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Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The first chapter reports experiments with payoff-equivalent public good and common pool games. Behavior of high-caste and low-caste Indian villagers is compared with behavior of American students in terms of economic surplus foregone or destroyed by failure of cooperation in the public good and common pool games. When information about caste is withheld no significant difference is observed in the efficiency of play between villagers and student subjects at American universities for both the public good game and the payoff-equivalent common pool game. Providing caste information leads to: (i) the lowest level of efficiency when low-caste first movers interact with a low-caste second mover, and (ii) the highest levels of efficiency when high-caste first movers engage with a high-caste second mover. Cross-caste play generates intermediate levels of efficiency. In my second chapter I examine competition and cooperation across genders and castes in India and compare the data with incentivized laboratory experiments across genders and races in the US. High-caste males (India) and White males (U.S.) choose to compete the most and are universally cooperative. In India females compete more and cooperate less when they are paired with other females but not with males. The level of cooperation among the females of either race (US) is lower than that of the White males but is insignificantly different from the level of cooperation among the African American males. In my third chapter I conducted artifactual field experiments in rural India with variations of dictator and ultimatum games. Eight treatments are played: in four we provide information that the other player is the spouse and in the remaining four variations spouse information is not provided. When subjects are unaware of playing with their spouses, they choose to keep the dictator role for themselves or not empower the other player. Male spouses make higher offers in general relative to female spouses. The divisions in these games (no spouse information) are far less equitable than in dictator games with student subjects. We find more concern for procedural fairness when subjects know they are playing with their spouses than when they do not have this information.

Bibliography: leaves 190-212. / xii, 212 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This thesis reports on the results of 3 glasshouse and 3 field experiments. The glasshouse experiments measure the effects of depth of placement and level of phosphorus (P) on the growth of field peas (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alma). The results of all the experiments suggest that placing P fertiliser 4-5 cm below the seed of field pea crops will be beneficial in terms of nodulation, P uptake, grain yield and grain P concentration. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Agronomy and Farming Systems, 1997

Bibliography: leaves 190-212. / xii, 212 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This thesis reports on the results of 3 glasshouse and 3 field experiments. The glasshouse experiments measure the effects of depth of placement and level of phosphorus (P) on the growth of field peas (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alma). The results of all the experiments suggest that placing P fertiliser 4-5 cm below the seed of field pea crops will be beneficial in terms of nodulation, P uptake, grain yield and grain P concentration. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Agronomy and Farming Systems, 1997

Bibliography: leaves 203-212. / xiii, 212 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This study investigated the genetic diversity for tolerance of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) to micronutrient deficient soils with an emphasis on manganese. 69 genotypes were studied under field conditions at Marion Bay (Lower Eyre Peninsula) and Coonalpyn. Durum genotypes, notably Stojocri, were identified as having higher tolerance than commerical durum varieties. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Plant Science, 1999

Orientador: Lin Chau Ming / Banca: Natalia Hanazaki / Banca: Fatims Chechetto / Resumo: Neste trabalho pretende-se diagnosticar e analisar o manejo dos recursos vegetais hortícolas alimentares da agricultura tradicional da comunidade caiçara residente no interior e entorno do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM)- Núcleo Picinguaba- situado no estado de São Paulo relacionando-os com a orientação e interferência na paisagem. Para tanto, busca-se, à luz da Etnoecologia Abrangente, por meio de ferramentas da Etnobotânica e da Antropologia, subsídio para a análise do modo de vida das populações considerando o uso e ocupação do solo assim como a inserção e importância de espécies alimentares, cultivadas e não-cultivadas, no dia-a-dia das pessoas. Foram obtidos dados em campo por meio da observação participante e com o uso de questionários e entrevistas estruturadas e semi-estruturadas. Utilizou-se o geopreocessamento a fim de se obter um mapa a partir de unidades de paisagem reconhecidas pelos agricultores correlacionando critérios êmicos de distinção da paisagem com aspectos fitossociológicos e de diversidade. Concluiu-se que o sistema de conhecimentos, crenças e sentimentos influenciam o manejo das espécies alimentares e das paisagens afetando diretamente a conservação e variabilidade de espécies de plantas e paisagens, ainda que haja pressão para substituições e impedimentos legais. A partir da argumentação de que é possível co-existir conservação de recursos naturais em locais onde habitam comunidades tradicionais tendo em vista seu modo de vida conservacionista, espera-se que este trabalho possa trazer contribuições para programas e políticas públicas de proteção às populações que têm sua cultura comprometida por restrições da legislação de uma UC e para conservação das espécies alimentares alvo do estudo / Abstract: This paper aims to diagnose and analyze the management of food plants resources of traditional agriculture of caiçara community resident in and around the Serra do Mar State Park (PESM) - Picinguaba situated in the state of São Paulo relating them to management and interference in the landscape . To do that, we seek the light of Comprehensive Ethnoecology, through tools of ethnobotany and anthropology, allowing the analysis of the way of life of the people considering the use and occupation as well as the inclusion and importance of food species, cultivated and non-cultivated, day-to-day lives. Field data were obtained through participant observation and the use of questionnaires and structured and semi-structured interviews. We used the geoprocessing in order to obtain a map from landscape units recognized by farmers correlating emic criterion for distinguishing the landscape with phytosociological and diversity aspects. We can conclude that the system of knowledge, beliefs and feelings influence the management of food plants species and landscapes directly affecting the conservation and variability of plant species and landscapes, although there is pressure to substitutions and legal impediments. From the argument that it is possible to co -exist conservation of natural resources in places with traditional communities considering their conservationist way of life, it is expected that this work will bring contributions to public programs and policies to protect the people who have their culture compromised by restrictions in the laws of a Conservation Unit (UC) and to the conservation of targeted food plants of this study / Mestre

The aim of the thesis is to develop an expanding educational curriculum manual applicable in the practical field of teaching geography at the 2nd primary school. The work contains a set of projects with practical exercises and field experiments, explaining the specific processes and physical geography concepts linked to the selected area (Domažlicko and Humpolecko). Individual chapters are devoted to physical-geographical sub-disciplines (meteorology and climatology, hydrology, soil science, biogeography, geology and geomorphology) and the first chapter is devoted to cartography.

Coal-generated acid mine drainage (AMD) is characterized by low-pH waters with excessive loads of dissolved species such as SO4, Fe, Al and Mn along with other elements of environmental concern (i.e. Cd, As, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se and Cu). To mitigate this problem, anaerobic sulfate reducing bioreactors (ASRB) have been implemented as a technology for passive treatment systems that utilize low-cost organic substrates to stimulate biologically enhanced contaminant sequestration. Previous work has identified the establishment of diverse microbial communities in which a hierarchal chain of substrate degradation processes is essential in developing sustainable environments to produce long-lived sulfate-reducing microbial (SRM) populations. In this study, to determine the optimal mixture of substrate types, alternating ratios of herbaceous (ie. leaves, grass, spent brewing grains) and ligneous (i.e. maple wood chips and saw dust) reactor matrices were tested. Five bioreactors along with one control reactor containing only limestone were constructed at the Tab-Simco abandoned mine land (AML) site in southern Illinois, USA. The field experiments were monitored over ~ one year (377 days) to evaluate the physical, geochemical and microbiological parameters which dictate ASRB efficiency in remediation of AMD contaminants. Results from this experiment documented contaminant removal in all reactors. However, the bioreactors established SRM populations that contributed to enhanced removal of SO4, Fe, and trace metals (i.e. Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni). Geochemical assessment of the aqueous environments established within the bioreactors suggested multiple pathways of contaminant sequestration. This included the formation of Fe-oxyhydroxide precipitates, adsorption, co-precipitation (e.g. Zn/Ni-Ferrites) and bio-induced sulfide mineralization. Activity of the SRMs was dependent on temperature, with bioreactors exhibiting decreases in both effluent sulfide concentrations and 34S-depletion of sulfate during low-T months (i.e. T < 10°C). Overall, maximum remediation of dissolved constituents SO4, Fe, Al and Mn was obtained in the predominantly herbaceous bioreactors. Extrapolation of our results to the full-scale Tab-Simco bioreactor indicated that, over the course of one year, the herbaceous bioreactors would remove ~75,600 kg SO4, 21,800 kg Fe, 8000 kg Al, and 77 kg Mn. This represents a 21.7 wt%, 41.5 wt%, 9.4 wt% and 81.8 wt% increase in SO4, Fe, Al and Mn removal over dominantly ligneous bioreactors, respectively. Although the overall Fe removal within the limestone control reactor reached 44.5 mol%; removal of 19.5 mol% SO4 and 36.9 mol% Al from influent AMD were significantly less when compared to the bioreactors. These results imply that ASRB technologies are promising in remediation of coal-generated AMD and increasing herbaceous content of bioreactors can significantly enhance contaminant sequestration. However, geochemical results also displayed seasonal variation in redox gradients within our field ASRB's which may induce dissolution of the redox sensitive phases produced within bioreactors. Furthermore, optimal microbial-mediated sulfate reduction may be inhibited by the high surface areas of the abundant Fe/Al-oxyhydroxides which dominate the system. Therefore, to enhance ASRB remediation capacity, future designs must optimize not only the organic carbon substrate but also include a pretreatment phase in which the bulk of dissolved Fe/Al-species are removed from the influent AMD prior to entering the bioreactor.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:51:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T17:59:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000776536.pdf: 4004778 bytes, checksum: 130c761378a2ecf404216b1a93c35cce (MD5) / Os atributos físicos e químicos do solo caminham lado a lado, e a ciência busca aprimorar o entendimento a respeito da interação dos mesmos, visando contemplar a sustentabilidade pela conservação do solo e de seus recursos naturais, utilizando o próprio sistema solo como uma ferramenta para redução das práticas antrópicas. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os atributos físicos e químicos do solo submetido a diferentes cultivos de outono-inverno estabelecidos há cinco anos em sistema de semeadura direta e esclarecer qual a influência desses atributos na produtividade de grãos da soja. O experimento foi conduzido em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico de textura argilosa. Foram estabelecidos quatro tratamentos de outono-inverno, Brachiaria ruziziensis (B), milho (M), milho consorciado com Brachiaria ruziziensis (M+B) e feijão caupi (C) e no verão foi cultivado soja. Foram realizadas coletas de solo, durante o período de florescimento da soja, para as análises física e química, foram retiradas também amostras de raízes da soja. Ao final do experimento foi realizada a colheita da soja para determinar a produtividade de grãos. Houve redução da macroporosidade e aumento da densidade do solo em B, comparado aos demais tratamentos, decorrente do pisoteio dos animais. O feijão caupi proporcionou maior retenção de água nas camadas abaixo de 0,10 m. Os maiores DMP e DMG foram encontratados em B, M, e M+B e os menores em C. O cultivo B apresentou maior percentagem da massa do solo distribuída em agregados >2,0 mm, em todas as camadas, enquanto que em C houve a menor proporção dos agregados maiores que 2,0 mm nas camadas abaixo de 0,10 m. M e M+B tiveram estabilidade de agregados intermediária entre B e C. Não houve diferença na resistência a penetração (RP) entre os tratamentos estudados, esta apenas variou com a profundidade e foi maior na segunda e terceira camadas ... / The physical and chemical soil attributes go hand in hand, and science seeks to improve the understanding about the interaction of these, aiming to include sustainability through conservation of soil and its natural resources, using the own soil system as a tool to reduce anthropogenic practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical soil properties under different crops in autumn-winter established five years ago in no-tillage system and clarify the influence of these attributes on the grain yield of soybean crop and its root growth. The experiment was conducted on an Oxisol clay texture. Four treatments autumn-winter, were established, Brachiaria ruziziensis (B), maize (M), maize intercropped with B. ruziziensis (M+B) and cowpea (C) and in summer was grown soybeans. Samplings were carried out during soybean flowering, for the analysis of physics and chemistry, were also taken samples of soybean roots. At the end of the experiment proceeded soybean harvest to determine grain yield. There was a decrease in the macroporosity and an increase in bulk density of the soil in the B treatment compared to the other treatments, due to the animal trampling. The cowpea provided greater water retention in the layers below 0,10 m, due to the smaller influence of roots of this crop and higher microporosity in the soil. The largest Mean Geometric Diameter (MGD) and Mean Weight Diameter (MWD) were observed in treatments B, M, and M+B and the lowest values in C. Treatment B had higher percentage of soil mass distributed in aggregates > 2,0 mm in all layers, while in treatment C there was the lowest aggregate stability (> 2,0 mm) in the layers below 0.10 m. M and M + B had intermediate stability of aggregates between treatments B and C. There was no difference in resistence to penetration (RP) between the treatments, this only varied with depth and was higher in the second and third layer ...