The principle aim of the study was to evaluate the nutritional value of animal and plant by-products, with the objective of improving the cost effectiveness of diets for culturing seabream (Sparus aurata). The programme of work was initially directed towards applying the current methodology used in fish nutrition research to establish reliable digestibility coefficients for various feed ingredients. A selection of animal and plant materials were tested for digestibility within a reference basal diet designed for seabream. Ingredients for special consideration included poultry by-product meal, feather meal, meat and bone meal, solvent extracted and full fat soyabean meal as well as various other plant derived mater1als. Comparative values for protein, energy and lipid digestibility coefficients were assessed. On the basis of these measurements, experiments were undertaken to evaluate the optimum inclusion levels of promising protein and energy sources as a replacement for the fishmeal component in diets for seabream. Emphasis was made on recent advances in feed processing technology. Raw materials were evaluated in terms of proximate analysis, amino acid profiles and the degree of heat treatment effects on protein quality and availability. Several indices relating to these included lysine availabil1ty, cresol red values and trypsin inhibitor levels for soya products. Growth performance and feed utilization trials were conducted mainly on juvenile fish in recirculation systems under controlled conditions of temperature and salinity. Nutritional parameters such as specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ~FE) and protein utilization parameters were determined 1n each successive trial. The results were favourable with respect to the partial inclusion of animal products in seabream diets. Poultry byproduct meals proved encouraging even at high inclusion levels. The growth performance of fish fed soyabean meal and full fat soya were initially favourable and merited further consideration. These preliminary trials led to a series of practical diet formulations to contain multi-in9redient components, which confirmed previous findings. Var1able results, however, were reported for full fat soyabean meal in this experiment. Finally, the programme of research was presented in the context of the rapidly expanding mariculture industries of southern Europe w1th a particular relevance to Greece.

Given the paucity of information with regards the micronutrient requirements of the currently expanding number of cultured marine species, a series of investigations was undertaken to examine the water-soluble vitamin nutrition of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). A preliminary study identified the qualitative requirement of this species for ascorbic acid, the B complex vitamins and choline for the maintenance of health and optimum productivity. Based on the observations of the preliminary experiment, a study was designed which allowed the development of a semi-purified diet and illustrated the qualitative requirement of the gilthead seabream for thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pyridoxine and pantothenic acid. Using the semi-purified diet, the requirement for niacin and biotin were also established. As one of the vitamins for which the seabream exhibited a strong requirement, pyridoxine was chosen as the focus for an experiment which evaluated the benefit of the incorporation of this vitamin within a practical diet at levels which exceeded the minimum requirement. Thiamin is a vitamin which is known to exhibit a distinct relationship with carbohydrate metabolism, hence this vitamin was chosen as the focus of an investigation of the potential for the modification of vitamin requirements in response to major nutrient supply. Finally, having illustrated the requirement of gilthead seabream growers for ascorbic acid, an experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of a series of vitamin C derivatives as feed supplements for this species. The current series of investigations has not only served to expand the present knowledge of the vitamin nutrition of the target species but has highlighted the potential for novel and applied research which remains within the field of micronutrients.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:35:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 neves_rcf_me_botfmvz.pdf: 1630721 bytes, checksum: 6496f87884155504d466203bb4b0406e (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver e otimizar um método para determinação de cobre em amostras de fezes e rações de peixes por GFAAS utilizando-se a introdução direta de suspensões das amostras no tubo de grafite do espectrômetro recoberto internamente com carbeto de tungstênio como modificador permanente. Os limites de detecção (LOD) e de quantificação (LOQ) calculados em relação a 20 leituras do branco das suspensões (0,50 % m/v de fezes ou ração isentas de cobre) foram de 0,24 e 0,79 μg L-1 para as suspensões padrão de fezes e de 0,26 e 0,87 μg L-1 para as suspensões padrão de ração. O método proposto foi aplicado em estudos de digestibilidade de cobre em diferentes amostras de rações de peixes e mostraram-se de acordo com os resultados obtidos utilizando amostras previamente mineralizadas por digestões ácidas utilizando-se forno de microondas. / The aim of the present work was to develop and optimize a method to determine copper in samples of feces and fish feed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) through the direct introduction of slurries of the samples into the spectrometer’s graphite tube coated internally with tungsten carbide that acts as chemical modifiers. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) calculated for 20 readings of the blank of the standard slurries (0.50 % m/v of feces or feed devoid of copper) were 0.24 and 0.79 μg L-1 for the standard feces slurries and 0.26 and 0.87 μg L-1 for the standard feed slurries. The proposed method was applied in studies of digestibility of copper in different fish feeds and their results proved compatible with that obtained from samples mineralized by acid digestion using microwave oven.

The purpose of the present study was to quantify the optimal zinc requirements of juvenile grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus). Basal diet contained 52 % crude protein from derived egg white and mackerel¡]Scomberomorus commerson¡^muscle. This semipurified basal diet which contained 10.0 mg Zn/kg was supplemented with ZnSO4 at levels of 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 or 140 mg Zn/kg, respectively. The test diets were fed to juvenile groupers with an initial weight of about 5.9 g. All treatments were triplicated, each tank had 12 fish. After 18 weeks of rearing, dietary zinc levels have significant effects on the growth of fish. Weight gain and feed efficiency were significantly lower in grouper fed the unsupplemental diet than the supplemental groups. No significant difference among fish groups was found in survival rate, condition factor, muscle composition, ash contents of vertebra and scale, as well as some hematological parameters. Zinc concentrations in serum, muscle, vertebra and scale were affected by the supplemental zinc level. There was no significant difference in nonspecific immunity parameters including phagocytosis of macrophage, alternative complement pathway (ACH50) activity, agglutination titer and lysozyme activity among dietary treatments. The activity of the copper and zinc metalloenzyme superoxide dismutas in red blood cells was also not affected by dietary zinc intake. Broken-line regression analysis of weight-gain, feed efficiency as well as serum-, vertebra- and scale zinc concentrations against dietary zinc intake indicated requirement values of 33.7, 35.6, 32.5, 28.9 and 32.6 mg Zn/kg diet, respectively. Therefore, based on the results of growth performance and tissue zinc concentrations, the dietary zinc requirement of the juvenile groupers was between 28-36 mg Zn/kg diet.

No description available.

Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver e otimizar um método para determinação de cobre em amostras de fezes e rações de peixes por GFAAS utilizando-se a introdução direta de suspensões das amostras no tubo de grafite do espectrômetro recoberto internamente com carbeto de tungstênio como modificador permanente. Os limites de detecção (LOD) e de quantificação (LOQ) calculados em relação a 20 leituras do branco das suspensões (0,50 % m/v de fezes ou ração isentas de cobre) foram de 0,24 e 0,79 μg L-1 para as suspensões padrão de fezes e de 0,26 e 0,87 μg L-1 para as suspensões padrão de ração. O método proposto foi aplicado em estudos de digestibilidade de cobre em diferentes amostras de rações de peixes e mostraram-se de acordo com os resultados obtidos utilizando amostras previamente mineralizadas por digestões ácidas utilizando-se forno de microondas. / Abstract: The aim of the present work was to develop and optimize a method to determine copper in samples of feces and fish feed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) through the direct introduction of slurries of the samples into the spectrometer's graphite tube coated internally with tungsten carbide that acts as chemical modifiers. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) calculated for 20 readings of the blank of the standard slurries (0.50 % m/v of feces or feed devoid of copper) were 0.24 and 0.79 μg L-1 for the standard feces slurries and 0.26 and 0.87 μg L-1 for the standard feed slurries. The proposed method was applied in studies of digestibility of copper in different fish feeds and their results proved compatible with that obtained from samples mineralized by acid digestion using microwave oven. / Orientador: Pedro de Magalhães Padilha / Coorientador: Margarida Maria Barros / Banca: Ricardo de Oliveira Orsi / Banca: Lincon Carlos Silva de Oliveira / Mestre

Orientador: Margarida Maria Barros / Banca: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato / Banca: Carlo Rossi Del Carratone / Resumo: Essa pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho produtivo da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) arraçoada com níveis crescentes de colina nas dietas. O período experimental foi de 109 dias. Foram utilizados 192 alevinos com peso médio inicial de 4,0 gramas, distribuídos em 32 tanques-rede de 200 L, numa densidade de seis peixes por tanque rede, sendo os tanques-rede alojados em aquários de 1000 L. O conjunto de aquários era dotado de sistema de filtragem de água por meio de biofiltro e sistema de aquecimento, sendo a temperatura mantida a 25,3 ± 0,2ºC. As rações foram formuladas de modo a apresentar 28,0% de proteína digestível e 3100,0 kcal ED/kg de dieta com mesma concentração de aminoácidos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições. As rações foram suplementadas com colina (cloreto de colina 60,0%) de modo a apresentarem 100,0; 200,0; 400,0; 600,0; 800,0; 1000,0 e 1200,0 mg de colina por quilograma de ração, além de uma ração isenta de suplementação. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas para ganho de peso, taxa de sobrevivência e conversão alimentar aparente, porcentagem de extrato etéreo do filé e concentração de lipídeos no plasma. No entantohouve diferença estatística para o índice hepatossomático e porcentagem de extrato etéreo do fígado, sendo que 800,0 mg de colina/kg de dieta determinou maior ação lipotrófica. O oposto foi observado nos peixes do tratamento isento de suplementação. Concluiu-se que os diferentes níveis de colina não melhoram o desempenho produtivo dos peixes, pois a dieta basal supostamente supriu a exigência do peixe para colina, entretanto, a suplementação favoreceu a melhora no estado do fígado. / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets supplemented with increasing levels of choline. The experimental period was 109 days. One hundred and ninety two (initial weight 4.0 g) fingerlings were distributed in 32 net cages (200L), with a density of six fish per cage. These cages were allocated in 1000L aquariums connected to a bio-filter system and heater controlled temperature through thermostat (25.3 ± 0.2ºC). Feeds were formulated to contain 28% of digestible protein and 3100 kcal DE/kg with the same concentration of amino acids per treatment organized in totally random experimental design with eight treatments and four replicates. The feeds were supplemented with choline chloride (60%) presenting 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200 mg of chlorine per kg of feed and one treatment with no supplementation. It was not observed any significant differences in performance, survival and apparent feed conversion, fillet ether extract and plasma lipids concentration among the treatments. However, there was a significant difference in the hepatosomatic index and liver ether extract percentage, showing that 800 mg of choline/kg determined a better lipotrofic action and the opposite was observed in fish fed diet with no choline supplementation. It was concluded that different levels of choline did not improve performance supposedly due to the amount of choline... / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandesjunior_ac_me_botfmvz.pdf: 185727 bytes, checksum: 7f9166561ac8913b0a0f5eff1f746276 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Essa pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho produtivo da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) arraçoada com níveis crescentes de colina nas dietas. O período experimental foi de 109 dias. Foram utilizados 192 alevinos com peso médio inicial de 4,0 gramas, distribuídos em 32 tanques-rede de 200 L, numa densidade de seis peixes por tanque rede, sendo os tanques-rede alojados em aquários de 1000 L. O conjunto de aquários era dotado de sistema de filtragem de água por meio de biofiltro e sistema de aquecimento, sendo a temperatura mantida a 25,3 ± 0,2ºC. As rações foram formuladas de modo a apresentar 28,0% de proteína digestível e 3100,0 kcal ED/kg de dieta com mesma concentração de aminoácidos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições. As rações foram suplementadas com colina (cloreto de colina 60,0%) de modo a apresentarem 100,0; 200,0; 400,0; 600,0; 800,0; 1000,0 e 1200,0 mg de colina por quilograma de ração, além de uma ração isenta de suplementação. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas para ganho de peso, taxa de sobrevivência e conversão alimentar aparente, porcentagem de extrato etéreo do filé e concentração de lipídeos no plasma. No entantohouve diferença estatística para o índice hepatossomático e porcentagem de extrato etéreo do fígado, sendo que 800,0 mg de colina/kg de dieta determinou maior ação lipotrófica. O oposto foi observado nos peixes do tratamento isento de suplementação. Concluiu-se que os diferentes níveis de colina não melhoram o desempenho produtivo dos peixes, pois a dieta basal supostamente supriu a exigência do peixe para colina, entretanto, a suplementação favoreceu a melhora no estado do fígado. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets supplemented with increasing levels of choline. The experimental period was 109 days. One hundred and ninety two (initial weight 4.0 g) fingerlings were distributed in 32 net cages (200L), with a density of six fish per cage. These cages were allocated in 1000L aquariums connected to a bio-filter system and heater controlled temperature through thermostat (25.3 ± 0.2ºC). Feeds were formulated to contain 28% of digestible protein and 3100 kcal DE/kg with the same concentration of amino acids per treatment organized in totally random experimental design with eight treatments and four replicates. The feeds were supplemented with choline chloride (60%) presenting 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200 mg of chlorine per kg of feed and one treatment with no supplementation. It was not observed any significant differences in performance, survival and apparent feed conversion, fillet ether extract and plasma lipids concentration among the treatments. However, there was a significant difference in the hepatosomatic index and liver ether extract percentage, showing that 800 mg of choline/kg determined a better lipotrofic action and the opposite was observed in fish fed diet with no choline supplementation. It was concluded that different levels of choline did not improve performance supposedly due to the amount of choline...

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:31:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GERALDO PEREIRA JUNIOR.pdf: 1215947 bytes, checksum: 90664650b00231f2b187ce17fa2928f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-29 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Corn has always occupied a prominent position as an energy source in diets for aquatic organisms. However, there is growing interest in alternative energy sources for use in fish diets, with the goal of reducing the cost of food. Among the sources of energy that have potential for use in pet foods, byproducts of cassava are important. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of replacing corn flour by cassava (Manihot esculenta) meal in diets for juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). The study was conducted in two stages, following a completely randomized design with six treatments (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%), replacing maize meal by cassava meal. In the first stage, 480 juvenile tambaqui were distributed in 24 circular plastic tanks for the evaluation of physico-chemical parameters of water, weight gain, feed conversion, body composition, production cost per kilogram of body weight gain and haematological parameters. In the second stage, 336 juvenile tambaqui were distributed in 24 conical tanks for the determination of nutrient digestibility of the experimental diets. There were no significant differences between treatments in terms of physico-chemical parameters of water, weight gain, feed conversion, body composition and hematological parameters of fish. The replacement of corn flour with cassava meal also reduced the cost per kilogram of tambaqui. It is concluded that corn flour can be completely replaced by cassava meal in the diets for juvenile tambaqui, without affecting growth rate / O milho sempre ocupou lugar de destaque como fonte energética em rações para organismos aquáticos. Entretanto, é crescente o interesse por fontes alternativas de energia em rações para peixes, com o objetivo de reduzir o custo com a alimentação. Dentre as fontes de energia com potencial de uso em rações para animais domésticos, destacam-se os subprodutos da mandioca. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da substituição do milho por farinha de crueira de mandioca (Manihot esculenta) em rações para juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). O estudo foi conduzido em duas etapas, seguindo um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% de substituição do milho pela farinha de crueira) e quatro repetições. Na primeira etapa da pesquisa, 480 juvenis de tambaqui foram distribuídos em 24 caixas plásticas redondas para avaliação das médias dos parâmetros físico-químicos da água, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar aparente, composição corporal, custo de produção do quilograma de peso vivo ganho e dos parâmetros hematológicos. Na segunda etapa do estudo, 336 juvenis de tambaqui foram distribuídos em 24 tanques tipo cone para determinação da digestibilidade dos nutrientes das rações experimentais. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para os parâmetros físico-químicos da água, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar aparente, parâmetros hematológicos dos peixes e coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes das rações. Houve diferença significativa para o teor de extrato etéreo no músculo dos peixes alimentados com ração contendo níveis de substituição de 40 % e 100 %. A substituição do milho pela farinha de crueira de mandioca também proporcionou redução no custo de produção do quilograma de tambaqui. Concluiu-se que o milho pode ser totalmente substituído pela farinha de crueira de mandioca em rações para juvenis de tambaqui sem comprometimento das variáveis estudadas