La famille des NADPH oxydases est constituée de complexes multi protéiques, dont un des composants est la sous unité catalytique NOX. Il s'agit de protéine transmembranaire qui assure le transport des électrons à travers la membrane, à partir d'un donneur d'électrons, le NADPH, à un accepteur final, l'oxygène moléculaire. Il en résulte la production de superoxydes, précurseur d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène. Les NOX sont impliquées dans divers processus physiologiques et pathologiques qui les ont placés au rang des cibles thérapeutiques à forte valeur ajoutée.Les NOX sont reportées comme des protéines membranaires propres aux eucaryotes supérieures. Ainsi toutes les données fonctionnelles disponibles pour cette famille d'enzyme, ont été le fruit des études structure-fonction et de données putatives indirectes. D'où l'idée et l'intérêt d'identifier chez les procaryotes des candidats homologues aux Nox eucaryotes et susceptibles d'être de bons modèles pour des études structurales. En se servant d'outils bio-informatiques, nous avons définis des signatures de séquences propres aux NOX et avons identifié chez les procaryotes des centaines de séquences homologues. SpNox de chez Streptococcus Pneumoniae, a été sélectionnée et surexprimée chez E. Coli. SpNox a été purifiée et a fait l'objet d'une caractérisation fonctionnelle et biochimique approfondie. Au vue des résultats obtenus, SpNox se rapproche de part ses propriétés structurales et mechanistiques des NOX eucaryotes. Ainsi elle se présente comme le premier modèle procaryote de protéine NOX. Les premiers cristaux de cette famille de protéines ont été obtenus et son rôle in vivo reste à exploiter.En parallèle à l'approche procaryote, nous avons mené une étude structure-fonction sur la protéine NOX2 des neutrophiles PLB-985. Deux arginines conservées chez toutes les NOX eucaryotes ont été sélectionnées et leur rôle a été étudié par mutagenèse dirigée. Apres évaluation des propriétés enzymatiques des mutants NOX2, nous avons pu identifier l'arginine 513 comme étant impliquée dans la spécificité de NOX2 vis a vis du NADPH. Ces résultats nous ont permis de proposer une nouvelle orientation du NADPH dans son site d'ancrage à la protéine NOX2. / The NADPH oxidase complex was the first identified example of a system that generates reactive oxygen species in a dedicated manner. NOX are proteins involved in the transmembrane transfer of electrons to the molecular oxygen, resulting in the production of superoxides. In addition to ROS related damages, deregulation of Nox-dependant ROS production induces pathological consequences. Accordingly, the Nox family became a potential drug target, making the understanding of their function at molecular basis crucial.In the literature, it has always been reported that Nox proteins exist only in eukaryotes. Since eukaryotic membrane proteins have proven to be difficult to study, all the data available on Nox enzymes are obtained from putative assignments or structure-function studies.In our project, to overcome the difficulty of working on eukaryotic membrane proteins, we used an original approach based on bioinformatics tools. Through using specific filters and a novel program, we were able to identify hundreds of prokaryotic candidates. Among them, we selected SpNox, as a prokaryotic model from Streptococcus Pneumoniae. We have developed its expression in E. Coli as well as a multistep purification scheme. We also conducted an extensive enzymatic and mechanistic characterization of the purified enzyme. Our data support a strong structural and functional homology with known NOX enzymes. Finally, crystallization trials are performed leading to first crystals ever obtained for this family of protein. The understanding of Nox's physiological function in bacteria remains to investigate.In parallel to the prokaryotic approach, a structure-function study was conducted on the human model NOX2 in the PLB-985 neutrophils. Conserved arginines among eukaryotic Nox sequences were selected. Site directed mutagenesis followed by activity tests, lead us to identify a crucial role for arginine 513. It is implicated in the specificity towards NADPH as an electron donor for NOX2. With these data, we were able to suggest a new orientation of the NADPH, notably the phosphate moiety, in the binding site.

<p>Microorganisms that degrade lignocellulose play an important role in maintaining the global carbon cycle. Under cellulolytic conditions, the fungus <i>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</i> produces an extracellular flavocytochrome, cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH), with a proposed role in lignocellulose degradation. CDH consists of 755 amino acids including a C-terminal flavodehydrogenase linked by a peptide hinge to an N-terminal <i>b</i>-type cytochrome. The enzyme catalyses the oxidation of cellobiose to cellobiono-1,5-lactone, followed by transfer of electrons to an electron acceptor, either directly by the flavodehydrogenase domain, or via the cytochrome domain. This thesis presents a structural study on the individual domains of <i>P. chrysosporium</i> cellobiose dehydrogenase.</p><p>The crystal structure of the cytochrome was determined at 1.9 Å resolution. It folds as a β-sandwich with the topology of the antibody Fab V(H) domain, and the haem iron is ligated by Met65 and His163. This is only the second example of a <i>b</i>-type cytochrome with this ligation. The haem propionates are surface exposed to facilitate interdomain electron transfer.</p><p>The structure of a cytochrome Met65His mutant was determined at 1.9 Å resolution. In the mutant, the iron is ligated by the histidyl δ and ε nitrogens, rather than the usual N-ε/N-εligation. This is the first example of a <i>bis</i>-His N-ε/N-δ coordinated protoporphyrin IX iron. The structure of the flavoprotein domain was determined at 1.5 Å resolution. It is partitioned into an FAD-binding subdomain of α/β-type and a substrate-binding subdomain consisting of a seven-stranded β-sheet and six α-helices. Furthermore, the structure of the flavoprotein with the inhibitor cellobiono-1,5-lactam at 1.8 Å resolution lends support to a hydride-transfer mechanism for the reductive-half reaction of CDH although a radical mechanism cannot be excluded.</p>

Microorganisms that degrade lignocellulose play an important role in maintaining the global carbon cycle. Under cellulolytic conditions, the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium produces an extracellular flavocytochrome, cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH), with a proposed role in lignocellulose degradation. CDH consists of 755 amino acids including a C-terminal flavodehydrogenase linked by a peptide hinge to an N-terminal b-type cytochrome. The enzyme catalyses the oxidation of cellobiose to cellobiono-1,5-lactone, followed by transfer of electrons to an electron acceptor, either directly by the flavodehydrogenase domain, or via the cytochrome domain. This thesis presents a structural study on the individual domains of P. chrysosporium cellobiose dehydrogenase. The crystal structure of the cytochrome was determined at 1.9 Å resolution. It folds as a β-sandwich with the topology of the antibody Fab V(H) domain, and the haem iron is ligated by Met65 and His163. This is only the second example of a b-type cytochrome with this ligation. The haem propionates are surface exposed to facilitate interdomain electron transfer. The structure of a cytochrome Met65His mutant was determined at 1.9 Å resolution. In the mutant, the iron is ligated by the histidyl δ and ε nitrogens, rather than the usual N-ε/N-εligation. This is the first example of a bis-His N-ε/N-δ coordinated protoporphyrin IX iron. The structure of the flavoprotein domain was determined at 1.5 Å resolution. It is partitioned into an FAD-binding subdomain of α/β-type and a substrate-binding subdomain consisting of a seven-stranded β-sheet and six α-helices. Furthermore, the structure of the flavoprotein with the inhibitor cellobiono-1,5-lactam at 1.8 Å resolution lends support to a hydride-transfer mechanism for the reductive-half reaction of CDH although a radical mechanism cannot be excluded.