This dissertation describes the occurrence of pumping-induced earth fissures associated with quaternary faulting using numerical simulations. The Eglington Fault located in Las Vegas valley has been selected as the prototype fault described herein. The finite-element software program ABAQUS is used for the numerical simulations. The Eglington fault area is chosen because it represents one of the best examples displaying the complex relationship between fissuring, faulting and pumping-induced stress. This fault is known to influence both the vertical and horizontal deformation patterns through the accumulation of stress in its vicinity. The result is that fissures are observed on both sides of the fault and in close proximity to the fault plane. In addition to the complex fault-fissure connection, a thick caliche-rich vadose zone with weak mechanical strength allows for the initiation and propagation of fissures. The numerical analysis a) investigates the geometrical and hydromechanical features of the zone of influence surrounding the Eglington Fault; b) identifies the zones of accumulated stress on the surface and at depth that can lead to fissuring; and c) simulates the onset and propagation of tensile-induced fissures. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of this fault indicate that a 100-meter wide fault-zone composed by sand-like material best reproduces the conditions of stress that may lead to fissuring in the vicinity of the fault. Additionally, two-dimensional models reveal that two main mechanisms promote the accumulation of stress in the vicinity of the fault zone: one is the counterclockwise rotation of the unsaturated portion of the fault zone; the other is the differential compaction caused by the difference in the accumulated thickness of compressible layers. Tensile stress is concentrated on the surface in the hanging wall, but maximum shear stress zones are simulated to occur on both sides of the fault at the contact between the saturated aquifer and the vadose zone. A final analysis of the initiation and propagation of tensile-induced fissures demonstrates that fissures commence and propagate only within the vadose zone, and that the propagation path is influenced by the mechanical properties of the medium and the location of the main load, which in this case is pumping. / Ph. D.

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich damit, in welcher Weise Reinigungsarbeit - als ein typischer Bereich sogenannter "Einfacharbeit" - in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten von Auslagerungen betroffen war und wie sie davon geprägt wurde. Er stellt aktuelle Branchencharakteristika und Beschäftigungsbedingungen zur Reinigungsbranche in Österreich im internationalen Kontext dar und argumentiert, dass die mit der Auslagerung verbundenen Veränderungen der Reinigungsarbeit problematische Arbeits- und Beschäftigungsbedingungen verstärken. So tragen insbesondere die verbreiteten Arbeitszeiten an den Tagesrändern zu einer Unsichtbarmachung der Arbeit bei, die einer mangelnden Anerkennung weiter Vorschub leistet. Die Tendenz zur gesellschaftlichen Unsichtbarmachung spiegelt sich daneben auch in der wissenschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen (Nicht-)Zuwendung zu "Einfachdienstleistungen" und der Reinigung im Speziellen wider. Der Beitrag geht weiters auf die Rolle des Wohlfahrtsstaates in der Gestaltung der Arbeits- und Lebensbedingungen von in "Einfachdienstleistungen" Beschäftigten ein. Abschließend weist er auf Ansatzpunkte für Verbesserungen auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen hin.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Obtain rice seeds with high quality are necessary to make the harvest close to physiologic maturity, when the seeds showed high moisture. Then, drying process is considered necessary, nevertheless the drying temperatures are able to influence the seed quality. The work had the aim of studying the temperature effect on physic and physiologic quality and chemistry composition of rice seeds. Were used seeds from cultivar IRGA 417 and IRGA 420, which were harvest with moisture of 23.3 and 24.6 respectivament. Were created four lots to each cultivar (5kg) that were drying by stationary method, with one of these temperatures: 32, 38, 44 and 500C. After each drying treatment was studied the physic quality by moisture content and fissuring percentage. Physiological quality was measured by germination test, first counting, electrical conductivity, accelerated ageing, cold test, length and dry mass of seedlings. The chemistry composition was determinate by dry mass, protein, fiber and etereo extract of seeds. The evaluations were making in two moments: after drying, and six month later, after storage under no controlled environmental conditions, in Santa Maria city-RS. Statistics analyses of the results were made through completely randomized experiment, with four repetitions in factorial scheme (2 cultivars x 4 temperatures). The averages were compared with Tukey test with five percent of error probability, with application of polynomial regression when necessary. The drying temperatures, as well evaluations moments showed effect on seeds quality. With the increase of drying temperatures during stationary drying from 32 to 500C, produce an increase of the fissuring percentage of the rice seeds. The storage period of six month under no controlled environmental conditions produce decreasing on physiological quality of rice seeds. The temperature of 380C during the stationary drying permit the seeds quality expression, while the temperature of 500C decreases the seeds physiologic potential. / Para obtenção de sementes de arroz de alta qualidade, a colheita deve ser realizada próximo da maturidade fisiológica, com altos teores de água. Nesta situação, a operação de secagem é indispensável, porém, em função das temperaturas utilizadas, pode afetar a qualidade das sementes produzidas. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o efeito de diferentes temperaturas na secagem estacionária sobre a qualidade física e fisiológica, bem como na composição química das sementes de arroz irrigado. Utilizaram-se sementes das cultivares IRGA 417 e IRGA 420, que foram colhidas com 23,3 e 24,6% de umidade. Formaram-se quatro lotes de cada cultivar (5kg), os quais foram secados pelo método estacionário, utilizando-se uma das seguintes temperaturas: 32, 38, 44 e 50°C. Após os tratamentos de secagem avaliou-se a qualidade física das sementes através do teor de água e da percentagem de fissuras. A qualidade fisiológica foi determinada através dos testes de germinação, primeira contagem, condutividade elétrica, envelhecimento acelerado, teste de frio, comprimento e massa seca de plântula. A composição química das sementes foi estudada através da determinação da massa seca, proteína bruta, fibra bruta e extrato etéreo das sementes. As avaliações foram efetuadas em dois momentos: após a secagem e depois de seis meses de armazenamento em ambiente não controlado, no município de Santa Maria-RS. Para a análise estatística dos resultados, utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial (2 cultivares x 4 temperaturas). A comparação das médias foi efetuada pelo teste de Tukey, em nível de 5% de probabilidade, com aplicação complementar de regressão polinomial. As temperaturas de secagem, assim como as épocas de avaliações afetaram a qualidade das sementes. O aumento da temperatura na secagem estacionária, na faixa de 32 a 50°C, aumenta a percentagem de fissuras nas sementes de arroz irrigado. O período de armazenamento de seis meses, sem controle das condições ambientais reduz a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de arroz. A temperatura de 38°C, na secagem estacionária permite a expressão da qualidade das sementes, enquanto a temperatura de 50°C reduz o potencial fisiológico das mesmas.

Following the 22 February 2011, MW 6.2 earthquake located on a fault beneath the Port Hills of Christchurch, fissuring of up to several hundred metres in length was observed in the loess and loess-colluvium of foot-slope positions in north-facing valleys of the Port Hills. The fissuring was observed in all major valleys, occurred at similar low altitudes, showing a contour-parallel orientation and often accompanied by both lateral compression/extension features and spring formation in the valley floor below. Fissuring locations studied in depth included Bowenvale Valley, Hillsborough Valley, Huntlywood Terrace–Lucas Lane, Bridle Path Road, and Maffeys Road–La Costa Lane. Investigations into loess soil, its properties and mannerisms, as well as international examples of its failure were undertaken, including study of the Loess Plateau of China, the Teton Dam, and palaeo-fissuring on Banks Peninsula. These investigations lead to the conclusion that loess has the propensity to fail, often due to the infiltration of water, the presence of which can lead to its instantaneous disaggregation. Literature study and laboratory analysis of Port Hills loess concluded that is has the ability to be stable in steep, sub-vertical escarpments, and often has a sub-vertically jointed internal structure and has a peak shear strength when dry. Values for cohesion, c (kPa) and the internal friction angle, ϕ (degrees) of Port Hills loess were established. The c values for the 40 Rapaki Road, 3 Glenview Terrace loess samples were 13.4 kPa and 19.7 kPa, respectively. The corresponding ϕ values were thought unusually high, at 42.0° and 43.4°.The analysed loess behaved very plastically, with little or no peak strength visible in the plots as the test went almost directly to residual strength. A geophysics resistivity survey showed an area of low resistivity which likely corresponds to a zone of saturated clayey loess/loess colluvium, indicating a high water table in the area. This is consistent with the appearances of local springs which are located towards the northern end of each distinct section of fissure trace and chemical analysis shows that they are sourced from the Port Hills volcanics. Port Hills fissuring may be sub-divided into three categories, Category A, Category B, and Category C, each characterised by distinctive features of the fissures. Category A includes fissures which display evidence of, spring formation, tunnel-gullying, and lateral spreading-like behaviour or quasi-toppling. These fissures are several metres down-slope of the loess-bedrock interface, and are in valleys containing a loess-colluvium fill. Category B fissures are in wider valleys than those in Category A, and the valleys contain estuarine silty sediments which liquefied during the earthquake. Category C fissures occurred at higher elevations than the fissures in the preceding categories, being almost coincident with bedrock outcropping. It is believed that the mechanism responsible for causing the fissuring is a complex combination of three mechanisms: the trampoline effect, bedrock fracturing, and lateral spreading. These three mechanisms can be applied in varying degrees to each of the fissuring sites in categories A, B, and C, in order to provide explanation for the observations made at each. Toppling failure can describe the soil movement as a consequence of the a three causative mechanisms, and provides insight into the movement of the loess. Intra-loess water coursing and tunnel gullying is thought to have encouraged and exacerbated the fissuring, while not being the driving force per se. Incipient landsliding is considered to be the least likely of the possible fissuring interpretations.