Thesis (doctoral)--Helsingin yliopisto, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 202-211).

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / The study examined ultimate attainment m postpuberty second language acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis as an explanation for non-nativeness. A grammaticality judgment task acted as an assessment instrument; a subject was considered to be native-like if the individual's subtest score was greater than or equal to the mean ratings of 90% of the control group members. The native-like subtests were totaled into a nativeness score. The study consisted of 6 research questions and followup interviews with the highest scoring and lowest scoring subjects. As a methodological innovation, the selection of Finnish-born spouses of native English speakers (N=104) as subjects controlled background variables (amount and quality ofL2 exposure, amount ofL2 and Ll use, education and language learning); 80% had studied EFL. 55 subjects had age on arrival of 2:16 years and had lived in USA/Canada for 20-60 years. 88% of the control group (N=40) obtained the nativeness score 6 or 5. The grammaticality judgments of 38% of Finnish-born subjects were indistinguishable from the judgments of the control group and contradicted the Critical Period Hypothesis as an only explanation for native-like ultimate attainment. The findings also indicate that Age on Arrival and Age English as a Foreign Language Began are separate age of exposure measures. The best logistic regression model with 11 binary variables predicted nativelikeness with 76.9% accuracy; the significant predictors were Age English as a Foreign Language Began, US Education, and Length of Exposure, but not Age on Arrival. However, the youngest age on arrival group (12-15 years) outperformed all other subject groupings. Their performance did not decline with aging; the nativeness scores of other subjects declined as Age at Testing increased after the peak performance age. ANOV As for Age English as a Foreign Language Began, Length of Exposure, Total Years of Education, and Age at Testing were significant for the 104 and 55 subject groupings. The n-shaped relationship between the nativeness score and Length of Exposure explains their low correlation. Age at Testing impacted on ultimate attainment by confounding with education and other background variables (prior foreign language study, second language proficiency on arrival, multilingualism, etc.). / 2031-01-01

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The aim with this paper was to study and describe how the congruence in 1. P Sg, 1. P Pl and 3. P Pl (mä luen, me luetaan, ne lukee) appear in spoken Sweden Finnish among Sweden Finns teenagers.</p><p>The study was based on a radio interview with 17 upper secondary school students from Huddinge, south of Stockholm. Some comparative data was also provided for in studies of congruence between spoken Sweden Finnish and Finnish in Finland.</p><p>In addition to this, a discussion about the influence of Swedish on the congruence in Sweden Finnish, and the difference in congruence between boys and girls were included. The study method was descriptive and quantitative, but also qualitative observations were made.</p><p>The result of the study implied that the congruence in 1. P Sg among the informants was around 99 %. The proportion of congruent forms appeared to the same extent among boys and girls. 0.5 % of all cases was constituted by incongruence in 1. P Sg.</p><p>The incongruence in 1. P Pl was 100 % among the informants. The incongruent form was the Passive "me luetaan" or "ø luetaan". The girls used the pronoun "me" 20 % more than the boys did.</p><p>The incongruence in 3. P Pl among the informants was about 99 %. The verb in 3. P Pl was in the form 3. P Sg "ne lukee" or "ø lukee". The incongruent forms appeared to the same extent among boys and girls.</p><p>The differences in the congruence in spoken Sweden Finnish were small between the Sweden Finns and Finnish teenagers. The congruent form of standard Finnish in Sweden Finnish was used very seldom in either of the groups.</p><p>The conclusions were that the Sweden Finns may deliberately want to avoid standard Finnish forms in spoken Finnish. An inadequate education in standard Finnish in Sweden may also influence spoken Sweden Finnish. Swedish is an analytical language, and could therefore influence Sweden Finnish in a way that it becomes more analytical than spoken Finnish in Finland.</p>

Thesis--University of Michigan. / "A chronological listing of general publication of the Book Concern": leaves 306-318. "Bibliography": leaves 319-324.

Working hours has become, besides unemployment, the most important labour market issue in the European Union (EU) and other European countries during the 1990s. The aim of the thesis is to discuss, analyse and evaluate how the issue of working hours legislation is resolved in Finland, a Finland that differs significantly from previous decades. The main concepts in the thesis are corporatism and corporate pluralism, both underlining consensual policy making. The thesis focuses mainly on a third level of consensus, labelled policy consensus. The overall research question is what an in-depth sectoral analysis of working hours legislation can tell us about labour market policy making in Finland in the 1990s. The empirical material is based on both official and unofficial material from the decision making processes, complemented by interviews with the major participants. Although the main focus is on Finland, comparisons with Sweden and the United Kingdom are made. The result of the analysis is that the development of working hours legislation, and Finnish labour market policy making overall in the 1990s, is characterised by one-dimensionality. The one-dimensional politics brings with it some side effects, the most important being an intolerance of dissensus and opposition in the name of consensus. The consensus politics in Finland are therefore no more than a rule by the more powerful. The normative justification of the inclusion of main economic interest groups in terms of their knowledge of the issues is questionable, since knowledge has become overshadowed by power. The use of the corporatist concept if also inappropriate when it comes to Finnish labour market policy making, since it is debatable whether labour market policy making in Finland has adhered to any distinct forms of the concept.

Originally presented as the author's Thesis (Turku University). / Includes bibliographical references (p. 230-247).

Thesis--University of Michigan. / "A chronological listing of general publication of the Book Concern": leaves 306-318. "Bibliography": leaves 319-324.

Akademisk avhandling--Stockholms högskola. / Bibliography: p. [xi]-xxix.

Thesis (doctoral)--University of Helsinki, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 154-159).

Akademische Abhandlung--Helsingfors.