The study examines the development of telecommunications and its impacts on Chinese economic growth since telecommunications has been undergoing dramatic reforms in the 1980s. On November 2001, China was officially the WTO member to open the market for foreign investors. It is obvious that the telecommunications infrastructure development can play a key role in economic growth in China. Furthermore, China has become the world’s single largest telecommunications market since 2002. In this research, I present evidence that it empirically not only investigates the telecommunications development and its impacts on economic growth, but also tests their relationship with initial economic condition, fixed investment, population growth, foreign direct investment as well as telecommunications infrastructure development using the panel data approach with a dynamic fixed effect model for the span of time from 2003 to 2008. I find that that mobile phone user density to be the new proxy for telecommunications infrastructure in China contributes in a major way to the economic growth. It means that mobile communication systems do have positive impact and effect on the regional economy of China. It is a crucial determinant as findings indicate a significant and positive correlation between telecommunications development and regional growth in China, after controlling for a number of other factors. Results also show that investment in telecommunications is subject to diminishing returns.

Dissertation deals with the food industry. First, the economy of the sector in the branch structure and size of businesses is evaluated. The main attention is paid to the drawing subsidies by the food industry in the context of EU funds. The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the effect of the subsidies on the economy of the food business. For the analysis fixed effect model was used. According to the results, there are significant differences in the impact of subsidies on the individual branches of the food industry. In most fields was demonstrated their ineffective use to increase business performance.

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Sedan 2000-talets början har avkastningen på icke-kognitiva förmågor ökat på arbetsmarknaden till följd av bland annat skill-biased technological change. Grupper som besitter höga icke-kognitiva förmågor bör därför gynnas på arbetsmarknaden. Givet att ett antal studier finner evidens för att kvinnor har högre icke-kognitiva förmågor än män, undersöker uppsatsen i vilken grad detta återspeglas i kvinnors relativlön. Syftet är att se om kvinnor gynnas av att avkastningen på icke-kognitiva förmågor har ökat i termer av att deras relativlön har ökat. För att undersöka detta tillämpas en regressionsanalys med fixa effekter på en komunpanel, där två olika mått på icke-kognitiv förmåga förekommer. Måtten grundar sig i mönstringsdata respektive O’net-data (Occupational information network). Effekten på kvinnors relativlön studeras under tidsperioden 2008–2018 samt 2014–2018 för Sveriges samtliga 290 kommuner. Resultaten uppvisar ett negativt samband mellan ökad efterfrågan på icke-kognitiv förmåga och kvinnors relativlön, vilket innebär att när efterfrågan ökar så minskar kvinnors relativlön. / Since the beginning of the 21st century, there has been a surge in the returns to non-cognitive abilities in the labor market, due to the influence of skill-biased technological change. This has led to a preference for groups with higher non-cognitive skills in the labor market. In light of some studies revealing that women exhibit greater non-cognitive skills than men, this study aims to investigate whether this phenomenon translates into a corresponding increase in women’s salaries, thus examining whether women are beneficiaries of the amplified returns to non-cognitive skills. To achieve this objective, a fixed-effects regression analysis is employed, using two different metrics to assess non-cognitive capacity, across one municipal panel. The research examines the effect on women's relative salaries from 2008–2018 and 2014–2018, encompassing all 290 municipalities in Sweden. The results demonstrate a negative association between increased demand for non-cognitive skills and women's relative salaries, indicating that as demand increases, women's relative salaries decrease.

The thesis analyzes the determinants of pharmaceutical expenditures on cardiovascular diseases with particular focus on Central Europe. We show how the pharmaceutical expenditure varies across the countries. We try to empirically verify that factors such as age, GDP, total health expenditure, education and prevalence of a particular disease cause the variation. Applying the fixed effect model on selected countries in the period 2000-2009, we find that the increase in pharmaceutical expenditures on cardiovascular diseases is explained mainly by aging population and prevalence of the diseases. Additionally, countries with higher GDP tend to also have somewhat higher pharmaceutical expenditures on cardiovascular diseases. Key words Pharmaceutical expenditures, cardiovascular diseases, GDP, health expenditure, fixed effect model, prevalence of a disease, aging of population.

This study examines the determinants of inward foreign direct investment to OECD countries. The focus is on horizontal FDI. The purpose of the research is to contribute to the ongoing research, and adding value. This is done by using a dynamic perspective of time, and controlling for country-specific characteristics. The thesis uses panel data covering all 36 OECD countries over a 23 year long time period, 1995-2017. Three regressions have been done using a linear fixed effects model, as well as four addition regressions testing the robustness of the results. Earlier studies have received spread results, as have this study. It found market size, economic stability, trade openness, and currency value as significant determinants of the inward flow of FDI to OECD countries.

The purpose of this research is to understand and explain the TFT LCD industry phenomenon of oversupply vs. shortage and its impacts on the prices and quantities of individual TFT LCD makers. Also, to look for any fixed effects (if any exist) due to specific company and due to specific time. We employ a fixed effect model to estimate impacts of individual traded quantity on price and impacts of individual price on traded quantity. Using the panel data covering 16 makers and 24 months, our results reveal that the TFT LCD panel is highly quantity inelastic of the traded price but greatly price elastic of the traded quantity. With regard to fixed effect, the empirical result reveals there were significant time effects of price for some periods of time while there were significant time effects of quantity for some sizes of panels. Supply and demand could be one of the factors determining the time effects. As to the company fixed effect, most of company fixed effects of quantity prices were found significant whereas company fixed effects of price were not. Market shares and country of origin can be significant factors determining the company fixed effect of quantity. Keywords: Panel Data, Fixed Effect Model, Quantity Elasticity, Price Elasticity, Company Fixed Effect, Time Fixed Effect, TFT LCD

Economic sanctions are a tool of achieving peace and have become increasingly important in research lately, as it is a more current question than ever. With the Russian war on Ukraine, countries have been sending sanctions in the hopes of financially straining Russia. The purpose of the study is to investigate how sending sanctions to a main trading partner is associated with the economic development of the sender. The study was based on the gravity model as well as economic development determinants. We employed a panel data analysis regarding 19 countries. A Fixed Effect model was used in order to regress the relationship between sending sanctions and the economic development of the sanctioning states economy between the years 1990 and 2021. At a 5% significance level, we did not find any correlation between annual growth of Gross Domestic Product per capita and sanctioned years, however the findings showed that there was a statistically significant negative correlation between sending sanctions and the economic growth of the sender at a 10% significance level. Governmental institutions can use these findings to carefully consider sanction decisions and their potential impact on the economy in the future.

Greenhouse Gas emission increase is largely attributed to carbon dioxide emissions as the major gas causing climate change and atmospheric warming. According to Environmental Kuznets Curve Theory (EKC), the increase in economic growth is expected to reduce the environmental pollution from carbon dioxide emission caused at the beginning stages of economic growth. In this thesis, I examined the impact of economic growth on carbon dioxide emission. The key hypothesis tested in this study is the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. Data from 1967 to 2016 from over 15 countries in North and South America, published by the World Bank were used. Since EKC posits a non-linear relationship between economic growth (GDP/capita) and Carbon dioxide emission, I used a quadratic component in the regression model. I analyzed the data using the OLS regression as my baseline model. Each country is unique in many respects that are hard to capture by a set of variables in econometrics model. This poses a challenge to estimating an unbiased estimate. Using panel data model allowed controlling for time invariant unobserved country-specific factors that could bias the estimates. I estimated a fixed effect panel regression to examine the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth is primarily measured with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. The results of the fixed effect panel regression showed that all variables are significant, except export and inflation which were not significant. OLS could not solve the issue of heterogeneity among the variables. Estimating country-specific fixed effects model eliminates unobserved heterogeneity across countries and, therefore provides relatively unbiased estimates compared to OLS estimates. The positive correlation between Total CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions from Solid, and CO2 emissions from gas and GDP per capita suggests that carbon dioxide emissions increase as GDP/ capita increases before the turning point. The negative correlation between Total CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions from Solid, and CO2 emissions from gas and GDP per capita squared suggests that there is a polynomial (quadratic) form which is like that of inverted U-shape of the EKC curve. The coefficient, although it is very small, suggests the impact of the negative relationship after the turning point at the vertex of EKC curve is fractional. As expected, the result indicates a higher population causes an increase in total CO2 emissions. The result from CO2 emissions from liquid shows a negative relationship between the dependent variable CO2 emissions from liquid and the independent variable GDP per capita at the highest level of significance. This result is different from that of total carbon dioxide emissions, CO2 emissions from Solid, and CO2 emissions from gas. Carbon emission from liquid looks different from carbon emissions from solid and gas. There are high and constant emission throughout all the years and in all countries used in the analysis. EKC hypothesis is proven to be true for total carbon dioxide emissions, carbon dioxide emission from solid and gas. The hypothesized correlation between GDPs per capita square and CO2 emissions is statistically supported for Total CO2 emission, CO2 emission from solid and CO2 emission from gas. CO2 emissions from Solid, and CO2 emissions from gas and GDP per capita squared suggest that there is a polynomial (quadratic) form which is like that of inverted U-shape of the EKC curve. This proves that EKC model is proven to be true for my data. Policies like population policies can help in increasing growth in GDP per capita and reducing growth in the amount of carbon dioxide emissions. Population policies could play a significant role aimed at mitigating and reducing climate change.

This paper adopts a quantitative and qualitative lens, through which we explore the economic relationship between the region of Sub-Saharan Africa and China as a consequence of Chinese Foreign direct investments (FDI).  Primarily, the paper’s direction, analysis, and discussions are dictated by the usage of primary and secondary data. Our primary data is constructed as a panel data set including GDP for 38 countries alongside the Chinese FDIs for each country during the period 2003-2021. Our secondary data includes already existing papers on topics related to our purpose and the data found in them. The main points include the economic development of Sub-Saharan Africa, the subsequent enforced Chinese economic policy, and further the gains China see from their strides into the region. In order to prove our hypothesis and research questions we've used econometric models.The panel data was used to conduct several time series regressions, where we further used different models and tests to get the best possible result Due to the fact that our regression shows a significant and positive correlation between economic growth in the region as a result of Chinese FDI, we can establish that past research is reinforced. Through the used model we’re enabled to look at the individual effects of every country in the region. In addition, by comparing these effects with the level of corruption and which type of income group the countries belong to, we can further highlight the fact that China tends to invest in countries who can offer something in return. Examples of such cases could be South Africa and Angola who are two of the biggest receivers of Chinese FDI in the region, which we, throughout the paper, attribute to the fact that they have an abundance of natural resources.