As China has become one of the largest economic entities in the world, many studies focus on corporate governance in China. In 2001, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) transplanted the outside director mechanism from the United States and the United Kingdom. CSRC hoped that outside directors could play a control role to monitor the behaviours of controlling shareholders, protecting the interests of minority shareholders. However, since it was established, the Chinese outside director mechanism has played an unsatisfactory control role because they are not truly independent of the controlling shareholders. In contrast, many Chinese outside directors use their Guanxi connections (a particular kind of social connections in China) to play a resource acquisition role very well. Based on the theories of the firm, the resource dependence theory, studies of Guanxi and the path dependence theory, this thesis finds that when Chinese outside directors use their Guanxi connections to play their resource acquisition role, their independence and fiduciary duties required by CSRC is compromised.

This thesis takes as its focus R. v. Guerin, [1984] 2 S.C.R. 335 and seeks to assess its possibilities as the source of a legal principle to guide the constitutional review of the aboriginal and treaty rights protected by s. 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.<p>In Chapter 1, the decision and the commentary to which it gave rise is discussed. Chapter 2 reviews the history of the law of aboriginal rights with a particular focus on the Indian law of the United States. Chapter 3 reviews Canadian Native law with a particular stress on the trust obligation. In Chapter 4 the language of trusts is reviewed and the influence of International law is canvassed. After a brief discussion of fiduciary law, the chapter closes with a suggested basis for a constitutional fiduciary principle. Chapter 5 opens with a discussion of s. 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982. The theory is then proposed.<p>The theory would find its origin in the common law recognition of the precontact sovereignty of the aboriginal peoples and its denial by the colonizing nation at the time of colonization. The assumption of legislative power by the Crown came with an obligation, acknowledged by the Crown, that it must use its legislative power so as to protect and promote the interests of the aboriginal peoples in order to assist them through the process of colonization. It is suggested that s. 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 may have made that obligation justiciable and may require the courts to check the exercise of its legislative power to make certain that any negative effect on the aboriginal peoples is justified. The standard, being a fiduciary one, would be high.<p>The thesis closes with an application of the theory to some past and present issues in Native law.

This thesis takes as its focus R. v. Guerin, [1984] 2 S.C.R. 335 and seeks to assess its possibilities as the source of a legal principle to guide the constitutional review of the aboriginal and treaty rights protected by s. 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.<p>In Chapter 1, the decision and the commentary to which it gave rise is discussed. Chapter 2 reviews the history of the law of aboriginal rights with a particular focus on the Indian law of the United States. Chapter 3 reviews Canadian Native law with a particular stress on the trust obligation. In Chapter 4 the language of trusts is reviewed and the influence of International law is canvassed. After a brief discussion of fiduciary law, the chapter closes with a suggested basis for a constitutional fiduciary principle. Chapter 5 opens with a discussion of s. 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982. The theory is then proposed.<p>The theory would find its origin in the common law recognition of the precontact sovereignty of the aboriginal peoples and its denial by the colonizing nation at the time of colonization. The assumption of legislative power by the Crown came with an obligation, acknowledged by the Crown, that it must use its legislative power so as to protect and promote the interests of the aboriginal peoples in order to assist them through the process of colonization. It is suggested that s. 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 may have made that obligation justiciable and may require the courts to check the exercise of its legislative power to make certain that any negative effect on the aboriginal peoples is justified. The standard, being a fiduciary one, would be high.<p>The thesis closes with an application of the theory to some past and present issues in Native law.

This paper deals with principal issues of the civil liability of the corporates governance bodies. The question of ,,corporate governance” are not enough analyzed in the law doctrine of Lithuania. The term ,,corporate governance” related with the corporate governance systems, governance bodies, shareholders and other stakeholders. This definition depend on every country legal framework, rules, procedures and traditions. The status problems of corporate governance bodies are shortly discussed in this study. There are made conclusion, that they are liable under Civil law rules. This means that director is subject of full liability principle, which require that he/she would have to cover all damages, which are result of his/her illegal action. The member of corporate governance body becomes civilly liable when four conditions are present: damage, illegal action, causality and fault. The general obligations of the corporate governance bodies provided in the Lithuanian Civil Code, Corporation Act, the local acts of corporation and they rise from specifical (fiduciary) theirs position. Fiduciary duty means an obligation to act in the best interest of another party. The corporate governance bodies duties falled into three broad categories: the duty of care, duty of loyalty and duty to act in good faith. This work discuss about the limitation of the directors civil liability, the directors liability insurance. / -.

Šiuolaikinėse teisinėse sistemose įtvirtintų įmonės vadovo fiduciarinių pareigų instituto tikslas - apsaugoti įmonės (akcininkų) interesus nuo įmonės vadovo veiksmų. Vadovaudamasis fiduciarinėmis pareigomis, įmonės vadovas privalo veikti išimtinai įmonės interesams. Šio darbo problema yra ta, kad įmonės vadovas veikdamas išimtinai įmonės (akcininkų) interesams įmonės nemokumo laikotarpiu, pažeistų įmonės kreditorių teises bei interesus. Šiam darbui keliami šie uždaviniai : (1) išsiaiškinti privataus juridinio asmens vaidmenį teisinėje sistemoje; (2) pateikti įmonės vadovo fiduciarinių pareigų sampratą ir reglamentavimą tarptautiniame kontekste; (3) atskleisti įmonės nemokumo atsiradimo momentą bei teisines pasekmes; (4) išsiaiškinti, kokį poveikį daro įmonės nemokumas privataus juridinio asmens vadovo fiduciarinėms pareigoms. Šio darbo tikslas – išsiaiškinti įmonės vadovo fiduciarines pareigas bei atsakyti į klausimą, ar keičiasi įmonės vadovo fiduciarinės pareigos įmonei esant nemokiai. Šio darbo objektas – privataus juridinio asmens fiduciarinės pareigos. Įgyvendinant darbo tikslą, daugiausia dėmesio buvo skiriama įmonės vadovo fiduciarinių pareigų ir įmonės nemokumo sąvokų sampratoms bei įmonės vadovo fiduciarinių pareigų pasikeitimo nustatymui ryšium su įmonės nemokumu. Šis iškeltas tikslas darbe sėkmingai įgyvendintas – vadovaujantis Lietuvos bei tarptautine teismų praktika, įstatymais bei moksline literatūra. Vadovaujantis JAV (išskyrus Šiaurės Karolinos valstiją) ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The title of this work is: do the fiduciary duties of director of the company change during the period of insolvency? The problem of this work is that lots of directors of companies uses creditors funds and deepens the company insolvency. It’s because they have a fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of their company, so they are trying to get back their company to solvency. The actuality. The main purpose of every company is to get the bigger profit in what their work. Often, profit enforces the director of the company to take untenable, risky business decisions independently of other subjects’ interests. In modern law countries, the fiduciary duties of director of the company are the main protector for other subjects (most often shareholders) from useless, conflicting business decisions. According to the statistics department of Lithuania and data of Lithuanian courts, there were 957 company bankruptcy cases in 2008 and 1409 company bankruptcy case in 2009. Constantly rising numbers of bankruptcy procedures in Lithuania show that more and more companies faces the insolvency financial stage during the economical crisis in the world, so proper regulation of directors fiduciary duties become more and more important question in every countries legal system. Insolvency of the company establishes specific relationships between company and the creditors of the company. In the financial period of insolvency, company starts to use creditors’ resources, to get back to the... [to full text]

This thesis examines the practice of accommodating irregular migrant children in Canadian public schools, specifically, public schools in Toronto, Ontario. Estimates indicate that there are close to 500,000 irregular migrants in Canada; half are thought to be living in the City of Toronto. Since the early 1990s there have been several novel policy developments in Ontario that have facilitated access to public schooling for irregular migrant children. This project seeks to identify the normative ideas that have been appealed to by public authorities in the policy development process. First, a critical review is undertaken of theoretical justifications developed in moral and political theory for extending schooling rights to irregular migrant children in liberal states. Then, arguments put forward by public authorities in Canada for extending or limiting schooling rights are analysed and compared with the dominant normative frameworks in the theoretical literature. This research finds that public authorities at the sub-state level made use of normative arguments that fall outside common theoretical approaches in moral and political theory. Normative arguments at the sub-state level are found to cohere with a fiduciary conception of public authority. It is argued that fiduciary theory provides a systematic and innovative theoretical framework for understanding the normative ideas appealed to by public authorities in practice. Moreover, fiduciary theory makes available the normative resources necessary to provide a strong way of conceptualising the duty of public authorities to educate irregular migrant children. This research contributes both to theoretical scholarship aimed at understanding and conceptualizing obligations to irregular migrant children, and also to the field of Canadian Studies, by contextualizing the policy response to irregular migrant children in Canada over time, demonstrating how specific policy responses reflect shifting normative understandings about belonging, government obligation, national culture(s) of citizenship, and the scope of provision of social welfare services to irregular migrant children.

Embora o mercado de crédito imobiliário no Brasil tenha se expandido nos últimos anos, sua participação no Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) está muito abaixo do percentual encontrado em outros países em desenvolvimento. Com isso, o país continua apresentando déficits habitacionais significativos, problema este que tem maior impacto nas famílias de menor renda. Este estudo pretende analisar o impacto da Lei no 10.931, de agosto de 2004, que incluiu a figura jurídica de alienação fiduciária do bem imóvel no ordenamento jurídico nos contratos de financiamento habitacional do Brasil, avaliando a evolução destes para diferentes grupos de mutuários. É consenso na literatura que o mercado de crédito apresenta certas particularidades, como os problemas de informação e comprometimento limitado, especificidades estas que podem gerar racionamento de crédito. Avanços institucionais que alterem os parâmetros dos contratos, e que aumentem a segurança jurídica dos credores podem ajudar no desenvolvimento do mercado de crédito, amenizando estes problemas, e tornando o crédito mais acessível para todos os tipos de mutuários, / Although the real estate market in Brazil has been expanding in recent years, its share in Gross Domestic Product (GPD) is significantly below the percentage found in other developing countries. Because of this, the country continues to present significant housing deficits. This study aims to analyze the impact of the Law no 10.931, from august 2004, which included the legal concept of fiduciary property in the legal system in contracts for the real estate market, comparing the evolution of these contracts for different groups of borrowers. There is a consensus that the credit market has certain peculiarities, such as information problems and limited commitment, which can generate credit rationing. Institutional improvements that alter the parameters of the contracts, and increase legal certainty for creditors may help in the development of the credit market, mitigating these problems, and making credit more accessible for all kinds of borrowers,

1 Abstract: Disqualification of governing body members (and other persons) from their positions in a business corporation As of 1 January 2014 a new act no. 90/2012 Coll., Business Corporations Act, has been effective in the Czech Republic. Among the other new legal instruments, the Act has incorporated a regulation of disqualification of governing body members (and other persons) from their positions in a business corporation. This master thesis aims at determination of particular grounds for the disqualification and impacts of its application. Further, persons who may be disqualified under the pursuant to the particular grounds are defined in the thesis. The aim of the thesis is to find a general rules governing the disqualification and to determine limits of its application. The thesis also defines other persons (positions) which the disqualified person will not be allowed to hold and perform due to the court's decision. The author uses descriptive and analytical methods to interpret the legal regulation, which is joined with comparison of Czech and British legislation as the British legislation was one of the main sources. The Act is interpreted based on grammatical, logical, teleological, systematic, and partially historical interpretation methods. Within the comparison the author focuses on the...

The subject-matter of this thesis is the transfer of a right as security. The thesis is focused mainly on the history of the transfer of a right as security, its regulation in Civil code 2012 and it highlights the fundamental changes compared to its regulation in Civil code 1964. The regulation of the transfer of a right as security underwent considerable changes in Civil code 2012. However, the usage of this instrument in practice, compared to other security instruments, is not so common. The fault is primarily with the insufficient regulation in the Civil code 1964 which has led to extensive discussions on this topic in the past as well as restrictions by the Supreme Court. The main aim of this thesis is to evaluate the benefits of the regulation of the transfer of a right as security in Civil code 2012 as compared to 1964. Introductory chapters are dedicated to general issues of the law of obligations, focusing on changes of the basic terms. Other chapters include historical development of the institute and evaluate the applicability of the existing jurisprudence in light of the Civil code 2012. Following chapters deal with the issues of formal and content requirements for the contract on transfer of a right as security. Next chapters describe the process of realization of the transfer of right...

Bien qu'existante sous de multiples formes innommées et dans de nombreux pays européens, la fiducie a été introduite de manière générale en droit français en 2007. La fiducie à titre de sûreté ou de gestion se caractérise par le transfert de la propriété d'un ou plusieurs biens d'un constituant à un fiduciaire. Le fiduciaire accepte de recevoir un actif désigné dans un patrimoine d'affectation et s'engage également à remplir une mission définie pour le compte d'un bénéficiaire. Cette propriété exercée par le fiduciaire est appelée communément « propriété fiduciaire » et présente de nombreuses singularités puisque Je fiduciaire ne dispose pas des prérogatives et attributs du droit de propriété tel que défini par l'article 544 du Code civil. C'est dans ce contexte que certains auteurs se sont interrogés sur sa véritable nature et sa compatibilité avec notre système juridique. L'objet de nos travaux a été dans un premier temps d'étudier la nature de la « propriété fiduciaire » en réfléchissant sur la nature des obligations à la charge du fiduciaire, leur influence sur l'affirmation du transfert de la propriété et enfin son assimilation à la conception de la propriété, Dans un second temps, nous avons envisagé le régime de la « propriété fiduciaire ». en observant chronologiquement les trois étapes d'une fiducie : la constitution, l'exécution et le dénouement. Tout d'abord à sa constitution qui se matérialise par la création d'un patrimoine d'affectation indépendant du patrimoine personnel du fiduciaire, nous avons recherché si cette autonomie suffisait à lui reconnaitre la personnalité juridique. Puis, pendant la phase d'exécution qui comprend une mission de conservation et de gestion des actifs transférés par le fiduciaire, nous avons analysé la responsabilité engagée par le fiduciaire et étudié les possibilités de l'encadrer. Quant à la dernière étape, après avoir identifié les causes à l'origine du dénouement d'une fiducie, nous avons recherché les conséquences du retour de l'actif chez le constituant ou de son transfert auprès de tiers notamment à l'égard du fiduciaire. / Although existing in various forms in numerous European countries, the "fiducie" has only been introduced into French law in 2007. The trust acting as surety or manager is characterized by the transfer of ownership of one or several items by the creator "constituant" to the fiduciary. The fiduciary accepts to receive an asset designated in the considered patrimony and engages as well to accomplish a defined mission on behalf of the beneficiary. This ownership exercised by the fiduciary is commonly called the fiduciary property « propriété fiduciaire » and presents numerous particularities as the fiduciazy does not dispose of the prerogatives and attributes that would be found under ownership law as defined by article 544 of the Civil code. It is in this context that certain authors have questioned its true nature and its compatibility with the French legal system. The object of our work was firstly to study the nature of « propriété fiduciaire » by reflecting on the nature of the obligations incumbent upon the fiduciary, their influence on the affirmation of transfer of ownership, and indeed its assimilation to the idea of ownership. Thereafter we have considered the practical implementation of the « propriété fiduciaire » observing chronologically the three stages of the trust: its constitution, its execution and its closure. At the outset the fiducie's constitution is materialized by the constitution of its affected capital remaining independent from the fiduciary's personal property, we have researched whether this autonomy sufficed in order to recognize a separate legal personality. Thereafter, during the execution phase which fncludes the mission of conservation and management of the transferred assets by the fiduciary, we have analyzed the fiduciary's responsibilities and studied the possibilities to delimit the same. As for the final stage, after identifying the causes leading to the termination of the fiducie, we have studied the consequences of returning the asset to the creator or transferring it to a third party, particularly as regards the fiduciary.