This dissertation envisages the investigation and determination of the possible correlation between the two phenomena, state custodianship and trusteeship with specific reference to land trusts. Custodianship, as captured in the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Management Act 28 of 2002, and trusteeship, as embodied in the South African Development Trust legislation, being the Native Trust and Land Act 18 of 1936; the Ingonyama Trust Act 3 of 1994 as enacted by the KwaZulu Legislature on the 24th of April 1994, amended with the status of a national Act (provincial Act) in 1997, and re-enacted [by the RSA Parliament] as the KwaZulu-Natal Ingonyama Trust Act 3 of 1994, and the National Water Act 54 of 1956, all confer upon a certain body, the fiduciary obligation to hold, protect and manage certain resources in the interest of a particular designated group of people. The objective of this study is, therefore, to analyse the trust notion as it functioned in terms of the SADT legislation, ITA and the NWA, and compare it to the novel concept of custodianship as it emanates from the MPRDA in order to determine the inherent similarities and differences as well as the implications thereof. This will assist in determining the true nature and impact of the notion of state custodianship as introduced by the MPRDA. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The duty of loyalty of a member of a business company This thesis deals with the topic closely connected with the field of corporate governance which is a part of corporate law. According to the American legal theory is duty of loyalty one of the fiduciary duties. The traditional classification of fiduciary duties is based on dualism - duty of loyalty and duty of care. But this concept is changing over time mainly due to case law. There is no settled opinion on the basic question how many fiduciary duties there are. Current opinion of the respected authority in this field - Delaware' Supreme Court is based on dualism of fiduciary duties, but not in the traditional meaning. The duty of loyalty includes according to the opinion of the judges not only conflicts of interests and self-dealing situations, but breach of good faith as well. On the other hand the traditional point of view was settled on two fiduciary duties - loyalty and care as well. Duty of loyalty was connected with conflicts of interest situations between principal and agent, when the personal financial interest of the agent was present. Duty of loyalty protected the legal position of the principal when agent managed entrusted property. The duty of care was connected with the interest of the principal and due performance of the agent with the...

O estudo da responsabilidade civil dos administradores de companhias abertas na doutrina nacional trata usualmente dos deveres fiduciários, do ato regular de gestão e da teoria ultra vires, da culpa ou dolo do administrador, das ações ut universi e ut singuli e da solidariedade entre a responsabilidade do administrador e a da companhia. Poucos abordam as causas extintivas dessa responsabilidade, e raro são os que tratam da hipótese de exclusão de responsabilidade do artigo 159, § 6º, da Lei nº 6.404/76. Como a disciplina dos deveres fiduciários prevista na lei societária brasileira tem forte influência do Direito norte-americano, buscou-se na legislação, doutrina e jurisprudência daquele país os fundamentos necessários à melhor interpretação e aplicação da regra de exclusão e, em especial, na business judgment rule, doutrina que protege os administradores contra responsabilização por prejuízos à companhia decorrentes de decisões por eles adotadas, proteção esta também conferida pela hipótese do artigo 159, § 6º, da Lei nº 6.404/76, ao administrador leal e de boa-fé. / The study of corporate directors civil liability in national doctrine usually deals with fiduciaries duties, regular management act and the ultra vires theory, directors malpractice or deceit, ut universi and ut singuli actions and solidarity between directors and companies responsibility. Few address the extinctive causes of such liability, and rare are those who address the liability exclusion hypothesis of the Article 159, § 6º, of the Law n. 6.404/76. Whereas that the fiduciary duties discipline provided for in Brazilian corporate law has strong influence of American law, was sought in the legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence of that country the fundamentals for a better understanding and application of the exclusion rule and, particularly, in the business judgment rule, a doctrine that protects directors against liability for damages to the company arising from their acts, protection also afforded by the Article 159, § 6º, of the Law n. 6.404/76, to the loyal and good faith director.

A presente dissertação começa com a evolução histórica de dois importantes institutos jurídicos, a fidúcia e a propriedade, a partir das raízes romanas. Já no direito brasileiro analisamos o conceito de negócio fiduciário e figuras afins, então passamos a estudar o contrato de alienação fiduciária. Em seguida abordamos a propriedade fiduciária, sua evolução legislativa no direito pátrio, e seus desdobramentos envolvendo móveis e imóveis, onde estabelecemos o conceito, a natureza jurídica, seus elementos constitutivos, e as conseqüências de seu inadimplemento. Não olvidamos o aspecto processual e as questões controvertidas, como a falência, a recuperação judicial e o cabimento ou não da prisão civil, dentre outros. No decorrer deste trabalho procuramos analisar crítica e comparativamente as figuras afins ao instituto da propriedade fiduciária e estabelecer as similitudes e diferenças em cada sistema estudado, assim como individualizar estes institutos previstos no Código Civil de 2002 e na Lei n. 9.514/97. Enfim, nosso estudo não estaria completo sem pesquisar a fidúcia nos sistemas francês, italiano e anglo-americano. / This paper begins with the historical evolution of two important legal institutes, trust and ownership, since the Roman roots. However, in Brazilian law we analyze the concept of deed of trust and similar institutions, thus we will study the chattel mortgage agreement. Afterward, we will focus fiduciary ownership, its legal evolution in the Brazilian law, as well as, its divisions involving real and personal property, in which we set forth the concept, legal nature, its constitutive elements and the consequences arisen from its non-performance. We have not forgotten the procedural aspect and controversial issues as: bankruptcy, judicial recuperation and the acceptance or not of civil imprisonment, among others. During this work we tried to analyze both critically and comparatively, similar figures of the fiduciary ownership institute and establish the similarities and differences in each of the systems we studied, as well as individualize the institutes provided in the Civil Code of 2002 and in Act No. 9.514/97. Finally, our study would not be complete without researching trust in the French, Italian and Anglo-American systems.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Avila.pdf: 560907 bytes, checksum: 1e5f155125b83678c83b93ae85ad095a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-18 / The paper analyzes fiduciary alienation in Brazilian law and its mechanisms of enforcement at the disposal of the parties that conclude this type of contract. After passing through the definitions of fiduciary business, fiduciary property, and fiduciary alienation, the paper presents the current panorama of Brazilian legislation on the issue, briefly enunciating the statutes in effect and the type of fiduciary alienation each one of them covers. In the third and fourth chapters, one describes the possible reliefs to enforce the guarantee of movable assets and real property, whether judicial or extra-judicial, by the fiduciary-creditor or even by the fiduciary-debtor, which can also resort to reliefs to protect itself from wrongful use by the creditor or third parties. These two chapters conclude with a description of the general panorama of these reliefs for the fiduciary alienation of immovable assets and real property. In the fifth chapter, the thesis deals with a few current issues in which consensus cannot be found among authorities or in case law, to which one aims to suggest solutions appropriate to positive law and to its regulating principles. In the sixth and final chapter, one points to the difficulties in the interpretation and application of the fiduciary business due to a lack of homogeneous regulation, specific to this doctrine. Finally, the thesis draws a conclusion about the application of the current norms and, lastly, suggests regulation for the doctrine / O trabalho analisa a alienação fiduciária em garantia do direito brasileiro e os seus mecanismos de efetivação, postos à disposição das partes que celebram essa modalidade de contrato. Após passar pelas definições de negócio fiduciário, propriedade fiduciária e alienação fiduciária em garantia, o trabalho expõe a atual configuração da legislação brasileira sobre o tema, enunciando, de forma breve, as leis em vigor e a modalidade da alienação fiduciária de que cada uma se ocupa. No terceiro e quarto capítulos descrevem-se as medidas cabíveis para a efetivação da garantia de bens móveis e de bens imóveis, sejam extrajudiciais ou judiciais, pelo credor-fiduciário ou mesmo pelo devedor-fiduciante, que também pode se valer de medidas para tutelar-se de abusos, do credor ou de terceiros. Esses dois capítulos são encerrados com a descrição do panorama geral dessas medidas, para a alienação fiduciária de bens móveis e imóveis. No quinto capítulo, o trabalho aborda algumas questões correntes, que não encontram uniformidade de entendimento na doutrina ou na jurisprudência, para as quais se pretende apontar soluções adequadas ao direito positivo e aos princípios reguladores dele. No sexto e último capítulo, apontam-se as dificuldades de interpretação e aplicação do negócio fiduciário, decorrentes da falta de uma regulação homogênea e especial do instituto. Por fim, o trabalho expõe a conclusão de aplicação das normas vigentes e, por fim, a sugestão de normatização do instituto

A presente tese estuda o negócio fiduciário e suas potencialidades no direito brasileiro, especialmente quando associado à técnica do patrimônio separado. Embora o legislador tenha se utilizado da titularidade fiduciária elemento essencial do negócio fiduciário e da afetação patrimonial para variadas atividades, não previu modelo geral que habilitasse os particulares a entabularem ajustes fiduciários com patrimônio separado para as mais diversas finalidades. Por isso que, no Brasil, falta instituto que pudesse ser equiparado ao trust contido na Convenção de Haia sobre a Lei Aplicável aos Trusts e sobre o Reconhecimento Deles. As tentativas de incorporação de tal modelo jurídico no direito pátrio não lograram êxito até o momento e o cenário normativo brasileiro permanece fragmentado. A tese, assim, examina a conformação atual do direito pátrio em relação ao negócio fiduciário e as utilidades que adviriam da introdução da fidúcia como categoria ampla de negócio fiduciário com patrimônio separado. Nessa direção, a tese investiga (i) a admissibilidade do negócio fiduciário no direito brasileiro; (ii) a disciplina jurídica que lhe é aplicável; (iii) os efeitos da utilização da propriedade resolúvel aos negócios fiduciários, bem como da aposição das cláusulas de inalienabilidade, impenhorabilidade e incomunicabilidade; (iv) as potencialidades funcionais e limites do negócio fiduciário; (v) a disciplina jurídica do trust a que se refere a Convenção de Haia; (vi) a adoção pelo legislador da técnica da separação patrimonial conjugada com a titularidade fiduciária; (vii) a tipificação do negócio de fidúcia como aquele que possibilitaria a criação, pelos particulares, de titularidade fiduciária e patrimônio separado; (viii) o negócio de fidúcia como maneira de se incorporar os elementos essenciais do trust contido na Convenção de Haia; e (ix) a relevância da tipificação do negócio de fidúcia como meio de suprir determinadas lacunas do direito brasileiro / This thesis studies fiduciary contracts and their potentials in Brazilian law, especially when they are associated with the technique of separate estate. Although Brazilian law already deploys fiduciary ownership an essential element of the fiduciary contract and separate estate as a mean to regulate many activities, it does not lay down a legal model enabling people to use these techniques for general purposes. Therefore, still lacks in Brazil a legal framework similar to the trust as described by The Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition. Attempts to incorporate this legal model in Brazilian law have not been successful so far; therefore, Brazilian legal framework remains fragmented. In this context, the thesis examines the current regulation of the fiduciary contract in Brazilian Law, and the benefits that would result from the introduction of fiducia, understood as a comprehensive legal model combining the techniques of fiduciary contract and separate estate. To this end, the thesis investigates (i) the admissibility of fiduciary contracts in Brazilian law; (ii) the rules applicable to it; (iii) the stipulation of resoluble ownership in fiduciary contracts and the stipulation in these contracts of inalienability, unseazability and incommunicability clauses; (iv) the potentials and limitations of fiduciary contracts in Brazilian law; (v) the legal regulation of trusts as they are described by the Hague Convention; (vi) the use by Brazilian legislator of the legal technique of separate estate combined with fiduciary ownership; (vii) the adoption by Brazilian law of fudicia as the type of contract that will enable people to use the techniques of fiduciary ownership and separate estate; (viii) fiducia as a mean to incorporate in Brazilian law the essential elements of the trust described by the Hague Convention; and (ix) the importance of fiducia as a mean to fill in several gaps of the Brazilian law.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-10-09T19:20:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIRCEU HOFFMANN.pdf: 2189630 bytes, checksum: e3ed2008f9a8e53041f79f43e756a0ca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T19:20:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIRCEU HOFFMANN.pdf: 2189630 bytes, checksum: e3ed2008f9a8e53041f79f43e756a0ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-01 / Fiduciary Relationship in guarantee of entered on real estate market, despite it has being used in moveables since 1969, this type of security has aimed the improvement in the relation among construction companies, buyers and financial institutions. This type of interest security presents itself as an alternative to bring more legal security to the involved ones and this it would be the object of study in this thesis. Thus, this research will examine the historical origins and their influence in the characterization of fiduciary relationship established in Brazil to differentiate this one with other types of security. It also will examine the chattel mortgage in general, its consequences and its formalization. Finally will be evaluated through 9.514/97 act which established the Housing Finance System, the mortgage-backed securities, securitization, and put into force the chattel mortgage of real property, the contractual features of this institute, the legal apparatus in cases of default and the applicable procedures that aim to bring legal certainty to the involved parties. / A Lei nº 9.514, de 20 de novembro de 1997, instituiu a alienação fiduciária em garantia para coisas imóveis. Dessa forma, o mercado imobiliário entrou em contato com uma nova garantia real, embora já fosse utilizada desde 1969 para bens móveis, a qual objetiva otimizar a relação entre construtoras, adquirentes e agentes financeiros. Apresentando-se como uma alternativa, no sentido de trazer maior segurança para as partes, a alienação fiduciária em garantia de bens imóveis é o objeto de estudo da presente dissertação. Assim, esta pesquisa analisa desde a sua origem histórica e influências na caracterização do negócio fiduciário implantado no Brasil até as suas diferenciações com as outras formas de garantia existentes na legislação pátria. Também faz o exame da alienação fiduciária em garantia de maneira geral, com seus desdobramentos, suas consequências e sua formalização. Finalmente, são apreciadas, à luz da Lei nº 9.514/97, que instituiu o Sistema de Financiamento Imobiliário, os certificados de recebíveis imobiliários, a securitização, que colocou em vigor a alienação fiduciária em garantia de bens imóveis, as características contratuais desse instituto, os aparatos legais nos casos de inadimplência e os procedimentos cabíveis que objetivam trazer segurança jurídica às partes envolvidas.

Czech regulation of limited companies from the point of view of the 'law and economics' school Abstract Law and economics has a potential to provide us with an uncommon and to the Czech jurisdiction often neglected point of view on laws. The aim of this paper is to apply economic theories on directors' liability for breach of fiduciary duties and to consider its consequences on the economic efficiency of companies. The critical question is whether not having such liability could provoke an increase of wealth of all stakeholders. The paper also aims to come up with instruments capable of minimizing the lost caused to companies by mandatory rules regarding director's liability. At the end of the thesis, the Czech laws regarding the director's liability for breach of fiduciary duties are analyzed in the point of view of economic analysis. The analysis is followed by proposition of instruments that could make companies operating in Czech legal environment more effective. Directors' liability, which can result in an aversion to make risky decisions, can cause significant losses to companies (so called agency costs). For that reason, the possibility to determine the scope of director's liability given to shareholders can have, in some cases, positive effect on the company's efficiency. The paper concludes that...

There are three types of agreements regarding lawyers’ fee: fixed fee, hourly fee and the contingent fee. Contingent fee agreements have distinguishing features from other types of fee – lawyer is compensated or his remuneration is paid only if the case is won, and the client doesn’t have to pay a fee beforehand. Agreements are most popular in United States. Europe doesn’t use them uniformly, some countries allow agreements, some – prohibit. Lithuania a few years ago adopted rule allowing contingent fee agreements but still there are no further legislation or clarification. Mainly contingent fee agreements are used when there is no risk of non-recovery. The main advantage making agreements desirable that client doesn’t have to pay till the case is closed. This model allows people who cannot afford hourly or fixed fee get access to justice. On the other hand lawyer on a contingency fee agreement has more motivation to do everything what is needed to obtain judgment. Contingent fee agreements can be divided in several types: hourly contingency fee, when the lawyer is paid for total hours spent on the case only if the case was successful; then, when the lawyer is paid an hourly rate and bonus premium, based upon litigation; and mostly known type is based upon percentage of the plaintiff’s recovery. The main aim of this research is to validate or disclaim the hypothesis that contingent fee agreements violate ethical principles governing lawyers’ practice. First part of this... [to full text] / Pacta de quota litis terminas daugiausiai naudojamas Europoje; minimas Europos Sąjungos advokatų profesinės etikos kodekse. Kitos šalys naudoja skirtingus terminus, populiariausias contingent fee, naudojamas Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose, taip pat conditional fee Didžiojoje Britanijoje. Contingent fee terminas Lietuvoje naudojamas kaip sąlyginis atlyginimas, dėl kurio advokatas ir klientas susitaria iš anksto. Tai viena iš susitarimo tarp advokato ir kliento rūšių, kuri apibrėžia ne tik kliento atstovavimo sąlygas, bet kartu ir numato advokato atlyginimą, kuris tiesiogiai priklauso nuo bylos baigties. Taip pat yra žinomi valandinio užmokesčio ar fiksuoto užmokesčio susitarimai. Sąlyginio atlyginimo susitarimai gali nustatyti atlyginimo dydį valandine išraiška, kai sąlyginis atlyginimas skaičiuojamas nuo išdirbtų valandų; taip pat gali būti mokamas valandinis sąlyginis atlyginimas su premija ir populiariausias, kai sąlyginis atlyginimas nustatomas procentine išraiška ir skaičiuojamas nuo priteistos sumos. Sąlyginio atlyginimo susitarimai labiausiai paplitę Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose, tuo tarpu Europoje jie naudojami labai retai, daugelyje šalių jie draudžiami. Šių susitarimų išskirtinumas yra tas, kad klientui nereikia mokėti už advokato paslaugas iš anksto. Su advokatu atsiskaitoma tik jei byla laimima. Tai lemia šių susitarimų populiarumą ne tik Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose, bet ir kitose šalyse, nes sudaro galimybe nepasiturintiems asmenims apginti savo teises ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

A presente dissertação começa com a evolução histórica de dois importantes institutos jurídicos, a fidúcia e a propriedade, a partir das raízes romanas. Já no direito brasileiro analisamos o conceito de negócio fiduciário e figuras afins, então passamos a estudar o contrato de alienação fiduciária. Em seguida abordamos a propriedade fiduciária, sua evolução legislativa no direito pátrio, e seus desdobramentos envolvendo móveis e imóveis, onde estabelecemos o conceito, a natureza jurídica, seus elementos constitutivos, e as conseqüências de seu inadimplemento. Não olvidamos o aspecto processual e as questões controvertidas, como a falência, a recuperação judicial e o cabimento ou não da prisão civil, dentre outros. No decorrer deste trabalho procuramos analisar crítica e comparativamente as figuras afins ao instituto da propriedade fiduciária e estabelecer as similitudes e diferenças em cada sistema estudado, assim como individualizar estes institutos previstos no Código Civil de 2002 e na Lei n. 9.514/97. Enfim, nosso estudo não estaria completo sem pesquisar a fidúcia nos sistemas francês, italiano e anglo-americano. / This paper begins with the historical evolution of two important legal institutes, trust and ownership, since the Roman roots. However, in Brazilian law we analyze the concept of deed of trust and similar institutions, thus we will study the chattel mortgage agreement. Afterward, we will focus fiduciary ownership, its legal evolution in the Brazilian law, as well as, its divisions involving real and personal property, in which we set forth the concept, legal nature, its constitutive elements and the consequences arisen from its non-performance. We have not forgotten the procedural aspect and controversial issues as: bankruptcy, judicial recuperation and the acceptance or not of civil imprisonment, among others. During this work we tried to analyze both critically and comparatively, similar figures of the fiduciary ownership institute and establish the similarities and differences in each of the systems we studied, as well as individualize the institutes provided in the Civil Code of 2002 and in Act No. 9.514/97. Finally, our study would not be complete without researching trust in the French, Italian and Anglo-American systems.