Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pittsburgh, 1915. / Vita.

Thesis (M.S.)--Auburn University, 2008. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-113).

Dollar spot is one of the most common diseases of warm- and cool-season turfgrass stands and is especially devastating on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). The fungus Sclerotinia homoeocarpa degrades the foliage by creating silver, dollar-sized depressions of dead and bleached turf. Frequent fungicide applications and cultural management strategies are required throughout the growing season to prevent or reduce severity of this disease. Previous research has demonstrated that ferrous sulfate applied at 48.8 kg ha-1 suppresses dollar spot epidemics without traditional fungicides. In vitro studies showed 100 to 1,000 mg kg-1 of ferrous sulfate directly suppressed S. homoeocarpa growth of an isolate collected from an established, intensively-maintained creeping bentgrass putting green. Genetic diversity of S. homoeocarpa segregates isolates into two groups; strains generally associated with warm-season and cool-season grasses. It is unknown whether isolates of each group react similarly in the presence of ferrous sulfate. Our research explored use rates of ferrous sulfate required to suppress 50% of dollar spot in the field and in vitro. Ferrous sulfate (heptahydrate 20% Fe, Valudor Products Inc) rates in field trials included 0, 4.88, 24.4, 48.8, and 97.6 kg ha-1. Our results indicate a hyperbolic relationship between ferrous sulfate rate and dollar spot reduction. Using this model, 26.4 kg ha-1 reduced dollar spot incidence by 50%. We concluded that ferrous sulfate suppresses 50% of S. homoeocarpa mycelial growth at between 480 and 720 mg L-1 concentration in 0.25 strength potato dextrose agar in vitro, and fungitoxic activity of ferrous sulfate was dependent primarily on historical fungicide inputs at isolate collection sites. The use of ferrous sulfate may supplement traditional fungicide use. Chlorothalonil is the most common fungicide used to suppress dollar spot in turfgrass. Annual site-use limitations of chlorothalonil often prevent turf managers from achieving acceptable dollar spot control throughout the season. It is not known how ferrous sulfate may contribute to a successful chlorothalonil fungicide program. Therefore, we examined whether ferrous sulfate can be used to minimize chlorothalonil requirements through reducing active ingredient concentrations and extending the longevity, while still maintaining acceptable disease control. Chlorothalonil treatments were applied at 0, 2.28, 4.57, 6.86, and 9.16 kg ai ha-1 (Daconil WeatherStik) across plots treated with and without 48.8 kg ha-1 ferrous sulfate applied bi-weekly. Ferrous sulfate reduced the chlorothalonil rates necessary for 80% disease reduction by 36 to 51% across all trials. Additional studies showed that ferrous sulfate applied with chlorothalonil increased duration of disease control by five days and eliminated two seasonal treatments. Our research expands the guidelines for practical ferrous sulfate usage for dollar spot suppression by elucidating the rate-to-disease relationship and providing best management practices involving admixtures with chlorothalonil. / Master of Science / Turfgrass systems offer many environmental and recreational benefits. Managing turfgrass stands that are free of damaging turf pests is essential to providing aesthetically pleasing lawns, golf courses, and sports fields. Creeping bentgrass is one of the most common turfgrass types found on golf course putting greens but is also used on golf course fairways and tee boxes. There are many diseases that can be found on creeping bentgrass when environmental conditions are favorable. Of these diseases, dollar spot is the most common. When dollar spot is present, half-dollar sized spots of bleached turf can be seen. In order to prevent these easily noticeable spots from appearing, fungicide applications are required in a given growing season to prevent the pathogen from infecting. Available fungicides are very effective at providing control but can be very costly. Beyond fungicide use, other research has shown various cultural practices to reduce disease incidence. Previous research has shown that iron sulfate applied to creeping bentgrass can reduce dollar spot epidemics without the use of fungicides. Laboratory studies have shown a similar trend as ferrous sulfate at varying concentrations directly suppressed dollar spot pathogen growth. In both cases, a limited range of ferrous sulfate rates was tested. To obtain more information we explored use rates of ferrous sulfate required to suppress 50% of dollar spot in the field and in vitro. Ferrous sulfate rates in field trials ranged from 0 to 97.6 kg ha⁻¹ . Results from these trials were used to create a hyperbolic regression. Using this model, we were then able to determine that 26.4 kg ha⁻¹ iron sulfate was required to suppress 50% of the dollar spot in the field. For the laboratory studies we concluded that ferrous sulfate suppresses 50% of the dollar spot pathogen mycelial growth between 480 and 720 mg L ⁻¹ iron sulfate concentrated potato dextrose agar. Although there are many different fungicides available for dollar spot control, the active ingredient chlorothalonil is the most common used. Due to the mode of action which chlorothalonil exhibits, it is much less likely that the pathogen causing dollar spot can become resistant. Although resistance is not an issue, governmental annual site-use limitations restrict turf managers from achieving desirable control. The use of iron sulfate in conjunction with chlorothalonil has not been previously studied. Chlorothalonil treatments were applied at a range of labeled use rates across plots treated with and without 48.8 kg ha⁻¹ ferrous sulfate applied bi-weekly. Ferrous sulfate reduced the chlorothalonil rates necessary for disease reduction. If a threshold of 80% is used, up to 50% reduction in chlorothalonil use was observed. Supplemental studies investigating the duration of control achieved by the combination showed an increase of up to 5 days and eliminated the need for two applications across one season. This research fills a huge gap in our knowledge base on the practical use of iron sulfate for dollar spot control.

Ferrous sulfate, commercially known as copperas, is a by-product of many industries such as the steel industry where steel is “pickled” in sulfuric acid previous to galvanizing, and in ore refining where sulfuric acid is used to remove undesirable impurities consisting chiefly of iron materials. One of the chief uses of copperas is as a coagulant in water treatment. Crude copperas, as produced, does not meet these specifications and must be refined and reworked before it is suitable for use. Consequently, in many instances no attempt is made to make further use of the copperas and it is dumped aside as refuse. It is the purpose of this investigation to use this crude copperas to produce an iron salt suitable for use as a coagulant. Crude copperas can be used to make a solution of ferric chloride by reacting it with calcium chloride, filtering off the precipitate of calcium sulfate, and oxidizing the ferrous iron to ferric iron with chlorine gas. The calcium content of the ferric chloride solution is low enough so that the hardness of water treated with i it will not be appreciably increased. / M.S.

O estudo teve por objetivos caracterizar as crianças na faixa etária entre seis meses e 11 meses e 29 dias em seguimento em unidades de saúde da família, de acordo com dados de nascimento, maternos, alimentação e socioeconômicos; descrever aspectos sobre a prevenção da anemia ferropriva, com destaque para o uso preventivo do sulfato ferroso na perspectiva do cuidador principal da criança; e identificar elementos facilitadores e dificultadores da prevenção da anemia ferropriva na infância. Estudo descritivo e exploratório, desenvolvido em duas fases, sendo a primeira etapa com coleta de dados secundários de 183 prontuários, caracterizando o perfil das crianças de seis meses a 11 meses e 29 dias de idade em seguimento na estratégia saúde da família. Na segunda etapa, foram realizadas 12 entrevistas com o cuidador principal da criança, para apreender suas noções acerca da prevenção da anemia ferropriva e o uso do sulfato ferroso em crianças. Os resultados apontam informações sobre aleitamento materno, introdução da alimentação complementar, conhecimento sobre alimentos e formas de prevenção da anemia ferropriva, identificadas como elementos facilitadores para a prevenção dessa enfermidade. Por outro lado, o pouco reconhecimento sobre a enfermidade e seus malefícios à saúde da criança, o baixo número de crianças com prescrição do sulfato ferroso e a interrupção do uso do sulfato ferroso foram considerados como elementos que dificultam a prevenção da anemia ferropriva. O estudo conclui que o incentivo e apoio ao aleitamento materno exclusivo, o monitoramento do desmame precoce, a introdução de alimentos saudáveis, as informações sobre a anemia ferropriva e o uso cotidiano do sulfato ferroso em crianças devem ser mais bem trabalhados com as famílias e equipes de saúde da família, tendo em vista a promoção de práticas alimentares saudáveis e das práticas educativas em saúde. A presente investigação traz contribuições para expandir a prevenção de agravos e promoção da saúde infantil, particularmente com vistas ao manejo e diminuição da prevalência da anemia ferropriva em crianças / The objective of the study was to characterize children in the age group between six months and 11 months and 29 days in follow-up in family health units, according to birth, maternal, feeding and socioeconomic data; To describe aspects about the prevention of iron deficiency anemia, especially the preventive use of ferrous sulfate from the perspective of the child\'s primary caregiver; And to identify elements that facilitate and impede the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in childhood. A descriptive and exploratory study was carried out in two phases, the first stage with secondary data collection of 183 charts, characterizing the profile of children from six months to 11 months and 29 days of age in a follow-up in the family health strategy. In the second stage, 12 interviews were carried out with the child\'s primary caregiver to learn their notions about the prevention of iron deficiency anemia and the use of ferrous sulfate in children. The results point to information about breastfeeding, introduction of complementary feeding, knowledge about food and ways of preventing iron deficiency anemia, identified as facilitating factors for the prevention of this disease. On the other hand, the lack of recognition of the disease and its harmful effects on the health of the child, the low number of children with iron sulfate prescription and the interruption of the use of ferrous sulfate were considered as elements that make it difficult to prevent iron deficiency anemia. The study concludes that encouraging and supporting exclusive breastfeeding, monitoring early weaning, introducing healthy foods, reporting on iron deficiency anemia, and daily use of ferrous sulfate in children should be better handled with families and family health teams; the promotion of healthy eating practices and educational practices in health. The present research brings contributions to expand the prevention of injuries and promotion of child health, particularly with a view to the management and reduction of the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in children

A deficiência de ferro e a anemia por deficiência de ferro (anemia ferropriva) são, ainda hoje, um dos maiores problemas nutricionais e de saúde pública em todo o mundo, afeta cerca de 2 bilhões de pessoas, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento. Em geral os programas de prevenção e tratamento da anemia apresentam baixa adesão devido entre outros fatores a efeitos colaterais relacionados ao sistema gastrointestinal, resultantes da administração oral de compostos contendo ferro especialmente o sulfato ferroso. Dessa maneira, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias, compostos ou sistemas de liberação, que apresentem alta biodisponibilidade do ferro e minimizem ou eliminem os efeitos colaterais. Nesse sentido, o complexo ferro-peptídeo (CFP), devido as suas características físico-químicas que contrastam com aquelas apresentadas pelo sulfato ferroso (SF), torna-se uma possível alternativa como fonte de ferro. É um complexo orgânico com baixa solubilidade em pH ácido e totalmente solúvel em pH neutro a alcalino. Baseado nessas características, nos aumentos das ferremias (teores de ferro sérico ligado a apotransferrina) que ocorrem, em seres humanos, durante o período diurno observados por Wiltink et al. (1973) e no estudo realizado em ratos, por Dutra-de-Oliveira et al. (1995) comprovando resultados similares entre o sulfato ferroso e os complexos ferro-glicina e EDTA férrico, as hipóteses do presente estudo quando o complexo ferro-peptídeo é administrado por via oral, em homens saudáveis, foram: 1) induz aumentos significativos das ferremias quando comparados com os aumentos das ferremias controle (C), determinados sem a administração de ferro; 2) induz aumentos significativos iguais ou superiores aos determinados após a administração de sulfato ferroso utilizado como referência. Portanto, com o objetivo de testar as hipóteses, foram comparadas estatisticamente as variações das ferremias controle e as induzidas pelas administrações, de complexo ferro-peptídeo e sulfato ferroso. Essas variações foram determinadas a partir das diferenças entre as ferremias obtidas nas amostras coletadas de 10 homens adultos saudáveis, nos tempos: 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 e 720 minutos (’) e as obtidas no tempo zero, contados a partir do início da coleta. Cada voluntário submeteu-se aos tratamentos: recebeu no tempo 0, em jejum de 480’, com intervalo de 7 dias, as seguintes quantidades de ferro: 0mg (C), 60mg (FP1) e 80mg (FP2) como CFP, 60mg como SF, permanecendo por mais 720’ em jejum e 60mg como CFP com dieta isenta de inibidores de absorção de ferro durante e após a administração (FPD). O teste de Dunn demonstrou aumentos significativos das ferremias entre SFxC [60’(p<0,01), 120’(p<0,01), 240’(p<0,01)], SFxFP1 [120’(p<0,01), 240’(p<0,05), 480’(p<0,05)] e SFxFPD [240’(p<0,01), 480’(p<0,05)]. Entre as áreas sob as curvas ocorreram aumentos significativos nos intervalos de tempo: 0’–240’ [SFxC (p<0,01), SFxFP1 (p<0,05)], 240’–720’ [SFxFP1 (p<0,05), SFxFPD (p<0,05)] e 0’–720’ [SFxC (p<0,05), SFxFP1 (p<0,05), SFxFPD (p<0,05)]. Conclusões: As hipóteses iniciais não foram confirmadas. Não foram significativos os aumentos das ferremias após as administrações do complexo ferro-peptídeo quando comparados com os aumentos das ferremias controle, nos respectivos tempos. Esses aumentos foram significativamente menores que os determinados após a administração de sulfato ferroso, com exceção aos decorrentes da administração de complexo ferro-peptídeo em quantidade equivalente a 80 mg de ferro. / Iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia continue to be major nutritional and public health problems all over the world, affecting about 2 billion people, especially in developing countries. In general, programs for the prevention and treatment of anemia present low adhesion due, among other factors, to the side effects related to the gastrointestinal system resulting from the oral administration of iron-containing compounds, especially ferrous sulfate. Thus, it is necessary to develop new strategies, compounds or release systems presenting high iron bioavailability and minimizing or eliminating side effects. In this respect, the iron-peptide complex (IPC), due to its physicochemical characteristics differing from those of ferrous sulfate (FS), represents a possible alternative as a source of iron. It is an organic complex of low solubility at acid pH and fully soluble at neutral or alkaline pH. Based on these characteristics, on the increased blood iron concentrations (levels of serum iron bound to apotransferrin) occurring in human beings during the diurnal period as observed by Wiltink et al. (1973), and on the similar results obtained with FS and the iron-glycine and ferric EDTA complexes by Dutra-de-Oliveira et al. (1995) in a study on rats, the hypotheses tested in the present study in which the iron-peptide complex was administered orally to healthy men were: 1) the complex induces significant increases in blood iron concentrations compared to control (C) subjects receiving no iron administration; 2) induces significant increases equal to or higher than those obtained after administration of SF used as reference. Thus, in order to test these hypotheses, we compared statistically the variations in control blood iron concentrations and the concentrations induced by the administration of the iron-peptide complex and SF. The variations were determined from the difference between the blood iron concentrations obtained in samples collected from 10 healthy adult men at 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 and 720 minutes (’) and those obtained at time zero, counted starting from the beginning of collection. Each volunteer was submitted to the following treatments: at time 0, after a 480’fast he received at 7 day intervals the following amounts of iron: 0 mg (C), 60 mg (FP1) and 80 mg (FP2) as IPC, and 60 mg as FS. He then fasted for an additional 720’ and received 60 mg as IPC together with a diet free of inhibitors of iron absorption during and after administration (FPD). The Dunn test demonstrated significant increases in blood iron concentrations for FSxC [60’(p<0.01), 120’(p<0.01), 240’(p<0.01)], FSxFP1 [120’(p<0.01), 240’(p<0.05), 480’(p<0.05)] and FSxFPD [240’(p<0.01), and 480’(p<0.05)]. Significant increases occurred in the areas under the curve for the following comparisons at the following intervals: 0’–240’ [FSxC (p<0.01), FSxFP1 (p<0.05)], 240’–720’ [FSxFP1 (p<0.05), FSxFPD (p<0.05)] e 0’–720’ [FSxC (p<0.05), FSxFP1 (p<0.05), and FSxFPD (p<0.05)]. Conclusions: The initial hypotheses were not confirmed since the increase in blood iron concentrations after the administration of the iron-peptide complex was not significant compared to the increase in control blood iron concentration at the respective time points. These increases were significantly lower than those obtained after SF administration, except for those obtained after the administration of the iron-peptide complex at a quantity equivalent to 80 mg iron.

O estudo teve por objetivos caracterizar as crianças na faixa etária entre seis meses e 11 meses e 29 dias em seguimento em unidades de saúde da família, de acordo com dados de nascimento, maternos, alimentação e socioeconômicos; descrever aspectos sobre a prevenção da anemia ferropriva, com destaque para o uso preventivo do sulfato ferroso na perspectiva do cuidador principal da criança; e identificar elementos facilitadores e dificultadores da prevenção da anemia ferropriva na infância. Estudo descritivo e exploratório, desenvolvido em duas fases, sendo a primeira etapa com coleta de dados secundários de 183 prontuários, caracterizando o perfil das crianças de seis meses a 11 meses e 29 dias de idade em seguimento na estratégia saúde da família. Na segunda etapa, foram realizadas 12 entrevistas com o cuidador principal da criança, para apreender suas noções acerca da prevenção da anemia ferropriva e o uso do sulfato ferroso em crianças. Os resultados apontam informações sobre aleitamento materno, introdução da alimentação complementar, conhecimento sobre alimentos e formas de prevenção da anemia ferropriva, identificadas como elementos facilitadores para a prevenção dessa enfermidade. Por outro lado, o pouco reconhecimento sobre a enfermidade e seus malefícios à saúde da criança, o baixo número de crianças com prescrição do sulfato ferroso e a interrupção do uso do sulfato ferroso foram considerados como elementos que dificultam a prevenção da anemia ferropriva. O estudo conclui que o incentivo e apoio ao aleitamento materno exclusivo, o monitoramento do desmame precoce, a introdução de alimentos saudáveis, as informações sobre a anemia ferropriva e o uso cotidiano do sulfato ferroso em crianças devem ser mais bem trabalhados com as famílias e equipes de saúde da família, tendo em vista a promoção de práticas alimentares saudáveis e das práticas educativas em saúde. A presente investigação traz contribuições para expandir a prevenção de agravos e promoção da saúde infantil, particularmente com vistas ao manejo e diminuição da prevalência da anemia ferropriva em crianças / The objective of the study was to characterize children in the age group between six months and 11 months and 29 days in follow-up in family health units, according to birth, maternal, feeding and socioeconomic data; To describe aspects about the prevention of iron deficiency anemia, especially the preventive use of ferrous sulfate from the perspective of the child\'s primary caregiver; And to identify elements that facilitate and impede the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in childhood. A descriptive and exploratory study was carried out in two phases, the first stage with secondary data collection of 183 charts, characterizing the profile of children from six months to 11 months and 29 days of age in a follow-up in the family health strategy. In the second stage, 12 interviews were carried out with the child\'s primary caregiver to learn their notions about the prevention of iron deficiency anemia and the use of ferrous sulfate in children. The results point to information about breastfeeding, introduction of complementary feeding, knowledge about food and ways of preventing iron deficiency anemia, identified as facilitating factors for the prevention of this disease. On the other hand, the lack of recognition of the disease and its harmful effects on the health of the child, the low number of children with iron sulfate prescription and the interruption of the use of ferrous sulfate were considered as elements that make it difficult to prevent iron deficiency anemia. The study concludes that encouraging and supporting exclusive breastfeeding, monitoring early weaning, introducing healthy foods, reporting on iron deficiency anemia, and daily use of ferrous sulfate in children should be better handled with families and family health teams; the promotion of healthy eating practices and educational practices in health. The present research brings contributions to expand the prevention of injuries and promotion of child health, particularly with a view to the management and reduction of the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in children

O chumbo (Pb) é um metal pesado, tóxico e está presente em diversos sistemas biológicos. Quando absorvido pelo organismo na forma iônica (Pb2+) atua em vários órgãos e sistemas, podendo ocasionar alterações graves no sistema nervoso central. Em adição, tem sido relatado que o íon ferroso (Fe2+) pode apresentar, entre outros, um efeito protetor na neurotoxicidade causada pelo Pb2+. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os marcadores de estresse oxidativo no cérebro de ratos expostos com acetato de chumbo (Pb(C2H3O2)2) associado ou não ao sulfato ferroso (FeSO4). Assim, 36 ratos machos (Rattus norvergicus) recém desmamados, divididos em 6 grupos (G), de 6 animais cada, foram expostos durante 6 semanas. No grupo controle (G1) os animais ingeriram água deionizada; G2 e G3 receberam 0,26 mM e G4 e G5 1,05 mM de acetato de chumbo, somado a isso G3 e G5 foram suplementados com 20 mg de sulfato ferroso/Kg peso corporal a cada 2 dias; e para G6 utilizou-se água deionizada e sulfato ferroso. O cérebro dos animais foi coletado para a análise da atividade enzimática de catalase (CAT), superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), a concentração de glutationa reduzida (GSH), lipoperoxidação (TBARS), hidroperóxido de lipídio (HL) e das substâncias antioxidantes totais (SAT) (técnicas ABTS e DPPH). A atividade das enzimas GPx e SOD nos grupos experimentais diminuiu em relação ao controle, assim como ocorreu com a concentração de GSH (p<0,05). Quanto às análises de HL e CAT, a primeira apresentou tendência de aumento na concentração dos grupos experimentais sem exposição concomitante, já a segunda demonstrou discreta inclinação de aumento na atividade em relação ao controle (p>0,05). A dosagem de SAT-ABTS mostrou aumento nos grupos expostos com 1,05 mM de acetato de chumbo. Em relação à SAT-DPPH houve diminuição nos grupos experimentais (p<0,05). De acordo com os resultados, as enzimas SOD e GPX e a GSH são afetadas pelo acetato de chumbo e a exposição ao sulfato ferroso altera essa dinâmica. No entanto, estudos posteriores são necessários para verificar se o sulfato ferroso funcionaria como protetor ao efeito tóxico do acetato de chumbo. / Lead (Pb2+) is a toxic heavy metal, found in all stages of the inert environment and in several biological systems. When uptaken by the organism, acts on several organs and systems and may cause severe damage in Central Nervous System. In addition, it has been reported that iron (Fe2+) may present, a protective effect on neurotoxicity caused by Pb2+. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the markers of oxidative stress in the brain of rats exposed with lead acetate (Pb(C2H3O2)2) associated or not with ferrous sulfate (FeSO4). Thus, 36 rats weaning (Rattus norvegicus) were, divided into 6 groups (G) of six animals and were exposed for six weeks.In the control group (G1), the animals received deionized water; G2 and G3 received 0,26 mM, G4 and G5 1,05 mM of lead acetate; in addition to this G3 and G5 were supplemented with 20mg of ferrous sulfate/Kg body weight every 2 days; G6 received deionized water and ferrous sulfate were used. The animals\' brains were collected for analysis of the enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxide (LH) and total antioxidant substances (TAS) (ABTS and DPPH technics). The activity of the enzymes SOD and GPx in the experimental groups decrease compared to control, as well as the concentration of GSH (p<0.05). Concerning to the analysis of HL and CAT, the first tended to increase the concentration in experimental groups without concomitant exposure with FeSO4, while the second showed a slight tendency for increase in activity compared to control (p>0.05). The dosage of TAS-ABTS showed an increase in the groups exposed with 1,05 mM of lead acetate. Regarding the SAT- DPPH there was a decrease in the experimental groups (p <0.05). According to the results, the enzymes SOD and GPx and GSH were affected by lead acetate and exposure with ferrous sulfate change this dynamic. However, further studies are needed to verify if ferrous sulfate acts as a protective against toxic effect of lead acetate.

O chumbo (Pb) é um metal pesado, tóxico e está presente em diversos sistemas biológicos. Quando absorvido pelo organismo na forma iônica (Pb2+) atua em vários órgãos e sistemas, podendo ocasionar alterações graves no sistema nervoso central. Em adição, tem sido relatado que o íon ferroso (Fe2+) pode apresentar, entre outros, um efeito protetor na neurotoxicidade causada pelo Pb2+. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os marcadores de estresse oxidativo no cérebro de ratos expostos com acetato de chumbo (Pb(C2H3O2)2) associado ou não ao sulfato ferroso (FeSO4). Assim, 36 ratos machos (Rattus norvergicus) recém desmamados, divididos em 6 grupos (G), de 6 animais cada, foram expostos durante 6 semanas. No grupo controle (G1) os animais ingeriram água deionizada; G2 e G3 receberam 0,26 mM e G4 e G5 1,05 mM de acetato de chumbo, somado a isso G3 e G5 foram suplementados com 20 mg de sulfato ferroso/Kg peso corporal a cada 2 dias; e para G6 utilizou-se água deionizada e sulfato ferroso. O cérebro dos animais foi coletado para a análise da atividade enzimática de catalase (CAT), superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), a concentração de glutationa reduzida (GSH), lipoperoxidação (TBARS), hidroperóxido de lipídio (HL) e das substâncias antioxidantes totais (SAT) (técnicas ABTS e DPPH). A atividade das enzimas GPx e SOD nos grupos experimentais diminuiu em relação ao controle, assim como ocorreu com a concentração de GSH (p<0,05). Quanto às análises de HL e CAT, a primeira apresentou tendência de aumento na concentração dos grupos experimentais sem exposição concomitante, já a segunda demonstrou discreta inclinação de aumento na atividade em relação ao controle (p>0,05). A dosagem de SAT-ABTS mostrou aumento nos grupos expostos com 1,05 mM de acetato de chumbo. Em relação à SAT-DPPH houve diminuição nos grupos experimentais (p<0,05). De acordo com os resultados, as enzimas SOD e GPX e a GSH são afetadas pelo acetato de chumbo e a exposição ao sulfato ferroso altera essa dinâmica. No entanto, estudos posteriores são necessários para verificar se o sulfato ferroso funcionaria como protetor ao efeito tóxico do acetato de chumbo. / Lead (Pb2+) is a toxic heavy metal, found in all stages of the inert environment and in several biological systems. When uptaken by the organism, acts on several organs and systems and may cause severe damage in Central Nervous System. In addition, it has been reported that iron (Fe2+) may present, a protective effect on neurotoxicity caused by Pb2+. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the markers of oxidative stress in the brain of rats exposed with lead acetate (Pb(C2H3O2)2) associated or not with ferrous sulfate (FeSO4). Thus, 36 rats weaning (Rattus norvegicus) were, divided into 6 groups (G) of six animals and were exposed for six weeks.In the control group (G1), the animals received deionized water; G2 and G3 received 0,26 mM, G4 and G5 1,05 mM of lead acetate; in addition to this G3 and G5 were supplemented with 20mg of ferrous sulfate/Kg body weight every 2 days; G6 received deionized water and ferrous sulfate were used. The animals\' brains were collected for analysis of the enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxide (LH) and total antioxidant substances (TAS) (ABTS and DPPH technics). The activity of the enzymes SOD and GPx in the experimental groups decrease compared to control, as well as the concentration of GSH (p<0.05). Concerning to the analysis of HL and CAT, the first tended to increase the concentration in experimental groups without concomitant exposure with FeSO4, while the second showed a slight tendency for increase in activity compared to control (p>0.05). The dosage of TAS-ABTS showed an increase in the groups exposed with 1,05 mM of lead acetate. Regarding the SAT- DPPH there was a decrease in the experimental groups (p <0.05). According to the results, the enzymes SOD and GPx and GSH were affected by lead acetate and exposure with ferrous sulfate change this dynamic. However, further studies are needed to verify if ferrous sulfate acts as a protective against toxic effect of lead acetate.

A deficiência de ferro e a anemia por deficiência de ferro (anemia ferropriva) são, ainda hoje, um dos maiores problemas nutricionais e de saúde pública em todo o mundo, afeta cerca de 2 bilhões de pessoas, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento. Em geral os programas de prevenção e tratamento da anemia apresentam baixa adesão devido entre outros fatores a efeitos colaterais relacionados ao sistema gastrointestinal, resultantes da administração oral de compostos contendo ferro especialmente o sulfato ferroso. Dessa maneira, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias, compostos ou sistemas de liberação, que apresentem alta biodisponibilidade do ferro e minimizem ou eliminem os efeitos colaterais. Nesse sentido, o complexo ferro-peptídeo (CFP), devido as suas características físico-químicas que contrastam com aquelas apresentadas pelo sulfato ferroso (SF), torna-se uma possível alternativa como fonte de ferro. É um complexo orgânico com baixa solubilidade em pH ácido e totalmente solúvel em pH neutro a alcalino. Baseado nessas características, nos aumentos das ferremias (teores de ferro sérico ligado a apotransferrina) que ocorrem, em seres humanos, durante o período diurno observados por Wiltink et al. (1973) e no estudo realizado em ratos, por Dutra-de-Oliveira et al. (1995) comprovando resultados similares entre o sulfato ferroso e os complexos ferro-glicina e EDTA férrico, as hipóteses do presente estudo quando o complexo ferro-peptídeo é administrado por via oral, em homens saudáveis, foram: 1) induz aumentos significativos das ferremias quando comparados com os aumentos das ferremias controle (C), determinados sem a administração de ferro; 2) induz aumentos significativos iguais ou superiores aos determinados após a administração de sulfato ferroso utilizado como referência. Portanto, com o objetivo de testar as hipóteses, foram comparadas estatisticamente as variações das ferremias controle e as induzidas pelas administrações, de complexo ferro-peptídeo e sulfato ferroso. Essas variações foram determinadas a partir das diferenças entre as ferremias obtidas nas amostras coletadas de 10 homens adultos saudáveis, nos tempos: 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 e 720 minutos (’) e as obtidas no tempo zero, contados a partir do início da coleta. Cada voluntário submeteu-se aos tratamentos: recebeu no tempo 0, em jejum de 480’, com intervalo de 7 dias, as seguintes quantidades de ferro: 0mg (C), 60mg (FP1) e 80mg (FP2) como CFP, 60mg como SF, permanecendo por mais 720’ em jejum e 60mg como CFP com dieta isenta de inibidores de absorção de ferro durante e após a administração (FPD). O teste de Dunn demonstrou aumentos significativos das ferremias entre SFxC [60’(p<0,01), 120’(p<0,01), 240’(p<0,01)], SFxFP1 [120’(p<0,01), 240’(p<0,05), 480’(p<0,05)] e SFxFPD [240’(p<0,01), 480’(p<0,05)]. Entre as áreas sob as curvas ocorreram aumentos significativos nos intervalos de tempo: 0’–240’ [SFxC (p<0,01), SFxFP1 (p<0,05)], 240’–720’ [SFxFP1 (p<0,05), SFxFPD (p<0,05)] e 0’–720’ [SFxC (p<0,05), SFxFP1 (p<0,05), SFxFPD (p<0,05)]. Conclusões: As hipóteses iniciais não foram confirmadas. Não foram significativos os aumentos das ferremias após as administrações do complexo ferro-peptídeo quando comparados com os aumentos das ferremias controle, nos respectivos tempos. Esses aumentos foram significativamente menores que os determinados após a administração de sulfato ferroso, com exceção aos decorrentes da administração de complexo ferro-peptídeo em quantidade equivalente a 80 mg de ferro. / Iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia continue to be major nutritional and public health problems all over the world, affecting about 2 billion people, especially in developing countries. In general, programs for the prevention and treatment of anemia present low adhesion due, among other factors, to the side effects related to the gastrointestinal system resulting from the oral administration of iron-containing compounds, especially ferrous sulfate. Thus, it is necessary to develop new strategies, compounds or release systems presenting high iron bioavailability and minimizing or eliminating side effects. In this respect, the iron-peptide complex (IPC), due to its physicochemical characteristics differing from those of ferrous sulfate (FS), represents a possible alternative as a source of iron. It is an organic complex of low solubility at acid pH and fully soluble at neutral or alkaline pH. Based on these characteristics, on the increased blood iron concentrations (levels of serum iron bound to apotransferrin) occurring in human beings during the diurnal period as observed by Wiltink et al. (1973), and on the similar results obtained with FS and the iron-glycine and ferric EDTA complexes by Dutra-de-Oliveira et al. (1995) in a study on rats, the hypotheses tested in the present study in which the iron-peptide complex was administered orally to healthy men were: 1) the complex induces significant increases in blood iron concentrations compared to control (C) subjects receiving no iron administration; 2) induces significant increases equal to or higher than those obtained after administration of SF used as reference. Thus, in order to test these hypotheses, we compared statistically the variations in control blood iron concentrations and the concentrations induced by the administration of the iron-peptide complex and SF. The variations were determined from the difference between the blood iron concentrations obtained in samples collected from 10 healthy adult men at 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 and 720 minutes (’) and those obtained at time zero, counted starting from the beginning of collection. Each volunteer was submitted to the following treatments: at time 0, after a 480’fast he received at 7 day intervals the following amounts of iron: 0 mg (C), 60 mg (FP1) and 80 mg (FP2) as IPC, and 60 mg as FS. He then fasted for an additional 720’ and received 60 mg as IPC together with a diet free of inhibitors of iron absorption during and after administration (FPD). The Dunn test demonstrated significant increases in blood iron concentrations for FSxC [60’(p<0.01), 120’(p<0.01), 240’(p<0.01)], FSxFP1 [120’(p<0.01), 240’(p<0.05), 480’(p<0.05)] and FSxFPD [240’(p<0.01), and 480’(p<0.05)]. Significant increases occurred in the areas under the curve for the following comparisons at the following intervals: 0’–240’ [FSxC (p<0.01), FSxFP1 (p<0.05)], 240’–720’ [FSxFP1 (p<0.05), FSxFPD (p<0.05)] e 0’–720’ [FSxC (p<0.05), FSxFP1 (p<0.05), and FSxFPD (p<0.05)]. Conclusions: The initial hypotheses were not confirmed since the increase in blood iron concentrations after the administration of the iron-peptide complex was not significant compared to the increase in control blood iron concentration at the respective time points. These increases were significantly lower than those obtained after SF administration, except for those obtained after the administration of the iron-peptide complex at a quantity equivalent to 80 mg iron.