Šiame darbe analizuojamas erdvinių objektų kūrimo ir vizualizacijos metodai, bei priemonės naudojamos Internetine. Sparčiai vystantis informacinėms technologijoms ir didėjant plačiajuosčio Interneto prieinamumui plačiam vartotojų sluoksniui, tampa vis labiau įmanomi išraiškingesni ir interaktyvesni virtualūs turinio pateikimo metodai. Tačiau svarbiausia, jog šie metodai efektingiau ir realistiškiau perduotų norimą informaciją. O pirmasis žingsnis realybės link – perėjimas nuo šiuo metu labiausiai paplitusio dvimačio informacijos pateikimo būdo į trimatį – erdvinį informacijos pateikimą. Pagrindiniai tyrimo aspektai – trimačių objektų atvaizdavimas, vaizdavimo priemonių valdymas bei panaudojimo galimybės plačiam vartotojų srautui. Darbo objektas – reprezentacinis web-projektas, kuriame naudojami valdomi trimačiai objektai. Šis projektas skirtas sukurti Akrobatikos Sporto mokyklos internetinė svetainę. Joje panaudota manim suprogramuota vidinio valdymo sistema dinaminiam tekstinės informacijos redagavimui, tekstinių dokumentų ir nuotraukų įkrovimui. Svetainėje pateikiamas trimatis sporto mokyklos salės modelis su integruotu virtualiu pasivaikščiojimu po sporto salė. Virtualios kelionės metu galima apžiūrėti akrobatikos sporto salės elementus bei specializuotą sporto įrangą. / In this document I examine the spatial objects and development of visualization techniques and tools used in today’s web. The rapid development of information technologies and the increasing availability of broadband Internet lead to a wide usage of virtual content presentation methods. But more importantly, that these methods are realistic and more effectively translates the desired information. The first step toward reality - the transition from the current two-dimensional information to three-dimensional information. Key aspects of the study: three-dimensional object imaging, imaging operation, and uses of wide user traffic. My project is a web site with three-dimensional objects, the concept of project – user friendly acrobatic school website. It uses dynamic system of internal management information, text editing, text documents and photo galleries. Inside you can find a three-room school built for a virtual tour, to walk in the gym. Virtual trip takes you to see the elements of acrobatics sports hall and other sports facilities.

La technologie Flash représente aujourd’hui la mémoire non-volatile de référence dans plusieurs applications électroniques. Néanmoins, le « scaling » des cellules Flash conventionnelles fait aujourd’hui face à plusieurs limitations et un effort d’optimisation accru est nécessaire pour atteindre de meilleures performances, notamment en terme de fiabilité (rétention de données et tenue en endurance). La rétention de l’information stockée a ainsi fait l’objet de nombreuses études dans la littérature, aboutissant à une bonne compréhension et une modélisation précise des phénomènes de Stress Induced Leakage Current (SILC). En revanche, une description précise et microscopique des mécanismes de dégradation de cellules Flash en cours d’endurance Programmation/Effacement (P/E) reste manquante. Notamment dans le cas des technologies Flash de type NOR, dont la nature 2D des mécanismes de dégradation complexifie l’analyse, la compréhension et la modélisation de la perte de performances en cours d’endurance.Cette thèse se propose d’investiguer le vieillissement en endurance de la technologie embarquée NOR Flash 40nm produite à STMicroelectronics. Grâce à un ensemble de caractérisations électriques et de simulations TCAD spécifiquement développées, la thèse fourni une compréhension physique des différents mécanismes de vieillissement impliqués durant l’endurance. En particulier, les rôles respectifs des opérations de Programmation (par porteurs chauds) et d’Effacement (par injection Fowler-Nordheim) sont soulignés et leur impact sur les caractéristiques des cellules mémoires établis. Enfin, grâce à la description microscopique et exhaustive précédemment établie, un modèle physique reproduisant la dégradation de la cellule pendant l’endurance est proposé. L’application de ce modèle permet de définir des conditions de programmation optimales conduisant en une amélioration de la durée de vie des cellules NOR Flash considérées. / Flash technology still represents the preferred storage memory in many portable consumers and computer applications. However, the conventional Flash cell is now facing technological barriers and needs to be optimized pushing its working condition to the intrinsic physical limit. Such an optimization has to be done mainly focusing on reliability concerns, i.e. data retention and endurance, since representing the main limiting factors of technology down-scaling. For this reason, several works dealt with data retention concerns analyzing, characterizing and modeling the Stress Induced Leakage Current (SILC) with the final aim of limiting or control such an issue. However, there is no work which accurately explored the overall cell evolution during Program/Erase (P/E) cycling from a microscopic physical standpoint, especially in NOR technology, whose intrinsic 2D degradation nature makes complex the modeling and the analysis of the combined aging mechanisms.In this thesis, an in-depth investigation of P/E degradation mechanisms in 40nm NOR Flash technology issued from STMicroelectronics is conducted. With the help of advanced electrical characterization and proper TCAD simulation, this thesis provides an accurate understanding, evaluation and modeling of the different aging mechanisms involved during P/E cycling. In particular, the respective roles of Hot Carrier Degradation (HCD) and Fowler-Nordheim Stress (FNS) are pointed out, and their impact on memory cell characteristic drifts and on memory lifetime is assessed. The main challenge is to build a physically-based model which reproduces the Flash cell wear out during P/E cycling. This enables to push the memory lifetime towards its maximum intrinsic performance, as for example by correctly managing the P/E electrical operations. In addition, such an approach allows to assess the limiting physical mechanism factors for memory cell degradation and consequently to take action for some specific process step optimizations.

NAND flash-based Solid State Devices (SSDs) provide high performance and energy efficiency and at the same time their capacity continues to grow at an unprecedented rate. As a result, SSDs are increasingly being used in high end computing systems such as supercomputing clusters. However, one of the biggest impediments to large scale deployments is the limited erase cycles in flash devices. The natural skewness in I/O workloads can results in Wear imbalance which has a significant impact on the reliability, performance as well as lifetime of the cluster. Current load balancers for storage systems are designed with a critical goal to optimize performance. Data migration techniques are used to handle wear balancing but they suffer from a huge metadata overhead and extra erasures. To overcome these problems, we propose an endurance-aware write off-loading technique (EWO) for balancing the wear across different flash-based servers with minimal extra cost. Extant wear leveling algorithms are designed for a single flash device. With the use of flash devices in enterprise server storage, the wear leveling algorithms need to take into account the variance of the wear at the cluster level. EWO exploits the out-of-place update feature of flash memory by off- loading the writes across flash servers instead of moving data across flash servers to mitigate extra-wear cost. To evenly distribute erasures to flash servers, EWO off-loads writes from the flash servers with high erase cycles to the ones with low erase cycles by first quantitatively calculating the amount of writes based on the frequency of garbage collection. To reduce metadata overhead caused by write off-loading, EWO employs a hot-slice off-loading policy to explore the trade-offs between extra-wear cost and metadata overhead. Evaluation on a 50 to 200 node SSD cluster shows that EWO outperforms data migration based wear balancing techniques, reducing up to 70% aggregate extra erase cycles while improving the write performance by up to 20% compared to data migration. / Master of Science

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Through the use of laser flash photolysis and product studies, the photochemistry of dibenzyl ketone and its derivatives in SDS micelles shows that these aggregates impart some constraint on the dynamics of benzylic radical pairs. The enhancement of the geminate/cross-termination product occurring within the micellar interior is termed the geminate cage effect. Under conditions where all radicals exit from the supramolecular system, a substantial amount of the cross-termination product is observed in the product studies. This experimental evidence cannot be explained with conventional models, and a new proposal is put forth which suggests that some of the cross-termination product arises from radicals that exit the micelle and then recombine upon re-entry. This new approach is based on the binding of solutes to the micelle and is called the partition effect. Two sizes of DODAC vesicles were investigated. In small unilamellar vesicles with a diameter of 30 nm, the cage effect derived from product studies showed a significant enhancement of the cross-termination product. Time-resolved experiments showed that all radicals separate, which implies that all of the enhanced cross-termination reactions from the product studies are derived from random radical encounters. Product studies in large vesicles (∼150 nm diameter) demonstrated that the cross-termination product is enhanced, but not to the same extent as for SDS micelles or small vesicles. Calculations reveal that a significant proportion of the random encounters occur in the bulk aqueous phase. The proposed model suggests that it is not necessary to generate a triplet radical pair in order to observe a magnetic field effect on product distribution. In summary, this new proposal predicts that magnetic field effects in biological systems can be observed as long as mobility between different solubilization sites occurs. / Graduate

Estágio realizado na NXP Semiconductor, Nijmegen (Holanda) e orientado pelo Doutor Guoqiao Tao / Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores (Major Telecomunicações). Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2009

La réalisation du stockage d'énergie et le retour de l'approvisionnement en énergie est crucial pour plusieurs applications (VE, téléphones portables, ordinateurs portables). Des électrodes épaisses avec des matériaux inactifs minimisés dans la batterie globale peuvent améliorer la densité d'énergie des batteries lithium-ion. Spark Plasma Sintering est une technique de densification avancée qui a été utilisée pour préparer des électrodes épaisses en quelques minutes. L'approche de modèle est adoptée pour préparer des électrodes poreuses avec des tailles de pores et des morphologies interconnectées bien contrôlées. Ici, des particules de microsize de chlorure de sodium sont utilisées comme agent de gabarit pour créer des pores à l'intérieur des électrodes épaisses. Ces électrodes frittées sans liant sont auto-supportées, ce qui contribue à augmenter la densité énergétique des batteries lithium-ion. Les performances électrochimiques des batteries demi- et pleines révèlent une capacité surfacique spécifique remarquable (20 mA h cm-2), qui est 4 fois supérieure à celle des électrodes de 100 μm présentes dans les batteries Li-ion classiques (5 mAh cm) -2). L'étude morphologique 3D est réalisée par micro-tomodensitométrie pour obtenir des valeurs de tortuosité et des distributions de tailles de pores conduisant à une forte corrélation avec leurs propriétés électrochimiques. Ces résultats démontrent que le couplage entre le procédé de matriçage de sel et le frittage par plasma d'étincelles est également appliqué pour la fabrication d'électrodes épaisses en utilisant d'autres matériaux actifs et que différentes configurations de cellules sont également proposées / The achievement of energy storage and return of energy supply is crucial for several applications (EVs, cellphones, laptops). Thick electrodes with minimized inactive materials in the overall battery can improve the energy density of lithium ion batteries. Spark Plasma Sintering is an advanced densification technique has been used to prepare thick electrodes in minutes. The templating approach is adopted for preparing porous electrodes with interconnected well-controlled pore sizes and morphologies. Here, sodium chloride microsize particles are used as a templating agent to create pores inside the thick electrodes. These sintered binder-free electrodes are self-supported that helps to increase the energy density of lithium ion batteries. The electrochemical performances of half and full batteries reveal a remarkable specific areal capacity (20 mA h cm−2), which is 4 times higher than those of 100 μm thick electrodes present in conventional tape-casted Li–ion batteries (5 mA h cm−2). The 3D morphological study is carried out by micro computed tomography to obtain tortuosity values and pore size distributions leading to a strong correlation with their electrochemical properties. These results demonstrate that the coupling between the salt templating method and the spark plasma sintering is also applied for thick electrodes fabrication using other active materials and also different cell configurations are proposed

(¤@)FVP of (4-Methoxystyryl)pyridenes gave the corresponding phenol products 18 and tricyclic products 20, which all included indene structure. (¤G)FVP of ortho-Chlorostyrylarenes gave the cyclized prodccts 17, which eliminated chloro group. Photolytic study of ortho-Chlorostyrylarenes gave chloro-containing cyclized products 22.

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