A dor cervical é um problema musculoesquelético comum, cuja ocorrência é estimada em torno de 30-50% da população adulta em geral e também muito frequente entre os trabalhadores usuários de computador. A alteração no padrão de atividade muscular dos músculos flexores e extensores é uma das características da dor cervical, que nos usuários de computador parece estar associada à manutenção da postura sentada com anteriorização da cabeça ou flexão cervical. Dois fatores de análise importantes para avaliar déficits na atividade muscular são o fenômeno flexão-relaxamento (FFR) e a relação flexão-relaxamento (RFR). O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar, através da eletromiografia de superfície, a ocorrência do FFR e mensurar a RFR nos músculos extensores da coluna cervical de trabalhadores usuários de computador com e sem dor cervical crônica e de indivíduos saudáveis, não usuários de computador. Foram avaliados 60 indivíduos, 20 usuários de computador com dor cervical crônica (GD), 20 usuários de computador sem dor cervical (GS) e 20 indivíduos saudáveis, não usuários de computador (GC). Os indivíduos responderam o Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ-Br) e o Índice de Incapacidade Relacionada à dor no Pescoço (IIRP), e o FFR e RFR foram analisados através da eletromiografia de superfície dos músculos Semi-espinhal da Cabeça(SC), Esplênio da Cabeça(EC) e Trapézio Superior(TS). O limiar de dor por pressão (LDP) também foi avaliado nestes músculos e no músculo esternocleidomastóideo. Os resultados mostraram maior pontuação do grupo de trabalhadores com dor cervical crônica no domínio Posto de Trabalho do MUEQ-Br (GS 0,35, IC95% 0,14-0,56; GD 0,80, IC95% 0,32-1,28; p<0,05) e maior LDP do músculo EC no grupo com dor cervical em relação ao controle (GD 1,77, IC95% 1,55-2,00; GC 2,38, IC95% 2,02-2,75; p<0,05). O FFR foi verificado em proporção igual em todos os grupos, não sendo observado em todos os indivíduos. A integral do envoltório linear foi maior nos grupos de trabalhadores em relação ao controle no músculo SC em repouso (GS 0,91, IC95% 0,90-0,93; GD 0,90, IC95% 0,88-0,93; GC 0,86, IC95% 0,83-0,90; p<0,05). A relação entre flexão total e a extensão mostrou maior atividade EMG do SE dos grupos de trabalhadores na extensão em relação ao controle (GS 0,38, IC95% 0,32-0,43; GD 0,37, IC95% 0,30-0,44; GC 0,56, IC95% 0,52-0,60; p<0,05). A RFR foi maior no grupo de trabalhadores com dor cervical, diferenciando este grupo do controle (GS 2,33, IC95% 1,93-2,74; GD 3,10, IC95% 2,50-3,70; GC 1,99, IC95% 1,81-2,17; p<0,05). O teste da CIVM dos extensores cervicais apresentou reprodutibilidade boa a excelente, principalmente na CIVM e no grupo com dor cervical (CIVM GS ICC médio SE 0,93; ICC médio EC 0,57; ICC médio TS 0,19) (CIVM GD ICC médio SC 0,50; ICC médio EC 0,84; ICC médio TS 0,96). Os resultados demonstram que a dor cervical crônica e a incapacidade cervical são influenciadas por aspectos físicos relacionados ao trabalho com uso do computador. As relações entre a atividade EMG dos músculos extensores durante os movimentos de flexão e extensão sugerem que o uso de computador recrute de forma contínua a musculatura extensora, que apresenta alta atividade durante o repouso na posição neutra e a extensão, e se mantém ativa durante a flexão e flexão total. Além disso, o trabalho com computador, quando associado à queixa de dor cervical crônica, parece aumentar a sensibilidade dolorosa à pressão na musculatura extensora cervical / Neck pain is a common musculoskeletal problem, the occurrence of which is estimated at around 30-50% of the adult population in general and also very common among office workers. Activity muscle pattern alterated of flexion and extension muscles is one of the characteristics of neck pain, that office workers is associated with the maintenance of the sitting posture with forward head posture or neck flexion. Two important factor analysis to assess deficits in muscle activation are flexion-relaxation phenomenon (FFR) and the flexor-relaxation ratio (RFR). The aim of this study was to evaluate, using surface electromyography, the occurrence of FFR and measure the RFR in extension neck muscles of office workers with and without chronic neck pain and healthy subjects, not computer users. Sixty subjects were evaluated, 20 office workers with chronic neck pain (GD), 20 office workers without neck pain (GS) and 20 healthy subjects, not computer users (GC). Participants completed the Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ-Br) and Neck Disability Index (IIRP), and the FFR and RFR were analyzed by surface electromyography of the semispinal capitis (SC) splenius capitis (EC) and Upper Trapezius (TS). Pressure pain threshold (PPT) was also evaluated in these muscles and the sternocleidomastoid. Results showed higher scores of the group of workers with chronic neck pain in the workplace domain MUEQ-Br (GS 0.35, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.56; GD 0.80, 95% CI 0.32 to 1 28, p <0.05) and higher EC LDP in the neck pain group compared to control group (GD 1.77, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.00; GC 2.38, 95% CI 2.02 to 2.75; p <0.05). FFR was observed in the same proportion in all groups, not being observed in all subjects. The integral of linear envelope was higher in workers groups than control group in SC at rest posture (GS 0.91, 95% CI 0.90 to 0.93; GD 0.90, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.93 ; GC 0.86, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.90; p <0.05). The relationship between full flexion and extension showed higher SE EMG activity of workers groups in extension compared to control group (GS 0.38, 95% CI from 0.32 to 0.43; GD 0.37, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.44; GC 0.56, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.60; p <0.05). The RFR was higher in the neck pain workers than control group (SG 2.33, 95% CI 1.93 to 2.74; GD 3.10, 95% CI 2.50 to 3.70; GC 1 99, 95% CI 1.81 to 2.17; p <0.05). The test of MVIC of neck extensor muscles showed good to excellent reproducibility, especially in the MVIC and in neck pain group (MVIC GS - ICC SE 0.93; ICC EC 0.57; ICC TS 0.19) (MVIC GD - SC ICC 0.50, EC ICC 0.84, TS ICC 0.96). The results showed that physical factors are related to chronic neck pain disability in office workers. Relations between the EMG activity of the extensor muscles during flexion and extension movements suggest that computer use recruit continuously the extensor muscles, which shows high activity during rest in the neutral position and extent, and remains active during flexion and full flexion. In addition, work computer use, when associated with chronic complaint of neck pain, seems to increase pain sensitivity to pressure on the neck extensor muscles

A dor cervical é um problema musculoesquelético comum, cuja ocorrência é estimada em torno de 30-50% da população adulta em geral e também muito frequente entre os trabalhadores usuários de computador. A alteração no padrão de atividade muscular dos músculos flexores e extensores é uma das características da dor cervical, que nos usuários de computador parece estar associada à manutenção da postura sentada com anteriorização da cabeça ou flexão cervical. Dois fatores de análise importantes para avaliar déficits na atividade muscular são o fenômeno flexão-relaxamento (FFR) e a relação flexão-relaxamento (RFR). O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar, através da eletromiografia de superfície, a ocorrência do FFR e mensurar a RFR nos músculos extensores da coluna cervical de trabalhadores usuários de computador com e sem dor cervical crônica e de indivíduos saudáveis, não usuários de computador. Foram avaliados 60 indivíduos, 20 usuários de computador com dor cervical crônica (GD), 20 usuários de computador sem dor cervical (GS) e 20 indivíduos saudáveis, não usuários de computador (GC). Os indivíduos responderam o Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ-Br) e o Índice de Incapacidade Relacionada à dor no Pescoço (IIRP), e o FFR e RFR foram analisados através da eletromiografia de superfície dos músculos Semi-espinhal da Cabeça(SC), Esplênio da Cabeça(EC) e Trapézio Superior(TS). O limiar de dor por pressão (LDP) também foi avaliado nestes músculos e no músculo esternocleidomastóideo. Os resultados mostraram maior pontuação do grupo de trabalhadores com dor cervical crônica no domínio Posto de Trabalho do MUEQ-Br (GS 0,35, IC95% 0,14-0,56; GD 0,80, IC95% 0,32-1,28; p<0,05) e maior LDP do músculo EC no grupo com dor cervical em relação ao controle (GD 1,77, IC95% 1,55-2,00; GC 2,38, IC95% 2,02-2,75; p<0,05). O FFR foi verificado em proporção igual em todos os grupos, não sendo observado em todos os indivíduos. A integral do envoltório linear foi maior nos grupos de trabalhadores em relação ao controle no músculo SC em repouso (GS 0,91, IC95% 0,90-0,93; GD 0,90, IC95% 0,88-0,93; GC 0,86, IC95% 0,83-0,90; p<0,05). A relação entre flexão total e a extensão mostrou maior atividade EMG do SE dos grupos de trabalhadores na extensão em relação ao controle (GS 0,38, IC95% 0,32-0,43; GD 0,37, IC95% 0,30-0,44; GC 0,56, IC95% 0,52-0,60; p<0,05). A RFR foi maior no grupo de trabalhadores com dor cervical, diferenciando este grupo do controle (GS 2,33, IC95% 1,93-2,74; GD 3,10, IC95% 2,50-3,70; GC 1,99, IC95% 1,81-2,17; p<0,05). O teste da CIVM dos extensores cervicais apresentou reprodutibilidade boa a excelente, principalmente na CIVM e no grupo com dor cervical (CIVM GS ICC médio SE 0,93; ICC médio EC 0,57; ICC médio TS 0,19) (CIVM GD ICC médio SC 0,50; ICC médio EC 0,84; ICC médio TS 0,96). Os resultados demonstram que a dor cervical crônica e a incapacidade cervical são influenciadas por aspectos físicos relacionados ao trabalho com uso do computador. As relações entre a atividade EMG dos músculos extensores durante os movimentos de flexão e extensão sugerem que o uso de computador recrute de forma contínua a musculatura extensora, que apresenta alta atividade durante o repouso na posição neutra e a extensão, e se mantém ativa durante a flexão e flexão total. Além disso, o trabalho com computador, quando associado à queixa de dor cervical crônica, parece aumentar a sensibilidade dolorosa à pressão na musculatura extensora cervical / Neck pain is a common musculoskeletal problem, the occurrence of which is estimated at around 30-50% of the adult population in general and also very common among office workers. Activity muscle pattern alterated of flexion and extension muscles is one of the characteristics of neck pain, that office workers is associated with the maintenance of the sitting posture with forward head posture or neck flexion. Two important factor analysis to assess deficits in muscle activation are flexion-relaxation phenomenon (FFR) and the flexor-relaxation ratio (RFR). The aim of this study was to evaluate, using surface electromyography, the occurrence of FFR and measure the RFR in extension neck muscles of office workers with and without chronic neck pain and healthy subjects, not computer users. Sixty subjects were evaluated, 20 office workers with chronic neck pain (GD), 20 office workers without neck pain (GS) and 20 healthy subjects, not computer users (GC). Participants completed the Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ-Br) and Neck Disability Index (IIRP), and the FFR and RFR were analyzed by surface electromyography of the semispinal capitis (SC) splenius capitis (EC) and Upper Trapezius (TS). Pressure pain threshold (PPT) was also evaluated in these muscles and the sternocleidomastoid. Results showed higher scores of the group of workers with chronic neck pain in the workplace domain MUEQ-Br (GS 0.35, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.56; GD 0.80, 95% CI 0.32 to 1 28, p <0.05) and higher EC LDP in the neck pain group compared to control group (GD 1.77, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.00; GC 2.38, 95% CI 2.02 to 2.75; p <0.05). FFR was observed in the same proportion in all groups, not being observed in all subjects. The integral of linear envelope was higher in workers groups than control group in SC at rest posture (GS 0.91, 95% CI 0.90 to 0.93; GD 0.90, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.93 ; GC 0.86, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.90; p <0.05). The relationship between full flexion and extension showed higher SE EMG activity of workers groups in extension compared to control group (GS 0.38, 95% CI from 0.32 to 0.43; GD 0.37, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.44; GC 0.56, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.60; p <0.05). The RFR was higher in the neck pain workers than control group (SG 2.33, 95% CI 1.93 to 2.74; GD 3.10, 95% CI 2.50 to 3.70; GC 1 99, 95% CI 1.81 to 2.17; p <0.05). The test of MVIC of neck extensor muscles showed good to excellent reproducibility, especially in the MVIC and in neck pain group (MVIC GS - ICC SE 0.93; ICC EC 0.57; ICC TS 0.19) (MVIC GD - SC ICC 0.50, EC ICC 0.84, TS ICC 0.96). The results showed that physical factors are related to chronic neck pain disability in office workers. Relations between the EMG activity of the extensor muscles during flexion and extension movements suggest that computer use recruit continuously the extensor muscles, which shows high activity during rest in the neutral position and extent, and remains active during flexion and full flexion. In addition, work computer use, when associated with chronic complaint of neck pain, seems to increase pain sensitivity to pressure on the neck extensor muscles

La grossesse est une période importante dans la vie d’une femme. Celle-ci va subir différents changements (hormonaux et cliniques) et différentes adaptations (neuromécaniques) qui peuvent contribuer au développement de douleurs dans les régions lombaire et pelvienne, aussi appelées douleurs lombo-pelviennes. Cette thèse vise à déterminer quelle est la contribution des facteurs hormonaux, neuromécaniques et cliniques qui contribuent au développement et à l'évolution des douleurs lombo-pelviennes chez la femme enceinte pour éventuellement déterminer quelles sont les approches à adopter en matière de prise en charge de ces douleurs. À l’aide de quatre études (revue intégrative de la littérature, revue narrative, étude de cohorte et étude de faisabilité contrôlée et randomisée), cette thèse a permis de comparer la littérature actuelle avec de nouvelles études et de mettre en lumière les manques encore présents en lien avec ce sujet. La revue intégrative de la littérature a permis de constater que la relaxine (l’hormone la plus étudiée en comparaison à l’oestrogène et la progestérone) ne semble pas être associée au développement ni à l’évolution des douleurs lombo-pelviennes chez les femmes enceintes. La revue narrative présente les changements hormonaux et biomécaniques ainsi que les adaptations neuromusculaires liées à la grossesse qui pourraient jouer un rôle dans le développement des douleurs lombo-pelviennes pendant la grossesse. L’étude de cohorte a montré une augmentation de l'intensité des douleurs lombo-pelviennes et de l'incapacité physique, une augmentation du risque de mauvais pronostic pour la douleur ainsi qu’une diminution du catastrophisme lié à la douleur au fil de la grossesse. Les résultats ont aussi montré une corrélation entre l'incapacité physique et les niveaux d'oestrogènes (premier-deuxième trimestre), ainsi qu'une corrélation entre les niveaux d'oestrogènes et l'intensité de la douleur diurne (deuxième-troisième trimestre). L’étude de faisabilité contrôlée et randomisée a été réalisée auprès de 32 femmes enceintes recrutées sur une période de 14 mois. Parmi elles, 26 (11 dans le groupe d'intervention et 15 dans le groupe contrôle) ont participé à la visite post-intervention (taux de rétention de 81,3 %). Le taux d'observance était similaire pour les séances d'exercices supervisées et non supervisées, bien que l'acceptabilité fût meilleure pour les séances supervisées par rapport aux séances non supervisées. À la rencontre pré-intervention, les caractéristiques des participantes étaient similaires entre les deux groupes, sauf pour le niveau d'éducation (plus élevé dans le groupe contrôle). Les résultats préliminaires n'ont montré aucune différence significative dans la fréquence, l'intensité et l'incapacité physique associées aux DLP entre les groupes, bien que des tendances prometteuses aient été observées. Cette thèse examine les changements hormonaux, cliniques, biomécaniques et les adaptations neuromusculaires chez les femmes enceintes souffrant de douleurs lombo-pelviennes. Les résultats montrent qu’un programme d'exercices de contrôle moteur est sûr et faisable avec quelques ajustements, mais que la stabilité de la région lombo-pelvienne demeure complexe et incertaine en raison des variations hormonales et des adaptations neuromécaniques pendant la grossesse. Bien que l'efficacité de l'intervention n'ait pas été statistiquement démontrée, nos résultats ont montré la faisabilité d’une éventuelle étude contrôlée et randomisée à plus grande échelle. Cette thèse identifie également des aspects à considérer pour les futures études visant à améliorer la prise en charge des femmes enceintes souffrant de douleurs lombo-pelviennes pendant la grossesse. / Pregnancy is an important period in a woman's life. Pregnant women will undergo different changes (hormonal and clinical) and adaptations (neuromechanical) that can contribute to the development of pain in the lumbar and pelvic region, also known as lumbopelvic pain. This thesis aims to determine the contribution of hormonal, neuromechanical, and clinical factors that contribute to the development and evolution of lumbopelvic pain in pregnant women, to eventually determine which approaches should be adopted in terms of managing these pains. Through four studies (an integrative literature review, a narrative review, a cohort study, and a controlled and randomized feasibility study), it was possible to compare current literature with new studies and highlight the gaps still present in this field. The integrative literature review showed that relaxin (the hormone most studied in comparison to estrogen and progesterone) does not seem to be associated with the development or evolution of lumbopelvic pain in pregnant women. The narrative review presents the hormonal and biomechanical changes as well as the neuromuscular adaptations related to pregnancy that could play a role in the development of lumbopelvic pain during pregnancy. The cohort study showed an increase in the intensity of lumbopelvic pain and disability, an increase in the risk of poor prognosis for pain, as well as a decrease in pain catastrophizing over the course of pregnancy. The results also showed a correlation between disability and estrogen levels (first second trimester), as well as a correlation between estrogen levels and the diurnal lumbopelvic pain intensity (second third trimester). The controlled and randomized feasibility study was conducted on 32 pregnant women recruited over a period of 14 months. Among them, 26 (11 in the intervention group and 15 in the control group) participated in the post-intervention visit (retention rate of 81.3%). Adherence rates were similar for supervised and unsupervised exercise sessions, although acceptability was better for supervised sessions compared to unsupervised sessions. At the pre-intervention meeting, participant characteristics were similar between the two groups, except for education level (higher in the control group). Preliminary results showed no significant differences in frequency, intensity, and disability associated with lumbopelvic pain between the groups, although promising trends were observed. This thesis examines hormonal, clinical, biomechanical changes and neuromuscular adaptations in pregnant women with lumbopelvic pain. The results show that a motor control exercise program is safe and feasible with some adjustments, but the stability of the lumbo-pelvic region remains complex and uncertain due to hormonal variations and neuromechanical adaptations during pregnancy. Although the effectiveness of the intervention has not been statistically proven, results suggest that its efficacy could potentially be demonstrated through a larger randomized controlled trial. This thesis also identifies aspects to consider for future studies aimed at improving the management of pregnant women with lumbopelvic pain during pregnancy.