海洋約占地球表面積的三分之二強 , 自古以來人類的生活就與海洋有著 密不可分的關係 , 尤其是二十世紀以來 , 海洋對人類的重要性益發突 顯 , 因為工業的進步以及人口的激增 , 使得在原料匱乏及陸地食物不足 的情況下 , 更彰顯出人類有朝向海洋發展的必要性與迫切性.海洋資源可 分為有生資源和無生資源 , 而有生資源即是指漁業資源 . 傳統的觀念認 為漁資源是"取之不盡 , 用之不竭" 再加上行之已久的 "海洋自由" 原 則之概念, 因此自來人們對漁資源的獲取就沒有多大的限制 . 但是晚近 以來 , 漁獲需求的增加以及科技的進步 ,使得人類開發採捕漁資源的活 動大大增加 . 在沒有規範限制的情況下,過度漁捕和不正當漁捕使得漁資 源有枯竭之虞 , 此即造成了"公有物的悲劇" . 因此本文先檢視現行國際 法中漁業資源的養護管理制度, 另外由於我國和美國之間的漁業糾紛多年 來一直無法獲得完滿的解決 ,一九八九年更因為公海捕鮭及流刺網漁捕問 題 ,雙方簽署了 "北太平洋公海流網換函" , 其中多項條款備受國人爭 議 , 曾經引起喧然大波 , 故本文並兼論一九八九年中美漁業糾紛 ,再檢 視目前國際間對鮭魚的養護管理之實踐 , 期能了解國際間養護管理該漁 種之趨勢 , 俾日後我國在處理類似事件時有所依循.文分六章 . 第壹章 為導論 ,第二章先概述養護管理漁資源的目標方法及重要的分配問題, 第 三章詳述歷屆海洋法會議對漁資源養護管理的規範 , 而其中以第三屆海 洋法會議的規範最為詳實 . 第四章探討中美之間的漁業糾紛 ,並評析一 九八九年雙方漁業協定中的可議之處 .第五章檢視北太平洋及大西洋鮭魚 的養護管理 ,以明瞭區域合作之實踐趨勢 .第六章為結論 .

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-138).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-111).

Thesis (M. Sc.)--York University, 2000. Graduate Programme in Biology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 233-246). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ59547.

Thesis (M.E.S.)--The Evergreen State College, 2008. / Title from title screen (viewed 2/25/2009). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 32-33).

Neutral microsatellite markers were used to analyse genetic variation in three demersal finfish species, whiting (<i>Merlangius merlangus</i>) haddock (<i>Melanogrammus aeglefinus</i>) and anglerfish (<i>Lophius piscatorius</i>) in the north east Atlantic.  For each species samples were collected from the North Sea and west of the British Isles while geographically distant samples were also collected from Icelandic waters.  In the case of the anglerfish study samples were also taken from the Bay of Biscay and the Mediterranean Sea. Whiting appears to show the highest level of structuring in the north east Atlantic with samples from Icelandic waters being significantly divergent from samples on the continental shelf.  Just one of the continental shelf haddock samples, the Irish Sea, showed evidence of divergence from the Icelandic samples.  This general lack of divergence between Icelandic and continental shelf haddock is most likely reflective of a combination of relatively recent isolation and large effective population sizes (N_e).  Apart from a few significant results (P&lt;0.05) continental shelf haddock and whiting conspecific populations tended to show little divergence.  This would also appear to be due primarily to large effective population sizes and a relatively recent isolation.  <i>L. piscatorius </i>showed a total absence of genetic differentiation between all the Atlantic samples which is consistent with the long distance movements associated with this species.  There was however strong evidence of divergence between the Atlantic and Mediterranean anglerfish samples. Comparing the results of the molecular studies presented here with non molecular approaches to determining population structure highlights the importance of combining information from several approaches if a sustainable management plan is to be put in place for commercial species.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / This thesis uses a political ecology framework to critically analyse how development and environmental orthodoxies influence the use, management and development of living aquatic resources in an information poor developing country context. The research focuses specifically on Lao PDR, the only landlocked country of the Mekong River Basin, to question how knowledge over living aquatic resources is framed by a range of stakeholders. Specific attention is given to how aquaculture has gained ascendancy over capture fisheries in the rhetoric of resources users as well as government and nongovernment organisations. The empirical research focuses on the role of broad scale economic, social and environmental influences over resource use, the practical and perceived importance of both aquaculture and capture fisheries in rural Lao livelihoods and finally, how living aquatic resources are represented within the dominant development agendas of conservation, poverty alleviation and rural development. Field work was conducted in Savannakhet province in Southern Lao PDR over 18 months from 2001 to 2002. The thesis has a strong empirical research base divided into activities carried out over multiple scales ranging from household to the Mekong River Basin. The thesis begins by establishing the historical context of resource use as well as the major orthodoxies on which development is based. Attention then turns to the extensive empirical research conducted over three districts of Savannakhet province. The results of the empirical research report two macro scale studies at the district level. The first is a survey of fish ponds across three districts focusing on the spatial distribution of investment and resource use. The second is a survey of fish trade focusing on the differential trade between culture and capture fish species. The results of both studies highlight the disjuncture between complex patterns of aquaculture and capture fishery use and the major assumptions made about the use of these two resources by policy makers and management. Analysis then moves to the local level focusing on the role and importance of aquaculture and capture fisheries to the livelihoods of rural Lao communities. The results show the instrumental and hermeneutic importance of fish and other aquatic resources in the livelihoods of households and the community. In particular it is shown that capture fisheries are more important to rural livelihoods in terms of income and nutrition, while aquaculture is perceived as a more important activity in the development of community and household economies. ii The final section then compares the empirical findings of the thesis with the policy and planning agendas of government and non-government organisations. The analysis focuses on the role of ideas and agency creating a highly politicised policy environment concluding that aquaculture based policy is more compatible with both government and non government agendas of poverty alleviation and rural development than capture fisheries. Furthermore, capture fisheries are marginalised within conservation as a resource that cannot contribute to the improvement of livelihoods or alleviate poverty. The thesis concludes that living aquatic resources provide an imperative source of food and income to rural communities through diverse and complex human-environment interactions. In contrast government and non-government organisations operating at regional, national and local scales of policy and planning simplify these relationships drawing on wider orthodoxies of aquaculture and capture fisheries development. These simplifications do not reflect the problems and needs of the predominantly rural population. Furthermore, in the absence of a strong empirical base of information, living aquatic resources management and development has become highly politicised. Instead of responding to the realities of resource users, policy and planning reflect the interests and beliefs of development organisations, government and non-government. The thesis provides an important, grounded account of the importance of living aquatic resources to rural livelihoods in Lao PDR and how these resources are understood and translated into national development and management agendas. In doing so the thesis contributes to an understanding of how complex human-environmental systems are perceived and represented in development policy and wider knowledge systems. The thesis also makes an important theoretical contribution to the growing body of literature on critical political ecology by arguing for the revitalisation of ecology as an integrated approach within political ecology and more widely within the study of humanenvironment interaction.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 1995. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-111).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1996. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (pages [379]-438).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Aberdeen University, 2009. / Title from web page (viewed on July 20, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.