Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to evaluate the performance profile, digestive enzymes and metabolic effects of silver catfishes (Rhamdia quelen) in response to the partial substitution of protein source for animal protein (PB) of linseed meal in nature (FL) and demucilaged (FLD). Two hundred and forty juvenile catfish (average initial weight of 14.49 ± 1.85 g and length averaging 11.74 ± 0.61 cm) were randomly assigned to 12 cases of propylene with a working volume of 280 liters (20 fish / box) in a water recirculation system for a period of 51 days supply. During the experimental period, the water quality parameters remained within the optimum for this species. The treatments were: control diet; 17% FL (17% replacement of animal PB by PB of FL); 17%FLD (17% replacement of animal PB by PB of FLD) and 35% FLD (35 % substitution of animal PB by PB of FLD), each treatment consisted of three repetitions. The animals were fed three times daily to apparent satiation. Every 28 days samples were collected to monitor the growth. During the experimental period, growth variables (weight, total and standard length, total biomass, daily weight gain, condition factor, specific growth rate, feed conversion) and parameters of carcass (carcass yield, digestivossomático index, hepatosomatic, quotient intestinal and deposition of protein and fat) were evaluated. In addition, we determined: chemical composition (moisture, ash, fat and protein) in whole fish, blood parameters (glucose, total triglycerides, total cholesterol and total protein) in liver tissue ( glycogen, glucose, protein, free amino acids, ammonia and lactate). Activities of enzymes acid protease, amylase, trypsin and quymotripsin were also measured. The fish fed the control diet had lower levels of feed conversion (p <0.05). However, the rest of the growth parameters were not altered by the inclusion of FL and FLD. Diet 35%FLD had lower QI, moisture content, higher content of carcass fat and total fat deposited and activity of the enzyme trypsin. The blood level of triglycerides, albumin and total protein did not differ among treatments, but higher cholesterol levels (178,72 ± 10,71) and plasma glucose (62,71 ± 5,16) were found in 35%FLD treatment. The liver parameters were not affected by treatments. The composition of linseed meal after the process of demucilagen concentrated PB content and decreases to half the content of soluble fiber. Therefore, it is suggested that the FLD and FL can be used to compose part of silver catfish feed as an alternative source and cost. / Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho produtivo, perfil de enzimas digestivas e efeitos metabólicos de jundiás (Rhamdia quelen) em resposta à substituição parcial da fonte proteica de origem animal pela proteína bruta (PB) dos farelos de linhaça in natura (FL) e demucilada (FLD). Duzentos e quarenta juvenis de jundiá (peso médio inicial de 14,49±1,85g e comprimento médio inicial de 11,74±0,61 cm) foram distribuídos ao acaso em 12 caixas de propileno com volume útil de 280 litros (20 peixes/caixa) em um sistema de recirculação de água por um período de sete semanas de alimentação. Durante o período experimental os parâmetros de qualidade da água mantiveram-se dentro do ideal para esta espécie. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: dieta controle; 17%FL (17% substituição da PB de origem animal pela PB do FL); 17% FLD: (17% substituição da PB de origem animal pela PB do FLD) e 35%FLD: (35% de substituição da PB de origem animal pela PB do FLD), cada tratamento consistiu de três repetições. Os animais foram alimentados três vezes ao dia, até a saciedade aparente. A cada 28 dias, foram realizadas biometrias para acompanhamento do crescimento. Durante o período experimental, foram avaliados: variáveis de crescimento (peso, comprimento total e padrão, biomassa total, ganho em peso diário, fator de condição, taxa de crescimento específico, conversão alimentar aparente) e parâmetros de carcaça (rendimento de carcaça, índices digestivossomático, hepatossomático, quociente intestinal e deposições de proteína e gordura corporal). Além disso, foram determinados: composição centesimal (umidade, cinzas, gordura e proteína) no peixe inteiro; parâmetros sangüíneos (glicose, triglicerídeos totais, colesterol total e proteínas totais) e no tecido hepático, foram determinados glicogênio, glicose, proteínas, aminoácidos livres, amônia e lactato. Também foram aferidas as atividades das enzimas protease ácida, amilase, tripsina e quimiotripsina. Os peixes alimentados com a dieta controle apresentaram menores valores de conversão alimentar (p<0,05), no entanto, o restante dos parâmetros de crescimento não foram alterados pela inclusão dos FL e FLD. A dieta 35%FLD apresentou menor QI, teor de umidade, maior teor de gordura da carcaça e gordura total depositada e atividade da enzima tripsina. Os parâmetros sanguíneos de triglicerídeos, albumina e proteínas totais não diferiram estatisticamente entre si, todavia maiores níveis de colesterol (178,72±10,71) e glicose plasmática (62,71±5,16) foram encontrados no tratamento 35%FLD. Os parâmetros hepáticos não foram afetados pelos tratamentos. A composição do farelo de linhaça após o processo de demucilagem concentrou o teor de PB e diminuiu à metade o conteúdo de fibra solúvel. Sendo assim, sugere-se que o FL e o FLD podem ser usados parcialmente para compor a ração de jundiás como fonte alternativa econômica.

This diploma thesis is focused on culture of pikeperch under controlled conditions and tested the optimal environmental conditions for their good growth and survival. The aim of this work was to test the effect of different oxygen saturation on survival, growth, feed intake, feed conversion rate and condition of pikeperch Pikeperch (mean body weight 10.3 g; n=810) habituated to artificial feed were placed in culture tank of the same volume of water and environmental conditions. Fish were fed ad-libitum. Three different oxygen saturations were tested in triplicate: normoxia with saturation of 85-95% O2, hypoxia with saturation of 55-65% O2 and hyperoxia with saturation of 145-155% O2. The experiment lasted 82 days and was divided into five periods. Biometric measurements of fish were performed at the end of each period. Cumulative survival, fish growth, amount of received feed, specific growth rate and condition factor were used for evaluation of our results. The results showed the positive effect of hyperoxia on feed intake and growth of fish. Slower growth was observed in hypoxia. The mean weight gain for the whole experiment was followed: normoxia 28.2 g, hyperoxia 37.7 g and hypoxia 22.9 g.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:56:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 franmir.pdf: 3650652 bytes, checksum: 39d6972da143ac70177c337f822781c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-10 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Brycon amazonicus, commonly known as matrinxa, is one of the most potential species for commercial fish farming in the Western Amazon. Nevertheless this is a very aggressive fish, and excessive movements in handling may lead animals to undesired consequences as body wounds, diseases or even mortality. The objective of this work was to evaluate zeolite in the transport in order to reduce excreted ammonia on water transport that may represent absence of one acute transport stressor. Additionally we evaluated the use an alternative anesthetic, eugenol, also in the transport water to tranquilize fish and together with zeolite increase the chances of the transport success. Three experiments were held: 1) matrinxã excreted ammonia in the transport water; 2) capacity of zeolite to absorb water ammonia; 3) Effects of zeolite and eugenol addition on the transport water on the metabolic stress responses of matrinxã. Water samples were taken during transport to measure temperature, oxygen, pH, ammonia and nitrite. Blood samples were also taken to measure hematrocrit, lactate, glucose, ammonia, protein, chlorides and sodium. Glycogen tissues contents were still measured. Transportation of fish during 4 h accumulated ammonia in the water in concentration of 1,39 mg/L, and pH 6,45±0,43, oxygen 13,5±0,24 mg/L and temperature 27,1±0,13°C. In the second experiment, zeolite in concentration of 7,5 mg/L absorbed properly ammonia transport water. In the third study zeolite and eugenol decreased metabolic stress responses of matrinxã to transport. Plasma glucose was around 65,62 mg/dL and cortisol 4,1 ng/dL. / O Brycon amazonicus, genericamente conhecido como matrinxã, é um dos peixes com maior potencial para a piscicultura na Amazônia. Porém por ser um peixe naturalmente agitado, movimenta-se de forma intensa durante o manejo sendo mais suscetível aos efeitos indesejáveis das diversas práticas como biometria, classificação e transporte, podendo ocorrer ferimentos na superfície do corpo, manifestação de doenças e até altas mortalidades. Os objetivos do proposto trabalho foram avaliar as possibilidades de uso da zeolita durante o transporte de matrinxã, associado ao uso de um anestésico alternativo, o eugenol, também na água de transporte, para reduzir a movimentação dos animais, a fim de aumentar com esses dois produtos as chances de sucesso do transporte. Foram realizados três estudos: 1) análise de amônia liberada pelo matrinxã na água durante o transporte; 2) análise do poder de absorção da amônia pela zeolita; 3) Efeito da adição de zeolita e eugenol à água de transporte nas respostas metabólicas ao estresse do matrinxã submetido ao transporte. Foram retiradas amostras de água das embalagens de transporte para análises de temperatura, oxigênio, pH, amônia e nitrito. Amostras de sangue e tecido muscular e hepático foram coletadas para realização das análises de hematócrito, lactato, glicose plasmática, lactato, amônia plasmática, proteína total, cloretos, sódio, glicogênio hepático e glicogênio muscular. No primeiro experimento determinou-se que a liberação de amônia na água de transporte de 4 horas apresentou um aumento exponencial. No segundo experimento de absorção da amônia pela zeolita, todas as concentrações mostraram-se eficientes para o fim proposto. No terceiro experimento a influência da zeolita conjuntamente com o eugenol nas respostas metabólicas ao estresse foram satisfatórias para amenizá-las. A concentração de zeolita determinada como adequada foi de 7,5 mg/L levandose em consideração o custo-benefício ao produtor. O tratamento zeolita + eugenol foi o mais eficiente mostrando bons resultados para melhorar a qualidade do transporte com respostas fisiológicas e tissulares ao estresse menores.

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is an important freshwater fish whose glucose intolerance, white muscle lactate retention and high lipolytic inertia, have interested comparative physiologists for decades. Recent advancements in mammalian G-protein coupled receptor deorphanization research have identified many endogenous metabolites as regulators of energy metabolism, including lactate and long-chain fatty acids. In addition to being essential metabolic fuels, lactate and long-chain fatty acids regulate lipolysis and lipogenesis by binding to hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) and the free fatty acid receptors (FFAR1 and 4), respectively. Therefore, the goal of this thesis was to quantify the effects of exogenous lactate and lipids on glucose and fatty acid mobilization in rainbow trout and identify potential signaling mechanisms by monitoring the expression and activity of key glycolytic, gluconeogenic, lipolytic, lipogenic and β-oxidation targets in the liver, muscle and adipose tissue. In Chapter 2, in vivo measurements of metabolic fuel kinetics show that lactate (i) strongly reduced hepatic glucose production by substituting glucose for lactate and (ii) exhibited no lipolytic suppression suggesting HCAR1 signaling is weak in trout. In Chapter 3, in vivo measurements of energy mobilization show that Intralipid strongly induced lipolysis by saturating circulating lipases while transcriptional induction of gluconeogenesis compensates for the acute reduction in hepatic glucose production. Intralipid infusion increased total fatty acid concentration and altered fatty acid composition while suppressing lipid metabolism of trout liver and adipose tissue. In Chapter 4, I identify the presence (hcar1 and ffar1) and absence (ffar4) of these G-protein coupled receptor genes in the rainbow trout genome and describe their evolutionary origins, using in silico approaches of microsynteny, amino acid sequence similarity and critical residue conservation. However, their importance in fish physiology remains relatively unknown, thus future studies are warranted to further investigate such metabolic signals.

No description available.

The results of an experimental rearing of peled under different oxygen regimes are presented in this work. Four variants were tested in three repetitions (hypoxia 55-65 %, normoxia 85-95 %, permanent hyperoxia 145-155 % and alternate hyperoxia 145-155 % during the day and 85-95 % overnight). Also the oxygen consumption of fish with weight from 4.5 to 20 g at temperatures of 15, 19 and 23 °C was measured.