Theoretical and experimental studies of real-time interrogation of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors based on chirped pulse compression with increased interrogation resolution and signal-to-noise ratio are presented. Two interrogation systems are proposed in this thesis. In the first interrogation system, a linearly chirped FBG (LCFBG) is employed as the sensing element. By incorporating the LCFBG in an optical interferometer as the sensor encoding system, employing wavelength-to-time mapping and chirped pulse compression technique, the correlation of output microwave waveform with a chirped reference waveform would provide an interrogation result with high speed and high resolution. The proposed system can provide an interrogation resolution as high as 0.25 μ at a speed of 48.6 MHz. The second interrogation system is designed to achieve simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature. In this system, a high-birefringence LCFBG (Hi-Bi LCFBG) is employed as a sensing element.

The objective of this thesis was to develop applications of monolithic fiber devices and actively controlled fibers. A special twin-core fiber known as a ‘Gemini’ fiber was used to construct equal arm-length fiber interferometers, impervious to temperature and mechanical perturbations. A broadband add/drop multiplexer was constructed by inscribing fiber Bragg gratings in the arms of a Gemini Mach-Zehnder interferometer. A broadband interferometric nanosecond switch was constructed from a micro-structured Gemini fiber with incorporated metal electrodes. Additionally, a Michelson fiber interferometer was built from an asymmetric twin-core fiber and used as a high-temperature sensor. While the device could be readily used to measure temperatures below 300 °C, an annealing process was required to extend the range up to 700 °C. The work included development, construction and evaluation of the components along with numerical simulations to estimate their behaviors and to understand the underlying processes. The thesis also explored the use of electrically controlled fibers for filtering in the microwave domain. An ultra-narrow phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating inscribed in a fiber with internal electrodes was used as a scanning filter to measure modulation frequencies applied to an optical carrier. A similar grating was used inside a dual-wavelength fiber laser cavity, to generated tunable microwave beat frequencies. The studied monolithic fiber interferometers and actively controlled fibers provide excellent building blocks in such varied field as in microwave photonics, telecommunications, sensors, and high-speed switching, and will allow for further applications in the future. / Syftet med denna avhandling var att utveckla tillämpningar av monolitiska fiber komponenter samt aktivt kontrollerbara fiber. En speciell tvillingkärnefiber, även kallad ’Geminifiber’ användes för att konstruera fiber interferometrar med identisk armlängd som ej påverkas av termiska och mekaniska variationer. En bredbanding utbytarmultiplexor konstruerades genom att skriva in fiber Bragg gitter inuti grenarna på en Gemini Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Geminifibrer med interna metallelektroder användes för att konstruera en bredbandig nanosekundsnabb interferometrisk fiberomkopplare. Därtill användes en tvillingkärnefiber som en hög-temperatursensor. Även om komponenten direkt kan användas upp till 300 °C, måste den värmebehandlas för att kunna användas upp till 700 °C. Arbetet har innefattat utveckling, konstruktion och utvärdering av komponenterna parallellt med numeriska simuleringar för att analysera deras beteenden samt få insikt om de underliggande fysikaliska processerna. Avhandlingen behandlar även tillämpningar av en elektriskt styrbar fiber för att filtrera radiofrekvenser. Ett ultrasmalt fasskiftat fiber Bragg gitter skrevs in i en fiber med interna elektroder och användes som ett svepande filter för att mäta modulationsfrekvensen på en optisk bärfrekvens. Ett liknande gitter användes inuti en laserkavitet för att generera två olika våglängder samtidigt. Dessa två våglängder användes sedan för att generera en svävningsfrekvens i mikrovågsbandet. De undersökta monolitiska fiberinterferometrarna och de aktivt styrbara fibrerna erbjuder en utmärkt byggsten inom så pass skiljda områden som Mikrovågsfotonik, Telekommunikation, Sensorer samt Höghastighets-omkopplare och bör kunna användas inom många olika tillämpningar i framtiden. / <p>QC 20130226</p>

This thesis concerns with the development of a dual-parameter sensor based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and a packaging design for high pressure sensing in harsh environment. This thesis starts by introducing a novel design of a partially coated FBG, using a metallic insert and a thermal curing epoxy. An analytical opto-mechanical model, based on couple mode theory, was developed and presented. The experimental and modelling result of the optical response of the partially coated FBG were compared and shown to be in excellent agreement. The experiments were executed on a custom-built fiber optic calibration station. The coated FBG sensor has a temperature sensitivity of 26.9 ± 0.3 pm/°C, which is 2.7 times higher than a bare fiber; and a force sensitivity of 0.104 nm/N, which is 13 times smaller than a bare fiber. The zero reference of the sensor has a drift of a maximum of 70 pm but the sensor is shown to settle within ±5 pm after 3 thermal cycles and 10 tensile loading cycles. A low profile packaging design is presented for a maximum pressure of 20.68 MPa (3000 psi) for harsh environment applications. A detailed study with FEM analysis revealed the optimal design for the package’s sleeve thickness is 0.5 mm. The temperature sensitivity is in close agreement with the unpackaged coated sensor with 10% difference. Compared to the modelling, the equivalent force sensitivity is 27% lower due to prototype dimensional uncertainties and modelling uncertainties with the material properties. The lack of pre-tension of the FBG sensor in the package also attributed to lower force sensitivity at pressure level lower than 4.13 MPa (600 psi).

Fibre-optic sensing techniques for application in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFC) are presented in this thesis. Temperature, relative humidity (RH) and air-water two-phase flow sensors are developed and demonstrated based on optical fibre Bragg gratings (FBG). Bragg gratings offer the following characteristics that warrant their development for application in PEMFCs: small size, environmental compatibility and the possibility of multiplexed multi-parameter sensing. Contributions of this work are in novel sensor development and implementation strategies. Important installation design considerations include the sensor proximity to the catalyst layer, sensor strain relief and minimal bending of the fibre. With these considerations, the dynamic and steady-state performance of FBG temperature sensors distributed throughout the flow-field of a single cell PEMFC was validated with a co-located micro-thermocouple. In the development of FBGs for in situ measurement of relative humidity, a polyimide-coated FBG based RH sensor is presented with significantly improved response time and sensitivity over previously reported designs. The RH inside a PEMFC under transient operating conditions is monitored. Step increases in current induce significantly larger increases in RH near the outlet than near the inlet of the cell, and associated transients within the fuel cell are found on a time scale approaching the sensor response time. Finally, to complete the suite of FBG sensors for water management in PEMFCs, an evanescent field based FBG sensor embedded in a microchannel for the measurement of two-phase flow dynamics is presented. Using high speed video for validation, it is established that the novel sensor enables the measurement of droplet average velocity and size in flow regimes representative of an operating fuel cell. / Graduate

Advanced composite materials are becoming increasingly more valuable in a plethora of engineering applications due to properties such as tailorability, low specific strength and stiffness and resistance to fatigue and corrosion. Compared to more traditional metallic and ceramic materials, advanced composites such as carbon, aramid or glass reinforced plastic are relatively new and still require research to optimize their capabilities. Three areas that composites stand to benefit from improvement are processing, damage detection and life prediction. Fiber optic sensors and piezoelectric transducers show great potential for advances in these areas. This dissertation presents the research performed on improving the efficiency of advanced composite materials through the use of embedded fiber optic sensors and surface mounted piezoelectric transducers. Embedded fiber optic sensors are used to detect the presence of resin during the injection stage of resin transfer molding, monitor the degree of cure and predict the remaining useful life while in service. A sophisticated resin transfer molding apparatus was developed with the ability of embedding fiber optics into the composite and a glass viewing window so that resin flow sensors could be verified visually. A novel technique for embedding optical fiber into both 2- and 3-D structures was developed. A theoretical model to predict the remaining useful life was developed and a systematic test program was conducted to verify this model. A network of piezoelectric transducers was bonded to a composite panel in order to develop a structural health monitoring algorithm capable of detecting and locating damage in a composite structure. A network configuration was introduced that allows for a modular expansion of the system to accommodate larger structures and an algorithm based on damage progression history was developed to implement the network. The details and results of this research are contained in four manuscripts that are included in Appendices A-D while the body of the dissertation provides background information and a summary of the results. / Graduate

Theoretical and experimental studies of real-time interrogation of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors based on chirped pulse compression with increased interrogation resolution and signal-to-noise ratio are presented. Two interrogation systems are proposed in this thesis. In the first interrogation system, a linearly chirped FBG (LCFBG) is employed as the sensing element. By incorporating the LCFBG in an optical interferometer as the sensor encoding system, employing wavelength-to-time mapping and chirped pulse compression technique, the correlation of output microwave waveform with a chirped reference waveform would provide an interrogation result with high speed and high resolution. The proposed system can provide an interrogation resolution as high as 0.25 μ at a speed of 48.6 MHz. The second interrogation system is designed to achieve simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature. In this system, a high-birefringence LCFBG (Hi-Bi LCFBG) is employed as a sensing element.

The main purpose of the present work is to develop an innovative system for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of aerospace composite structures based on dynamic strain measurements in order to identify in an exhaustive way the structural state condition. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) optical sensors will be used for the recording of dynamic strain measurements from a composite structure. The methodology that will be developed for structural damage detection will use the collected dynamic response data and will analyze them through a statistical data-driven learning model, i.e. an artificial neural network, coupled with wavelet multi-resolution analysis. This methodology will be the core of the SHM system. Structural damage will be initially simulated by slightly varying the mass properties of the structure. As a second step, actual damage was introduced to the structure. The structural dynamic behavior has been numerically simulated and experimentally verified by means of vibration testing. The analysis of operational dynamic responses will be employed to identify both the damage and its position. / Αντικείμενο της διατριβής είναι η ανάπτυξη ενός συστήματος παρακολούθησης βλάβης για αεροδιαστημικές κατασκευές με αισθητήρες οπτικών ινών (Fiber Bragg Grating, FBG) με χρήση μετρήσεων δυναμικής απόκρισης και τεχνικών επεξεργασίας σήματος. Οι αισθητήρες οπτικών ινών FBG χρησιμοποιούνται ως αισθητήρες ανίχνευσης παραμόρφωσης, εκμεταλλευόμενοι την μεταβολή του μήκους κύματος του φωτός που διέρχεται από αυτούς κατά την διαστολή ή τη συστολή τους. Η απλή μονότροπη τηλεπικοινωνιακή οπτική ίνα εκτίθεται σε συγκλίνουσες δέσμες UV laser light. Οι δέσμες αυτές όταν διασταυρώνονται παρεμβάλλει η μια την άλλη, μεταβάλλουν μέρος της δομής της οπτικής ίνας και αλλάζουν περιοδικά τον δείκτη διάθλασης δημιουργώντας διαφορετικές περιοχές υψηλού και χαμηλού δείκτη διαθλάσεως στον πυρήνα της ίνας. Η τροποποιημένη ζώνη της ίνας λειτουργεί σαν οπτικό φίλτρο, αντανακλώντας μια ελάχιστη ποσότητα του ευρυζωνικού σήματος, επιτρέποντας παράλληλα στο υπόλοιπο φως να συνεχίσει την πορεία του μέσα στην ίνα. Αυτή η τροποποιημένη περιοχή είναι ευαίσθητη στην τάση εφελκυσμού και στις μεταβολές θερμοκρασίας. Πλεονεκτήματα των αισθητήρων FBG είναι τα ακόλουθα: Απρόσβλητοι στην ηλεκτρομαγνητική ακτινοβολία, απαιτούν μηδενική ενέργεια, προσφέρουν μακροχρόνια σταθερότητα, προσφέρουν ευκολία και χαμηλό κόστος εγκατάστασης, έχουν πολύ μικρές διαστάσεις, μεγάλη ακρίβεια και σχεδόν μηδενικό βάρος, μπορούν να σχηματίσουν συστοιχίες πολλαπλών οπτικών αισθητήρων σε μία μόνο οπτική ίνα (multiplexing) και μπορεί να γίνει ενσωμάτωσή τους σε σύνθετα υλικά. Οι αισθητήρες οπτικών ινών FBG μέχρι σήμερα χρησιμοποιούνται μόνο για στατικές μετρήσεις. Οι στόχοι της παρούσας διατριβής είναι οι ακόλουθοι: Χρήση αισθητήρων οπτικών ινών FBG για μετρήσεις δυναμικής απόκρισης με σκοπό την παρακολούθηση καλής λειτουργίας και την εύρεση βλάβης κατασκευών από σύνθετα υλικά. Εκτέλεση ειδικά επιλεγμένων μηχανικών δοκιμών σε τρία είδη κατασκευών, αεροναυπηγικών και αεροδιαστημικών, από lab-scale κατασκευή σε πραγματική αεροδιαστημική κατασκευή. Διερεύνηση της καταλληλότερης τοπολογίας αισθητήρων οπτικών ινών στη σύνθετη κατασκευή και διερεύνηση του καταλληλότερου τρόπου τοποθέτησής τους. Ανάπτυξη του συστήματος παρακολούθησης βλάβης των κατασκευών με βάση αρχικά προσομοιωμένη βλάβη (μεταβάλλοντας το μητρώο μάζας της κατασκευής) και στα τελευταία στάδια πειραμάτων, με βάση πραγματική βλάβη (ρωγμή) στις στρώσεις του σύνθετου υλικού. Ανάπτυξη και εφαρμογή καινοτόμων τεχνικών επεξεργασίας για τα σήματα παραμόρφωσης βασιζόμενες στο μετασχηματισμό κυματιδίων. Ανάπτυξη στατιστικών δεικτών ευαίσθητων στην παρουσία βλάβης από την επεξεργασία των σημάτων των αισθητήρων FBG. Εκπαίδευση και επαλήθευση τεχνητού νευρωνικού δικτύου με βάση επιλεγμένους δείκτες για εύρεση βλάβης (μέγεθος βλάβης και τοποθεσία). Διερεύνηση και ανάπτυξη μεθόδου διάγνωσης βλάβης βασισμένο σε πειραματική modal ανάλυση μέσω των σημάτων παραμόρφωσης από τους αισθητήρες οπτικών ινών Fiber Bragg Gratings. Πειραματική modal ανάλυση μέσω των σημάτων παραμόρφωσης και υπολογισμός των ιδιομορφών παραμόρφωσης της κατασκευής μέσω των FBG σημάτων.

A novel detection technique to estimate the amount of chirp in fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) is proposed. This method is based on the fact that reflectivity at central wavelength of FBG reflection changes with strain/temperature gradient (linear chirp) applied to the same. Transfer matrix approach was used to vary different grating parameters (length, strength and apodization) to optimize variation of reflectivity with linear chirp. Analysis is done for different sets of ‘FBG length-refractive index strength’ combinations for which reflectivity vary linearly with linear chirp over a decent measurement range. This work acts as a guideline to choose appropriate grating parameters in designing sensing apparatus based on change in reflectivity at central wavelength of FBG reflection. A novel high sensitive FBG strain sensing technique using lasers locked to relative frequency reference is proposed and analyzed theoretically. Static strain on FBG independent of temperature can be measured by locking frequency of diode laser to the mid reflection frequency of matched reference FBG, which responds to temperature similar to that of the sensor FBG, but is immune to strain applied to the same. Difference between light intensities reflected from the sensor and reference FBGs (proportional to the difference between respective pass band gains at the diode laser frequency) is not only proportional to the relative strain between the sensor and reference FBGs but also independent of servo residual frequency errors. Usage of relative frequency reference avoids all complexities involved in the usage of absolute frequency reference, hence, making the system simple and economical. Theoretical limit for dynamic and static strain sensitivities considering all major noise contributions are respectively of the order of 25 pε/ Hz and 1.2nε /

Theoretical and experimental studies of real-time interrogation of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors based on chirped pulse compression with increased interrogation resolution and signal-to-noise ratio are presented. Two interrogation systems are proposed in this thesis. In the first interrogation system, a linearly chirped FBG (LCFBG) is employed as the sensing element. By incorporating the LCFBG in an optical interferometer as the sensor encoding system, employing wavelength-to-time mapping and chirped pulse compression technique, the correlation of output microwave waveform with a chirped reference waveform would provide an interrogation result with high speed and high resolution. The proposed system can provide an interrogation resolution as high as 0.25 μ at a speed of 48.6 MHz. The second interrogation system is designed to achieve simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature. In this system, a high-birefringence LCFBG (Hi-Bi LCFBG) is employed as a sensing element.

The development of communications technologies has led to an ever-increasing requirement for a wider bandwidth of microwave signal processing systems. To overcome the inherent electronic speed limitations, photonic techniques have been developed for the processing of ultra-broadband microwave signals. A dispersive delay line (DDL) is able to introduce different time delays to different spectral components, which are used to implement signal processing functions, such as time reversal, time delay, dispersion compensation, Fourier transformation and pulse compression. An electrical DDL is usually implemented based on a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device or a synthesized C-sections microwave transmission line, with a bandwidth limited to a few GHz. However, an optical DDL can have a much wider bandwidth up to several THz. Hence, an optical DDL can be used for the processing of an ultra-broadband microwave signal. In this thesis, we will focus on using a DDL based on a linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating (LCFBG) for the processing of broadband microwave signals. Several signal processing functions are investigated in this thesis. 1) A broadband and precise microwave time reversal system using an LCFBG-based DDL is investigated. By working in conjunction with a polarization beam splitter, a wideband microwave waveform modulated on an optical pulse can be temporally reversed after the optical pulse is reflected by the LCFBG for three times thanks to the opposite dispersion coefficient of the LCFBG when the optical pulse is reflected from the opposite ends. A theoretical bandwidth as large as 273 GHz can be achieved for the time reversal. 2) Based on the microwave time reversal using an LCFBG-based DDL, a microwave photonic matched filter is implemented for simultaneously generating and compressing an arbitrary microwave waveform. A temporal convolution system for the calculation of real time convolution of two wideband microwave signals is demonstrated for the first time. 3) The dispersion of an LCFBG is determined by its physical length. To have a large dispersion coefficient while maintaining a short physical length, we can use an optical recirculating loop incorporating an LCFBG. By allowing a microwave waveform to travel in the recirculating loop multiple times, the microwave waveform will be dispersed by the LCFBG multiple times, and the equivalent dispersion will be multiple times as large as that of a single LCFBG. Based on this concept, a time-stretch microwave sampling system with a record stretching factor of 32 is developed. Thanks to the ultra-large dispersion, the system can be used for single-shot sampling of a signal with a bandwidth up to a THz. The study in using the recirculating loop for the stretching of a microwave waveform with a large stretching factor is also performed. 4) Based on the dispersive loop with an extremely large dispersion, a photonic microwave arbitrary waveform generation system is demonstrated with an increased the time-bandwidth product (TBWP). The dispersive loop is also used to achieve tunable time delays by controlling the number of round trips for the implementation of a photonic true time delay beamforming system.