Abstract The diploma thesis is divided into five main parts. First part deals with wood as a firing in term of its composition, emissions of carbon dioxide and its properties. The second part describes the calculation of a stove fire, especially stoichiometry of firing, temperature of uncooled flame and area of combustion chamber. The third part focuses on the proposal for a stove fire in connection with comparative criteria of the fireplace, shape of the combustion chamber and the tertiary air jet. The fifth part describes a manufacturing of the stove fire in the work-room at VUT Brno. The major part of the diploma work pays attention to the measuring of stove fire parameters for the effectivity calculation, measuring section of combustion gas and measurement evaluation with stove fire constructional modifications

The aim of this diploma thesis is to experimentally measure the Golem 1.1 fireplace insert for heating with and without a deflector in the Steko s.r.o. company’s test room. Following this measurement, the emissions of CO, CO2, oxygen content in the flue gases and the temperature in the flue duct are listed here and the efficiency is calculated for different modes of primary air sucked in the insert and for different numbers of fuel pieces.

This diploma thesis deals with combustion of wood in small fireplace, fireplace inlay specifically. This thesis is divided into four main parts. First chapters follow up stoves and their construction. The second parts describes the calculation and design of the stove. The third part focuses on the manufacturing of fireplace. At the end there is a description of experimental measurements produced a prototype, the determination of emmisions and efficiency.

This master’s thesis deals with a proposal of production technology of a fireplace insert. Based on various solutions of production and documented calculations, charring has been elected as the most optimal technology. According to the requirements of thermal resistance and weldability the component will be made of boiler metal plate 11 416. Based on checking and technological calculations process of charring on press BAYKAL APHS 3110x180 has been proposed with the nominal power of 180 tons. The verification of bends was realized using computer simulations. Bending tools are made of steel 12 050. A technical-economic evaluation is also part of this master’s thesis.

Medieval dwelling houses of a similar type have been documented on Gotland in archaeological investigations. They all have common planning, a rectangular house foundation divided into two rooms and a square-shaped fireplace which is located in one of the corners. In this study the aim is to find out when this type of building was first introduced on Gotland as well as why it was adopted. Another aim is to compare the gotlandic houses with similar buildings from other places in Scandinavia? The method used to answer these questions consists of a comparison between visually similar houses from Gotland and the mainland based on orientation, dimensions, construction and dating. The comparison shows that the majority of the foundations investigated frequently are oriented west east, that the average dimensions are approximately 8 × 6 m and that the houses approximately can be dated between the 12th and 13th century.

À une époque où les conditions matérielles de l’existence différaient profondément de celles qui sont aujourd’hui les nôtres, quel était l’impact des variations saisonnières de températures sur les individus et sur la société ? Comment les hommes et les femmes du passé enduraient-ils le froid de l’hiver et tentaient-ils de s’en préserver ? Quelle était l’efficience des moyens mis en œuvre pour lutter contre le froid et quelles pouvaient être les températures qui régnaient l’hiver à l’intérieur des habitations ? À la suite des intuitions pionnières de Lucien Febvre ou de Robert Mandrou, ce travail, à la croisée de l’histoire du corps et de celle des sensibilités, tente de de retracer la généalogie de notre rapport sensible au monde. La première partie de la thèse, après avoir évoqué les apports et les limites des différents types de sources dépouillées, est consacrée à étudier la manière dont les fluctuations de températures sont perçues, notées et pensées à des époques où le froid et la chaleur sont davantage des expériences sensibles que des grandeurs physiques mesurables. On y étudie aussi la manière dont les vagues de froid impactent, plus qu’aujourd’hui, la vie quotidienne et posent aux individus et à la société d’insolubles difficultés. En s’interrogeant sur la figure récurrente du “grand hiver”, on en vient à montrer que ces descriptions d’hivers rigoureux révèlent tout autant une réalité climatique objective qu’une extrême vulnérabilité des sociétés anciennes face au froid. La seconde partie centrée autour de la question de la civilisation matérielle tente de retracer les différentes stratégies mises en œuvre pour lutter contre les assauts de l’hiver. On y étudie ainsi la place et le rôle de la cheminée dans l’habitation ainsi que la manière dont elle constitue un trait de civilisation qui conditionne des manières d’habiter et des attitudes corporelles qui n’échappent pas au processus de civilisation. Les médiocres performances calorifiques de la cheminée expliquent le recours nécessaire à des sources de chaleur portatives et la mise en place de multiples stratégies de lutte contre le froid qui varient en fonction des régions et des milieux sociaux. La France préindustrielle apparaît ainsi comme un monde de l’économie permanente et de la chaleur rare où le souci constant de l’économie du combustible explique la cohabitation recherchée avec les bêtes, l’entassement des corps dénoncés par les médecins des Lumières et l’existence de certaines formes de sociabilité. En essayant de reconstituer la cohérence d’un système et d’habitus aujourd’hui disparus, on est naturellement amené, dans une troisième partie, à poser la question de la sensibilité — au sens physiologique mais aussi social du terme — au froid et à la chaleur ainsi que celle de son évolution. Dans un essai d’archéologie du corps, on tente de reconstituer les climats intérieurs des habitations d’autrefois en s’efforçant de déterminer les températures de confort. L’accoutumance à des températures intérieures relativement basses au regard de nos exigences actuelles amène à souligner le caractère socialement et culturellement construit des seuils de tolérance et à interroger le rapport à l’inconfort et à la douleur puisque le froid, s’il est enduré, n’en provoque pas moins souffrances et lésions corporelles. En étudiant les cheminements sinueux de la réflexion technique relative à la question du chauffage qui se développe au cours du XVIIIe siècle, on est aussi amené à s’interroger sur les interactions complexes entre la société, les évolutions scientifiques et technologiques et l’évolution des seuils de tolérance individuels et sociaux au froid et à la chaleur. Le XVIIIe siècle apparaît ainsi comme un siècle charnière où s’exprime pour la première fois ouvertement une demande sociale de chaleur (condamnée par les moralistes et les médecins) qui préfigure notre besoin insatiable de confort..... / At the time when material conditions in our existence deeply differed from those we know nowadays, what was the impact of the change in the seasonal temperatures on the individuals and society? How did the men and women of the past endured winter cold and how did they strive to protect themselves from it? How efficient were the means used to fight the cold and what could the indoor temperatures be in winter? After the first intuitions sensed by Lucien Febvre and Robert Mandrou, this work, at the crossroads of the history of the body and that of sensitivity, tries to trace out the genealogy of our sensitive relation to the world. After mentioning the contributions and the limits found in various types of studied sources, the first part of this dissertation is devoted to the way the change in temperatures were perceived, noted or thought at a time when cold and heat were more perceptible experiences than measurable physical quantities. It also deals with the way the cold spells affected daily life and that more than today troubled both the individuals and society with unsolvable difficulties. Wondering about the recurring figure of the “great winter”, it shows that those descriptions of harsh winters revealed a climatic reality as much as the old societies’ extreme vulnerability to the cold. The second part revolving around the question of the material civilization tries to recount the different strategies used to fight the onslaught of winter weather. Thus it studies the role and importance of fire places in homes as well as the way it brought a feature of civilization which changed both the living conditions and the physical attitudes that were implied in the process of civilization. The poor calorific value of fire places explained the necessary resort to mobile heating sources and the establishment of numerous strategies to fight the cold, which changed according to the regions and the social standing. Thus, Preindustrial France was understood as a world of permanent economy and of scarce heat where the constant question of the combustible material economy could explain the importance of living with cattle, of overcrowded places - denounced by the doctors in the Age of Enlightenment - and the existence of certain forms of social skills. Trying to recreate the coherence of a system and habitus that have disappeared today, a third part naturally raises the question of sensitivity – in the physiological but also social meaning of the term – to cold and heat and its evolutions. In an essay on the archeology of the body, we tried to recreate the conditions inside the dwellings of the past, in an effort to determine the comfort temperature. The compliance with relatively low indoor temperatures regarding our current demands led us to underline that our capacity to acceptance had been culturally and socially built up and to question our relation to discomfort and pain since the cold, even though it was supported, entailed suffering and physical damage. Pondering over the technical reflection to the heating issue that had developed throughout the 18th century, we were led to go over the complexity of the interaction between society, scientific and technologic evolution and the individual and social acceptance to the cold and heat. The 18th century seemed to be the turning point where for the first time a social demand for heat had been overtly expressed (though condemned by both moralists and doctors) which heralded our unquenchable need for comfort. The expression for that social demand did not necessarily mean that it would be universally satisfied. Consequently, the old thermal regime would be lasting beyond this studied period…

The thesis is focused on product certification of fireplace insert. There is described process of combustion of solid fuel and construction of fireplace insert with hot-water exchanger. The compilation of legislative requirements is compiled and confirmed by authorized test laboratory, and declaration of performance with production label with CE sign are made. In the next part, the emission requirements of European market are described, including future coming European directive. The energy label for certified product is designed.

The thesis is focused on product certification of fireplace insert. There is described process of combustion of solid fuel and construction of fireplace insert with hot-water exchanger. The compilation of legislative requirements is compiled and confirmed by authorized test laboratory, and declaration of performance with production label with CE sign are made. In the next part, the emission requirements of European market are described, including future coming European directive. The energy label for certified product is designed.

This master thesis deals with problematics of fine particles produced during combustion in fireplace stoves. The theoretical part is focused on the analysis of the atmosphere, health consequences, solid pollutants, the formation of particles (origin), particle separation and how they are regulated by laws. Theoretical section of the thesis addresses analysis of biomass and its combustion. In the applied section are listed given methods of the particles measuring according to regulations, common errors during measurement and methods of identification of measured fine particles. Then follow specific measurements of the formed very fine particles produced by the SMPS method. Subsequently, the results of the measurement are evaluated and summarized in the conclusion.

Proposal for heating the building of the hotel type. The first part describes the detailed description and analysis of heat sources proposed in the third part, which are gas-fired condensing boilers, fireplaces and stoves. In the second part we find two technical solutions involvement boiler room. The third section contains solutions for selected variants.