build up on the bottom of water bodies as the materials settle. Contaminated sediments are composed of soils, sand, organic matters, and other minerals that accumulate on the bottom of water bodies and contain toxic or hazardous materials at levels that may adversely affect human health or the environment. The contaminated deposits can be decomposed and released into liquid phase by dramatic changes on environmental conditions. However, the contaminated deposits have a potential of causing changes of nature water system, especially for aquatic livings. Sediments contaminated by light non-aqueous-phase liquids (e.g., fuel oil) and heavy metal are prevalent and of a great concern. The major advantage of Fenton-like oxidation process is that the reagent components are safe to handle and environmentally benign. However, protective enclosure of contaminants with aged sediment matrices and the hydrophobic nature of contaminants limit their accessibility to treatment agents; these obstacles prevent treatment efforts from widespread successes. The interactions of hydrophobic contaminants with the soil matrix in various ways often limit contaminant availability for remediation. In order to overcome this limitation and increase contact, a novel extraction technique that utilized oxidation agent and elevated pressure in consecutive cycles of compression and decompression was developed and applied to soil slurry in the presence of chelating or oxidation agent. The objective of this study was to design a pressure-cycling system that integrates the oxidation agent. This system has the following advantages over traditional chemical treatment: (1) increased process speed, (2) lower operating costs, and (3) the transition metal elements can catalyze the oxidized pollutants. In this study, fuel oil was selected as the target compounds to evaluate the effectiveness of pressure-cycling system on the treatment of fuel oil contaminated sediment. The oxidizing agent used in this study was H2O2. The operating parameters included system pressure, pressure cycles, oxidizing agent concentration, and reaction time. Results show that approximately 38% of TPH was removed after 120 min of reaction with Fenton-like oxidation without pressurization. However, the removal efficiency increased to 47% under the pressure of 10 bar. Thus, pressure-assisted oxidation system is able to accelerate the oxidation reaction, and cause the remove the removal of TPH more effectively. To enhance TPH removal efficiency effectively and reduce the oxidant amount used, water flushing combined with pressure-assisted system as a pretreatment process was applied. Results show that TPH removal efficiency can be significantly enhanced and the amount of oxidant usage can be reduced when the pressurized water flushing was applied before the oxidation process.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Dallas Theological Seminary, 2004. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-149).

Thesis (D.Min.)--Dallas Theological Seminary, 2004. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-149).

Thesis (D.Min.)--Dallas Theological Seminary, 2004. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-149).

Solid substrate cultivation (SSC) using lignocellulosic non-food feedstock, such as switchgrass, is an alternative for advanced biofuel production. Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) fermentation in two stages using a sequential culture of microorganisms from the class Clostridia is an approach proposed to increase the butanol production. The goal was to test the efficacy of a sequential culture on high solid substrate cultivation in batch and continuous cultivation, and to evaluate conditions to optimize butanol production using switchgrass as substrate. Initial batch experiments were used to determine particle size effect, choice of solvent producer and pretreatment evaluation: The effect of particle size on gas production was surface area-dependent, 2 mm particle size of switchgrass was better fermented by clostridia than the other particle sizes. C. thermocellum improved switchgrass fermentation by C. beijerinckii. Moreover, C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum produced the highest butanol yield on glucose as substrate. The Fenton reaction was studied as a potential pretreatment for switchgrass. C. beijerinckii grew better on Fenton-treated material, but solvent production was low. The major conclusion of the continuous flow on SSC experiment was that there is no statistical difference in the effect of flow rate within the flow range tested.

Na região sul do Brasil, muito aterros sanitários encontram-se próximos a áreas de mineração de carvão, cujos rejeitos são ricos no mineral pirita (FeS2). Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o tratamento de lixiviado de aterro sanitário com coagulantes férricos e ferrosos produzidos a partir da oxidação da pirita em meio aquoso. O lixiviado de aterro sanitário foi coletado no Aterro do Município de Campo Bom no Vale do Rio dos Sinos – RS. Pesquisou-se o efeito da dosagem do coagulante e avaliou-se comparativamente o desempenho com coagulantes comerciais produzidos a partir da dissolução de sucata ferrosa em ácido sulfúrico. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que os coagulantes férricos são eficiente no tratamento por coagulação dos lixiviados em dosagens superiores a 1 g/L. Verificou-se também que os coagulantes ferrosos podem ser aplicados no tratamento do chorume pelo processo Fenton (H2O2/Fe). Foram realizados ensaios considerando diferentes misturas de chorume e DAM, com e sem a adição de H2O2. O efeito de coagulação, em ambos os casos, melhorou as características do efluente em termos de carga orgânica, metais pesados e nutrientes. Porém, quando foi adicionado o H2O2 (Reação de Fenton), o efluente final apresentou melhores resultados em relação a cor, COT (Carbono Orgânico Total), nutrientes e, principalmente, em termos de bactérias do grupo coliforme. Os resultados demonstraram que a drenagem ácida de minas, especialmente as mais concentradas e ricas em Fe+2, podem ser empregadas a baixo custo como fonte de ferro para a Reação de Fenton. Desta maneira, surgem novas tecnologias para o tratamento primário de chorume com o uso de coagulante férricos e ferrosos produzidos a partir da oxidação da pirita presente em rejeitos de carvão. / In southern Brazil, most landfills are close to coal mining areas, whose tailings are rich in the mineral pyrite (FeS2). This work aimed at studying the treatment of landfill leachate with ferrous and ferric coagulants produced from the oxidation of pyrite in aqueous media. The landfill leachate was collected in the landfill of the city of Campo Bom in the region of Vale do Rio dos Sinos – RS, Brazil. The effect of the dosage of coagulant was evaluated and compared performance with commercial coagulants produced from the dissolution of ferrous scrap in sulfuric acid was researched for this paper. The results showed that ferric coagulants are effective in the treatment of leachate by coagulation at dosages greater than 1g / L. It was also found that the ferrous coagulants can be applied in the treatment of leachate by Fenton process (H2O2/Fe). Researches have been performed considering different mixtures of manure and AMD (Acid Mine Drainages), with and without the addition of H2O2. The coagulation effect in both cases, improved the characteristics of the effluent in terms of organic load, heavy metals and nutrients. However, when H2O2 (Fenton reaction) was added, the wastewater showed better results for color, TOC (Total Organic Carbon), nutrients, and especially in terms of coliform bacteria. The results showed that acid mine drainage, especially the most concentrated and rich in Fe +2, can be employed at low cost as a source of iron for the Fenton reaction. Thus, there are new technologies for the primary treatment of manure with the use of ferrous and ferric coagulant produced from the oxidation of pyrite present in coal tailings.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-03-16T15:52:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sarah Borges_Tese Completa.pdf: 42158517 bytes, checksum: 279a80dc4bdf326bab2edfff6641a3ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-05-10T15:09:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Sarah Borges_Tese Completa.pdf: 42158517 bytes, checksum: 279a80dc4bdf326bab2edfff6641a3ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-10T15:09:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sarah Borges_Tese Completa.pdf: 42158517 bytes, checksum: 279a80dc4bdf326bab2edfff6641a3ef (MD5) / CAPES / A limitação das reservas e a crescente demanda de água doce no planeta, assim como as restrições impostas ao lançamento de efluentes no meio ambiente, tem exigido a adoção de estratégias que visem a racionalizar a utilização dos recursos hídricos e a minimizar os impactos negativos relacionados a esses descartes. Os efluentes de plantas industriais, tais como de couro, plásticos, cosméticos, têxteis, borracha e de papel, assim como de processamento de alimentos e de fabricação de corante, contém um ou mais tipos de poluentes tóxicos. Eles têm sido bastante estudados e está bem estabelecido que a sua presença, mesmo em baixas concentrações, causa danos significativos aos seres vivos e ao meio ambiente. Dessa forma, vários processos têm sido desenvolvidos, com o objetivo de eliminá-los em efluentes industriais. Entre eles, a oxidação catalítica com peróxido de hidrogênio surge como um método promissor e eficiente para tratar esses efluentes. Com o intuito de desenvolver um método eficiente na degradação de corantes tóxicos, foi estudada a oxidação do azul de metileno (molécula modelo) com peróxido de hidrogênio sobre óxido de ferro suportado em nanotubos de carbono, obtidos por spray pirólise e decomposição catalítica a vapor. Os catalisadores foram preparados por impregnação de compostos de ferro nos nanotubos de carbono, através de impregnação úmida incipiente e de impregnação em excesso usando microondas. As amostras foram caracterizadas por fluorescência de raios X, difração de raios X, espectroscopia Raman, medida da área superficial específica e porosidade, espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier, redução à temperatura programada, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e termogravimetria. Os catalisadores obtidos foram avaliados na oxidação do azul de metileno em temperatura e pressão ambiente. Observou-se que o método de spray pirólise produziu catalisadores com nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas com maior qualidade estrutural, em relação àqueles obtidos por decomposição catalítica a vapor, que mostraram áreas superficiais específicas mais elevadas. Os métodos de purificação e funcionalização (com os ácidos clorídrico e nítrico) promoveram a eliminação de impurezas e a incorporação de grupos funcionais dos nanotubos, respectivamente. Na síntese dos catalisadores, o método de impregnação úmida incipiente foi mais eficiente quando comparada a impregnação por microondas, formando sólidos com teores de ferro mais próximos dos nominais. Foi observada a formação de hematita sobre os nanotubos não funcionalizados e magnetita sobre aqueles funcionalizados. Todos os catalisadores foram capazes de remover o azul de metileno, em presença e ausência de peróxido de hidrogênio (adsorção e oxidação respectivamente). Em todos os casos, a maior contribuição foi dada pela adsorção. Os nanotubos obtidos pelo método spray pirólise e preparados por impregnação úmida foram mais eficientes na oxidação de azul de metileno, enquanto aqueles preparados por decomposição catalítica a vapor foram mais eficientes como adsorvente / The limited reserves and the growing demand for fresh water on the planet, as well as restrictions on the wastewater disposal into the environment, has required the adoption of strategies aiming to rationalize the use of water resources and minimize the negative impacts related to them. The effluents of industrial plants, such as leather, plastics, cosmetics, textile, rubber and paper as well as food processing and manufacturing dye frequently contain one or more types of toxic pollutants. They have been extensively studied and is well established that they cause significant damage to living beings and to the environment even at low concentrations. Therefore, several processes have been developed in order to eliminate them in industrial wastewater. Among them, the catalytic oxidation with hydrogen peroxide emerges as a promising and efficient method to treat wastewaters. With the aim of developing an efficient method for degradation of toxic dyes, the oxidation methylene blue (model molecule) was studied with hydrogen peroxide on iron oxide supported on carbon nanotubes obtained by spray pyrolysis and catalytic vapor decomposition. The catalysts were prepared by impregnation of iron compounds on the surface of carbon nanotubes by incipient wet impregnation and impregnation in excess using microwave. The samples were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, specific surface area and porosity measurements,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, temperature programmed reduction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetry. The samples were evaluated in the oxidation of methylene blue at room temperature and pressure. It was observed that the spray pyrolysis method produced catalysts based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes with higher quality structure as compared to those obtained by catalytic vapor decomposition, which showed higher specific surface areas. The purification and functionalisation methods (with hydrochloric and nitric acids) promoted the removal of impurities and the incorporation of functional groups on nanotubes, respectively. In the synthesis of the catalysts, the wet incipient impregnation method was more efficient than microwave impregnating, producing solids with iron content closer to the nominal values. Hematite was produced on non-functionalized nanotubes while magnetite was formed on functionalized ones. All catalysts were able to remove the methylene blue in the presence and absence of hydrogen peroxide (adsorption and oxidation respectively). For all cases, the largest contribution is given by adsorption. Nanotubes obtained by spray pyrolysis method and prepared by wet impregnation were more efficient in the oxidation of methylene blue, while those prepared by catalytic vapor decomposition were more efficient as adsorbents.

Na região sul do Brasil, muito aterros sanitários encontram-se próximos a áreas de mineração de carvão, cujos rejeitos são ricos no mineral pirita (FeS2). Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o tratamento de lixiviado de aterro sanitário com coagulantes férricos e ferrosos produzidos a partir da oxidação da pirita em meio aquoso. O lixiviado de aterro sanitário foi coletado no Aterro do Município de Campo Bom no Vale do Rio dos Sinos – RS. Pesquisou-se o efeito da dosagem do coagulante e avaliou-se comparativamente o desempenho com coagulantes comerciais produzidos a partir da dissolução de sucata ferrosa em ácido sulfúrico. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que os coagulantes férricos são eficiente no tratamento por coagulação dos lixiviados em dosagens superiores a 1 g/L. Verificou-se também que os coagulantes ferrosos podem ser aplicados no tratamento do chorume pelo processo Fenton (H2O2/Fe). Foram realizados ensaios considerando diferentes misturas de chorume e DAM, com e sem a adição de H2O2. O efeito de coagulação, em ambos os casos, melhorou as características do efluente em termos de carga orgânica, metais pesados e nutrientes. Porém, quando foi adicionado o H2O2 (Reação de Fenton), o efluente final apresentou melhores resultados em relação a cor, COT (Carbono Orgânico Total), nutrientes e, principalmente, em termos de bactérias do grupo coliforme. Os resultados demonstraram que a drenagem ácida de minas, especialmente as mais concentradas e ricas em Fe+2, podem ser empregadas a baixo custo como fonte de ferro para a Reação de Fenton. Desta maneira, surgem novas tecnologias para o tratamento primário de chorume com o uso de coagulante férricos e ferrosos produzidos a partir da oxidação da pirita presente em rejeitos de carvão. / In southern Brazil, most landfills are close to coal mining areas, whose tailings are rich in the mineral pyrite (FeS2). This work aimed at studying the treatment of landfill leachate with ferrous and ferric coagulants produced from the oxidation of pyrite in aqueous media. The landfill leachate was collected in the landfill of the city of Campo Bom in the region of Vale do Rio dos Sinos – RS, Brazil. The effect of the dosage of coagulant was evaluated and compared performance with commercial coagulants produced from the dissolution of ferrous scrap in sulfuric acid was researched for this paper. The results showed that ferric coagulants are effective in the treatment of leachate by coagulation at dosages greater than 1g / L. It was also found that the ferrous coagulants can be applied in the treatment of leachate by Fenton process (H2O2/Fe). Researches have been performed considering different mixtures of manure and AMD (Acid Mine Drainages), with and without the addition of H2O2. The coagulation effect in both cases, improved the characteristics of the effluent in terms of organic load, heavy metals and nutrients. However, when H2O2 (Fenton reaction) was added, the wastewater showed better results for color, TOC (Total Organic Carbon), nutrients, and especially in terms of coliform bacteria. The results showed that acid mine drainage, especially the most concentrated and rich in Fe +2, can be employed at low cost as a source of iron for the Fenton reaction. Thus, there are new technologies for the primary treatment of manure with the use of ferrous and ferric coagulant produced from the oxidation of pyrite present in coal tailings.